Yintoni Isaziso Sokuzimela - geqe?

Isibhengezo senkululeko luxwebhu olwaqhawula ngokusemthethweni umanyano lwezopolitiko phakathi kwamathanga alishumi elinesithathu aseMelika kunye neGreat Britain. Savunywa yiNgqungquthela yesibini yeLizwekazi ngoJulayi 4, 1776, savakalisa ukuzalwa kohlanga olutsha olusekelwe kwimigaqo yenkululeko norhulumente wobuqu. Nangona lusoloko lubhiyozelwa njengengxelo yokusungulwa kwemigaqo yeMelika, iSindululo safeza injongo esebenzayo: ukuchaza ihlabathi (* kunye namahlakani anokusetyenziswa njengeFransi,=-10) amathanga ayegwetyelwa ekuthatheni izixhobo nxamnye neBhunu.

Ngokuyintloko luthe lwathatyathwa nguThomas Jefferson Jefferson, ngegalelo lekomiti eyayiquka uJohn Adams, uBenjamin Franklin, uRoger Sherman, noRobert Livingston, olu xwebhu lwaluyimveliso yengxoxo enzulu. UJefferson wasebenzisa iinkcuba - buchopho zoKhanyiso njengoJohn Locke, oziingcamango zakhe zamalungelo emvelo kunye nesivumelwano soluntu sanikela isiseko sentanda-ntandabulumko. Amandla esi Sindululo asikho kwiminxeba yaso edumileyo kuphela kodwa kwakhona kuludwe lwaso lwezingcinga ezinzulu ezichasa uKumkani uGeorge III, ezakha ityala le inguqulelo ehamba ngaphaya kwamathanga.

Namhlanje ikopi yesikhumba yantlandlolo igcinwe kwiNational Archives eWashington, D.C., ikhuselwe yiglasi engangeni mbumbulu kwaye ijongwe ngokwemekobume. Iselelinye lamaxwebhu adweliswe kakhulu kwaye asoloko ecatshulwe kwimbali yehlabathi.

Imbali: Kutheni Simele Sizimele - geqe?

Ukusiqonda isibhengezo, kuqala umntu kufuneka aqonde uxinezeleko olwakheke ngaphezu kweshumi leminyaka. Emva kwemfazwe yamaFrentshi neyamaIndiya (1754-1763), iBritane yayisematyaleni kwaye yaqalisa ukubeka iirhafu ezintsha kumathangakazi ngaphandle kokuwanika umelo ePalamente. Amanyathelo afana noMthetho weStamp (1765), iTownshend Acts (17677), kunye noMthetho weTea (1773) wabangela ukuxhathisa okukhula. Abakhonshi bemi beqela besuka emva kwesiqu esithi “Akukho rhafuthelo ngaphandle kokumela.”

Iziganeko eziphambili zalwa ngakumbi olu ngquzulwano:

  • IBoston Massre (1770): amajoni aseBritane adubula kwisihlwele, ebulala amajoni amahlanu emfazweni, ayesetyenziswa ngabaphatho-zikhuseli njengesixhobo esinamandla sokusasaza inkohliso.
  • IBoston Tea Party (1773): Ekuvukeleni koMthetho weTea, abalawuli bamarhanisi balahla izikhongozelo ze tii 342 kwiZibuko leBoston. IBritane yaphendula ngeMithetho yeCoercive (ebizwa ngokuba yiMithetho eKhawulekayo eMelika), eyavala izibuko, yasusa iMassachusetts yequ, kunye nemikhosi edityaniswe kwizindlu zabucala.
  • Idabi leLexington neConcordar (April 1775): Imfazwe exhobileyo yaqala xa imikhosi yaseBritane yazama ukuthatha iimpahla zomkhosi wamathanga. “Imfazwe yeviwa jikelele ehlabathini” yaphawula ukuqala kwemfazwe yendaleko.
  • Common Senso (Jan. 1776):[[FLT] Iphecana likaThomas Paine] laphikisa ngokunyanzelayo ukuze lifumane inkululeko epheleleyo, lisusa uluvo lukawonke-wonke kuxolelwano olukhokelela kukwahlukana.

Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1776, imvakalelo kwiContinental Congress yayiguqukile ngokusisigxina. NgoJuni 7, uRichard Henry Lee waseVirginia wasungula isigqibo sokucela inkululeko. Ikomiti yamiselwa ukwenza ingxelo, kwaye umkhosi kaJefferson wafakwa ngoJuni 28. Emva kweentsuku zokuphikisana nokuphinda kulungiswe, iintsuku ezimalunga nekota yombhalo wokuqala, kuquka nengxelo egweba ukurhwa kwezorhwebo---------amprongress yamkela inguqulelo yokugqibela ngoJulayi 4.

Ingqiqo Eyintloko Yesi Sibhengezo

ISibhengezo Senkululeko sakhiwe ngokusekelwe kwimigaqo yentanda - bulumko eye yaguqula ingcamango yezobupolitika yaseMerika ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.

Amalungelo Emvelo Nomgangatho

Ezona zicatshulwa zidumileyo zithi: “Sithi ezi nyaniso zibonakala ngathi zicacile, ukuba bonke abantu badalwa belingana, ukuba uMdali wabo ubanike amalungelo athile angatyiwayo, athi phakathi kwazo buBomi, Inkululeko nokusukela ulonwabo.” La mazwi agxininisa ukuba amalungelo akaveli kurhulumente okanye kumthetho womntu, kodwa asuka kwindalo okanye kuThixo.

Injongo Karhulumente

Isibhengezo siphikisa ngelithi urhulumente ukho kuphela ukukhusela la malungelo. Ukufaneleka kwawo kufumaneka “kukuvumelana nokulawulwa”"" ingcamango engaqhelekanga ngexesha lolawulo lolawulo lookumkani. Xa urhulumente etshabalalisa eso siphelo, abantu banelungelo lokufumana, umsebenzi `ukuguqula okanye ukuyiphelisa nokuseka entsha.

Ilungelo Lemvukelo

Ngoxa esi Sibhengezo singaxhasi ukuvukela ngokungakhathali, simisela isiseko sokuziphatha okuhle sokuvukela: kuphela xa uqeqesho olude lokuxhaphaza nokuthatyathwa kweliso lusenza ukuba ulawulo olungekho ngqiqweni lungabi nakuphepheka. Uludwe lwezikhalazo ezilandelayo lusetyenziselwa ukungqina ukuba amajoni omkhosi aye aphelelwe ziingciphe zoxolo yaye uKumkani uGeorge III wayengoozwilakhe abangenakukwazi ukulawula abantu.

Ulawulo Oluzilawulayo nololwaziwayo

Esi Sindululo sikwaxhasa ingcamango yokuba igunya lezobupolitika lisuka ebantwini, lingabi lide lisuke kukumkani. Oku kwaba lucelomngeni olungqalileyo kwilungelo lokumkani lobuthixo. Abatyikityi babebeka ubomi babo, iingenelo nembeko engcwele esichengeni sobomi babo.

Amacandelo Angundoqo Oxwebhu

Isindululo siquka iinkalo ezintlanu ezahlukileyo, nganye isebenza umcimbi okhethekileyo okanye umsebenzi osemthethweni.

Isiqalo

Isiqalo simisela iqonga, sichaza imfuneko yamathanga oku “nyibilikisa amaqela ezobupolitika” awadibanisayo neBritane. Iqinisekisa ukuba “intlonelo enkulu kwiimbono zoluntu” ifuna ukuba bachaze unobangela wokwahlukana. Oku kusisenzo sokufumana igunya lamazwe ngamazwe, `amaqela afuna ukujongwa njengabadlali abanengqondo, hayi abavukeli abangakhathaliyo.

2. ISibhengezo saMalungelo

Eli candelo liqulethe isiseko sentanda-bulumko: iinyaniso ezibonakala zicacile, amalungelo angenakuphambukiswa, kunye nengcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo. Ingqina ukuba bonke abantu bayalingana ngengqiqo yokuba akukho mntu ozalwa enelungelo lemvelo lokulawula abanye. Urhulumente uyila abantu, hayi ukumiselwa nguThixo.

3. Uluhlu Lweengcedevu

Elona candelo lide kakhulu (malunga nama-77 ezikhalazo ezikhethekileyo) lidwelisa izibalo zonyaka “okwenzakala okuphinda-phindiweyo kunye nokubusela” okwenziwe nguKing George III. Ezi ziquka:

  • Ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu ngaphandle kwemvume
  • Ukupheliswa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala
  • Ukudibanisa amajoni axhobileyo phakathi kwawo ngexesha loxolo
  • Ukuququzelela iindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe
  • Xa sicaphula “AmaIndiya Angenanceba”
  • Ukulwa nawo nokuqesha abaphathi bamazwe angaphandle

Ezi zikhalazo zazilungiselelwe ukubonisa ukuba ukumkani waphule isivumelwano sentlalo, ngaloo ndlela ekhulula abo babehlala emkhosini kwiimbopheleleko zabo zokunyaniseka.

4. ISibhengezo Senkululeko

Emva kokuba kunikelwe ubungqina, olu xwebhu luvakalisa ngokusemthethweni ukuba “la maColonies, kwaye asekunene amele abe ngakhululekileyo nangamalungu azimeleyo.” Ichaza ukuba lonke unxulumano lwezopolitiko neBritane luphelisiwe kwaye amazwe amatsha anamandla apheleleyo okuphelisa imfazwe, enza uxolo, yenza isivumelwano, kwaye enza zonke ezinye izinto amazwe azimeleyo anokuzenza.

5. Usayino

Olu xwebhu luphela ngotyikityo lwabathunywa abangama-56. Utyikityo olukhaliphileyo lukaJohn Hancock ludume kakhulu. Ngokutyobela, amadoda enza ungcatshi nxamnye noBhunu, agwetywa ngokufa. Abaninzi babandezeleka: abanye baphulukana nempahla yabo, abaliqela babanjwa, yaye abambalwa bafela kwintolongo yaseBritane.

Impembelelo Ekhawulezileyo Yalo Mbhengezo

ISibhengezo senkululeko asiphumelelanga emfazweni, kodwa sabangela umzabalazo ocacileyo wokuziphatha kunye nezopolitiko. Saguqula imvukelo yamathanga yaba ngumlo wemigaqo yendalo iphela. Lo xwebhu lwafundwa ngokuvakalayo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, lwashicilelwa kumaphephandaba, lwathunyelwa eYurophu. Yanceda ukuqinisekisa iFransi ukuba ingenele imfazwe njengelungu eliphambili leMelika ekuloyisweni kweYorktown ngo171.

Ekhaya, isindululo samanyanisa amathanga phantsi kwesizathu esiqhelekileyo. Ngoku ikoloni ngalinye lalilindeleke ukuba lizenzele umgaqo-siseko walo, yaye oorhulumente abatsha baqalisa ukwenza uphando ngemigaqo yeriphabliki. Ulwimi lwesiSindululo lwaphembelela neminye intsebenziswano yeenguqu, ukususela kwiMvukelo yaseFransi (1789) ukuya kungquzulwano yenkululeko yaseMzantsi Merika ngenkulungwane ye-19.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya ngendlela esibhengezo esamkelwa ngayo kwelinye ilizwe, bona uhlalutyo logcino-lwazi lwamazwe lwentsingiselo yoxwebhu.

Isithembiso Esingabhangiyo: Ukulingana Nemida Yako

Isibhengezo sesibhengezo esithi “wonke umntu udalwa elingana” wayenobundlobongela obukhulu, kodwa ababhali bawo babengawusebenzisi umgaqo jikelele. Ubukhoboka babusemthethweni kuwo onke amathanga ali-13, kunye nabatyikityi abaninzi (kuquka uThomas Jefferson) amakhoboka. Idrafti yantlandlolo yayiquka isivakalisi esigweba ukurhweba ngamakhoboka, kodwa yasuswa ngokunyanzelisa abathunywa baseMzantsi Carolina nase Georgia. Uxwebhu lwalunempikiswano eyayiza kudala uhlanga.

Amabhinqa, amaMelika Omthonyama, nabantu abangenazinto nabo bakhutshwa kumalungelo apheleleyo avakaliswa sisibhengezo. Kodwa ulwimi lokulingana lwabonakala lungenakwenzeka ukuqulatha. Abaxhasi bemibutho efana noFrederick Douglas basebenzisa isindululo ukuphikisa ukunyathelana. Imibhalo ebhaliweyo enjengoElizabeth Cady Stanton yafuzisela isindululo so1848 soluMendu olubhalwe kumbhalo kaJefferson, iqinisekisa ukuba “wonke amadoda namabhinqa adalwa ngokulinganayo.” IZiko zamalungelo oluntu zenkulungwane yama-20 nazo zasebenzisa intelekelelo zeSindululo sokufuna isigwebo.

Namhlanje abaphengululi bayaqhubeka bephikisana ukuba esi Sindululo sasiyinjongo yamalungelo oluntu lonke okanye yayikukuzithethelela nje ukuze kufumaneke inkululeko elawulwa ngamathanga. Enoba, amazwi aso aye abangela imilo emininzi yenkululeko ehlabathini lonke. Ithala leencwadi leBhunga linika imbono entle kakhulu yempembelelo yomhlaba wonke yeSindululo.

Ukunyamezela Ilifa Kumazwe AseMerika Anamhlanje

Impembelelo Engokwasemthethweni Nekwezobupolitika

ISibhengezo seSindululo senkululeko asilulo uxwebhu olubophelelayo ngokomthetho, "iimeko azinawo umthetho wezomgaqo-siseko", kodwa imigaqo yaso idityaniswe kwisiseko solawulo lwamaMelika. Ingcamango yamalungelo angaphambukeli ngaphantsi kweBhili yamaLungelo. Ingcamango yokuvunywa kwegunya kukungavumelani kwedemokhrasi yabameli. Iinkundla eziPhakamileyo zeNkundla eUnited States maxa wambi zikhankanya isindululo kwiimbono zazo, ingakumbi kwimibuzo yenkululeko nokulingana.

Uphawu lweNkcubeko

NgoJulayi wesine, amaMerika abhiyozela esi Sibhengezo ngemibhobho, imiboniso, nokufundwa kwale mibhalo. Lo xwebhu lubonakala ngemali, kwizifundo zesikolo, nakwintetho yezobupolitika. Bubuncwane obungcwele besizwe kunye nemibhalo ephilayo abemi abafuna ukuyicel ’ umngeni inkohlakalo. Xa uGqr. Martin Luther King Jr. wayemi kumanyathelo eSikhumbuzo sikaLincoln ngo 1963, wacaphula isibhengezo esithi: “Ndinephupha lokuba ngenye imini eli lizwe liya kuphakama liphile intsingiselo yokwenene yenkolo yalo: ‘ Sikholelwa ukuba ezi nyaniso zimele ukuba zibonakale zilungile, ukuba bonke abantu badalwe ngokufanayo."

Impembelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Isindululo saphembelela amaxwebhu ozimeleyo ehlabathini lonke, ukusuka kwiSindululo samaFrentshi samaLungelo oMntu nowaMasipala (1789) ukuya kuSindululo seZizwe senkululeko saseVietnam (1945) nangaphaya kwayo. Saba sisikhokelo kumazwe afuna ukwahlukana nolawulo lwamathanga. ISindululo seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo samaLungelo Oluntu (1948) siphinda sivakalise ulwimi lwesidima sazalwa kunye namalungelo alinganayo.

Xa ujonga ngokunzulu ekufikeleleni kwezizwe ngezizwe kwesibhengezo, U.S. iphepha lembali yeSebe leRhulumente linika imbono yezobuzwe.

Iimbono Eziqhelekileyo Eziphosakeleyo Ngesi Sibhengezo

Iintsomi eziliqela ezingqonge olu xwebhu. Eyokuqala yeyokuba lwatyikitywa ngoJulayi 4, 1776. Enyanisweni, ivoti yokuzimela ngokwamagunya yavela ngoJulayi 2 (uJohn Adams wayecinga ukuba yayiza kuba ngumhla wokubhiyozelwa), yaye utyikityo olusemthethweni lwaqalisa ngoAgasti 2. Julayi 4 luphawula umhla wokubhalwa kombhalo wokugqibela owavunywa yiBhunga.

Enye into engaqondakaliyo kukuba isindululo samisa urhulumente. Asizange simisele urhulumente. Savakalisa ukwahlukana. IMigaqo yeNkqutyana, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe wokuqala, ayizange ivunywe de kwaba ngu-1781. UmGaqo-siseko wangoku wase-U.S. waqalisa ukusebenza ngo-1789.

Abanye bakholelwa ukuba iSindululo asizange silwenze ukwenziwa kobukhoboka njengoko kutshiwo ngaphambili.

Ukuhlolisisa imbali ebonakalayo yolu xwebhu ```Kuquka ukudalwa kwalo, ukulondolozwa, utshintsho olwenziwa ngexesha lengxoxo'. "Ukwahlula ugcino-lwazi lohlanga olukwiSindululo'.

Indlela Yokufunda Esi Sibhengezo Namhlanje

Ukufunda umbhalo wokuqala kunokuba lucelomngeni ngenxa yopelo lwe 18-centur-lite-linuary kunye nesakhiwo sesivakalisi. Kodwa umyalezo uhlala ucacile. Indlela engcono kukuyifunda yonke, ukuphawula isakhiwo: isiqalo sentanda-bulumko, uluhlu lwezikhalazo, nesindululo esisemthethweni. Phatha ingqalelo kulwimi olungokweemvakalelo (amagama afana “ooophandle,” kunye “nobuzwilakhe bolawulo oluphezulu,” kunye“ nabaphathi bemikhosi.” Aba bakhethwa ukuphembelela amarharrone kunye noluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Kwakhona qwalasela ukungathethi kwale ngxelo. Ngubani oqukiwe kwibinzana elithi “onke"? Abatyikityi bawadibanisa njani amazwi abo nenyani yokuba abaninzi kubo babephethe amakhoboka? Le mibuzo ayiyompazamo kulo xwebhu; basikhumbuza ukuba isibhengezo singumfanekiso oqingqiweyo womntu, obhalwe ngomzuzu othile ongokwembali, kunye nazo zonke iindidi kunye neempikiswano eziqukiweyo.

Kwindawo esecaleni yothelekiso lwedrafti yantlandlolo ka Jefferson noguqulelo lokugqibela, [[FLT: 0] Founders ugcino lwe-Unin[[FLT: 1] olugcinwe nguvimba weSizwe nguvimba obalulekileyo.

Isiphelo

Isibhengezo senkululeko asiyonto ingaqhelekanga. Sisisivakalisi esiphilayo semigaqo esiqhubeka sibumba igama laseMelika kwaye sikhuthaza imibutho yenkululeko kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ukuqonda okuqulethwe yiyo, umongo, kunye neempikiswano kusenza sikwazi ukuthelekisa nayo ngokunyaniseka, /ukuvuma ukulinganiselwa kwayo ngokwembali. Nokuba ufunda iBhayibhile idibana nayo okokuqala okanye ngummi oqwalasela intsingiselo yayo kwinkulungwane yama-21, esi Sindululo sisengumyalelo onamandla wokuphakamisa imilinganiselo yokulingana, inkululeko, kunye norhulumente ngemvume.