Isiqalo: Isibhengezo Sokulingana

Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko sesinye sezicatshulwa ezisoloko zicatshulwa kubomi bezobupolitika baseMerika, kodwa kudla ngokuthathwa njengezinto ezilula ezinokuthatyathwa lula. Enyanisweni, amagama okuvula ``Thina bantu” baseUnited States') sisebenza njengesindululo sokuqala nesinamandla sokulingana kuxwebhu. Phambi komGaqo-siseko, amanqaku oMgaqo-siseko, aphathwa njengemibutho ephakamileyo ejongene nento encinane enegunya lomntu ngamnye. UPregatorie washela loo paradigm ngokumisa ngokupheleleyo igunya lorhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente wonke kwimvume yokulawula. Oku kwakukushenxiswa okugqithiseleyo ukusuka kwiinkqubo zokumkani baseYurophu, apho amandla asuka kwintlokomanyuko ayehla ayehla aye ebantwini.

Ibinzana elithi “Thina bantu” ligxininisa ngokuvakalayo ukuba wonke ummi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba sisiphi na isikhululo, ufak' isandla kwigunya lobukhosi bohlanga. Ibhengeza urhulumente okhoyo ukuze akhonze abantu bakhe, hayi enye indlela ejikelezayo. ISihlomelo siphinda sibala iinjongo ezingundoqo zikarhulumente omtsha: “Umthetho ogunyazisa uSivumelwano, ukuxhasa ukukhusela okuqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza iNtlalo-ntle, kwaye ukhusela iintsikelelo zeNtlango yethu. Ezi njongo zibonisa inkanuko yokwakha ibutho apho wonke umntu anokunandipha amalungelo asisiseko kunye nokuphathwa ngokulunga. [[0] I-Genegaller Javietl" ne-“ Imibutho yeLiberty" ayipheleliselwanga kwiqela elilungileyo. Kulo lonke.

Ngaphezu koko, ukugxininisa kwePregedge ku- “Postrity” kubonisa isibopho sokuzalwa ekulinganani. Abalawuli baqonda ukuba umsebenzi wokwakha ibutho elinobulungisa awuzukugqitywa ngexesha lobomi balo, kwaye baluleka izizukulwana zexesha elizayo ukuba ziqhubeke zizabalazela ukufezekisa. Olu lwimi lujongwa phambili luyinxalenye yokwenza umGaqo-siseko ube luxwebhu oluphilayo, olukwazi ukutolikwa nolwandiswa njengoko uluqonda ulingana lukhula.

Ukukhusela UClaus Ngokulinganayo

ISinyuso seshumi elinesine, esagunyaziswa ngo1868 emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, siqulethe oko kucace kakhulu nokunamandla okusisiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko sokulingana: iCommunity Protection Claus. Eli binzana lithi “Akukho Zwe... liyakukhanyela namnye umntu onegunya elilinganayo lokukhusela imithetho.” Olu lwimi lubanzi ngabom, lugubungela “nabani na” kunokuba“ nawuphi na ummi,” ukhetho olwandiswayo olukhusela abantu abangengobangengoo-ctizen nababe bangamakhoboka ngokufanayo. Lwayilwe ukubhukuqa umgangatho ombiwe yi-Scott [[[FLT:][FLT:] [FG1]] [185] isigqibo [iK], ebelukholelwa ukuba ama-Afrika akasoze abe ngabemi base-Afrika kwaye angabi nako ukuba abe ngabami baseUnited States.[FFOLT] [2]

UKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClaus luye lwaba yindawo yokuqala apho icandelo lejaji lesizwe linyanzelisa ukulingana. Igalelo lisebenza ngokufuna ukuba nawuphi na umthetho okanye isenzo sikarhulumente silinganise abantu, ngokomzekelo, ngokohlanga, ubufana, okanye ubuzwe . "kufuneka kugwetyelwe ngokwenjongo esemthethweni karhulumente. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iphuhlise inkqubo elandelelanayo ye- “crdutry” yokuvavanya ezo zindidi. Le mithetho esekelwe kuhlanga iyamkela “uqikelelo oluphezulu,” intsingiselo ephezulu, ithetha ukuba umthetho kufuneka usebenze inzala karhulumente enyanzelekileyo kwaye unciphiswe ukuze ufikelele loo mdlalo. Gender-elcetio oluphakanyisiweyo lwamphicothanga lufumana“ uvavanyo locando.” Oku kunika intelelo olulinganayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho osuswe yimithetho elinganayo.[0]

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba i-Linganisa Protection Claus qhinga isebenza kuphela kurhulumente wase-United States, hayi kurhulumente wengingqi. Noko ke, iNkundla Ephakamileyo kamva yaquka esi siqinisekiso ngokuchasene norhulumente wesizwe ngeSimemezelo seNdlela yesihlanu soMphengululo ka-Claus, imfundiso esemthethweni eyaziwa ngokuba “yi-'ndundundundu." ngenxa yoko, phantse yonke imisebenzi karhulumente eUnited States ngoku iphantsi kwemfuneko yokukhuselwa ngokulinganayo. [FLT:]

Ityala elinophawu lwelizwe Liphenjelelwe yiNkundla kaClaus elinganayo

Izigqibo ezininzi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zitolike zaze zasebenzisa i-Uncil Protection Clause ukuphelisa izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho nokunyusa amalungelo alinganayo kumaqela angaphambili akwindawo ephantsi. Phakathi kwenguqulelo ngu Brown v. Board of Education (1954)[FLT]], evakalise ukuba ucalulo lwezentlalo-ntle kwizikolo zikawonke wonke alulingani, lungqubanisa “ezilinganayo kodwa” imfundiso esungulwe Preves v. Ferguson[FLD] (186). UJajinier Earl Warrenth wabhala ukuba“ izikolo zemfundo ezihlukeneyo zilinganayo zizezene,” isivakalisiso esibonisa ukuba ukungalingani nzulu nokonakala kwezentlalo-yo.[FLD:]

Kummandla wokulingana kwesini, ityala le elingu-Reed'd v. Reed (1971) laphawula okokuqala iNkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzisa i-Linganiso olulinganayo u-Claus ukubetha umthetho owawucalula abafazi. Ityala lalibandakanya umthetho weIdaho owenzelwe abafazi xa bephethe imimandla, kwaye iNkundla yathi ucalulo oluneentloko lwesondo lwaphula uGaqo-mthetho lwe-14nethi. Kamva, United States v. Virginia (19696)[FLT], iNkuyalela i-Virginia umkhosi wemikhosi ukuba uvume, isithiwayamathiwe ukuba i-Virginiaintellivestio, ibambe ukuba imeko ingaphumeleli ukulungiselela ukuthethelela kwayo kobudodaba.[FFF]

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, i-Linganity Protection Claus incedile ekuqhubeleni phambili i-LGBTQ+ amalungelo. Umzekelo wesiphawuli owell v. Hodges ( wagqiba ukuba izibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwasemgceni zinelungelo elifanayo lokutshata, ukuqiqa ukuba umtshato uyinto engundoqo yoncedo lwenkululeko kwaye ususa izibini ezingokwasemgaxeni kulo siseko zaphula iNkqubo elindelekileyo kunye noKhuselo lwe-Clauses. Uluvo lweJajinite Kennedy lwagxininisa ukuba “umgaqo-mGciso uthembisa inkululeko kuzo zonke ezifikelelekayo, inkululeko equka amalungelo athile avumela abantu, kummandla osemthethweni, ukuzichaza nokuchaza iimpawu iimpawu iimpawu zabo.”[FLT:]

Ezinye iimeko eziphawulekayo ziquka ukuphuma v. Virginia (1967), eyabetha imithetho yombuso evala ucalucalulo localulo, kunye Grimetaitter v. Bollinger (2003), eyaxhasa ukusetyenziswa kohlanga njengefekta enye phakathi kwabaninzi kwizifundo zomthetho ukukhuthaza ukwahlukahlukana. Ezi meko zidityaniswe zonke zibonisa ukuba uKhuselo olulinganayo luka Clausleaste sisixhobo esinamandla esiziqhelanisa nokuqonda okulingana nokulunga nokusesikweni.[FLT]

Ucwangciso LukaClaus Nomgangatho Olindelekileyo

Ngoxa ukuKhuselwa okulinganayo kungukuqinisekisa okuyintloko, i-Act Procession Claus of the 14th Amendment ikwanendima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ukulingana kwabo bonke abemi. I-Century Procession Clause ikhusela abantu kwisenzo sikarhulumente esizimeleyo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ilungile, iyaqonda, kwaye iyasetyenziswa ngokungaguquki. Inemilinganiso emibini: inkqubo efunekayo yokulungisa, efuna iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente ahluthe umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo, ekhusela amalungelo asisiseko ekungenelweni korhulumente kwanokuba ilungile.

Inkqubo esisiseko isekelwe ekuqondeni uludwe lwamalungelo abalulekileyo ekuzilawuleni nasekulinganani, kuquka ilungelo lokutshata, ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukuthintela ukuphuma kwezithintela, nelungelo lokusebenzisa ingqibelelo yomzimba. iLeavre v. Texas (2003), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagawula umthetho waseTexas wophula umthetho ofanayo, ibambe ukuba umthetho waphula umthetho iNkqubo elindelekileyo kaClaus ngokuyigcina i-inrud kwinkululeko engenakulungiseka. Esi sigqibo sidala indlela yokwazi ukuma komtshato omnye [FFFF:]bergell [FLT]. [3]. Inkqubo ye-ultlective-saywoms, isebenza nge-octive-movel, eqinisekisa abantu ngabanye ukuba bafanele bafumane u-Claus, ngaphandle kokuzichaza, urhulumente.[4]

UMthetho wamaLungelo noMgaqo-siseko oSigxina

Ilungelo lokuvota lilungelo elisisiseko elinceda onke amalungelo ukuba akhuselwe, kwaye umGaqo-siseko uye walungiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuze kwandiswe ukulingana kokuvota. UHendezeko lweshumi elinesihlanu (1870) lwalwalela ucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni, uHlaliso lweshumi elinesithoba (1920) lwandisa ukhupho kumabhinqa, kwaye uMphengululo wamashumi amabini anesithathu weSixeko (1971) wanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota yaya ku 18. Noko ke, ezi siqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko sodwa zangonele ukoyisa imigudu eqhubekayo yokususa i-franchitevvota, ingakumbi i-Amerika yoMzantsi.[[FLT]

IVoting Rights Act ka-1956 (VRA) yamiselwa ukunyanzelisa izithembiso zoMphetho-mva weshumi elinesihlanu kwaye ihlala ingenye yezona migaqo esebenzayo yamalungelo abantu kwimbali yaseMelika. Iimvavanyo zeVRA ezivaliweyo zokufunda nokubhala, irhafu, kunye nezinye izixhobo zokukhupha imvume ezisetyenzisiweyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuthintela ivoti encinane. Yadala inkqubo “yokubhalisa” eyayifuna imigaqo yocalucalulo lwembali ukuze ifumane ulwahlulo lwamagunyazo lwamagunya esizwe ngaphambi kokutshintsha imithetho okanye imisebenzi yayo yokuvota. [[FLT: 0]] irhafuthelo yephondo, kunye nezinye izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo ezisetyenziswayo ukubuyisela ingxubeko, [[FLT][3], i-Amperective i-Actives widment: [F] i-Actives]

Umzabalazo wokulingana kokuvota usaqhubeka namhlanje, ngengxoxo eqhubekayo engokwabezwana kwemithetho ye-ID yokuvota, ukubopha, ukufikelela kwasekuqaleni, nemiqathango yeposi. Abaxhasi bemithetho ye-ID engqongqo baphikisa ngokuthi bathintele ukuqhatha, ngelixesha abagxeki bexa bechaphazele ngokugqithisileyo abavoti abambalwa abangenakukwazi ukuba nolwazi oluthelekelelwayo lukarhulumente. Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka ukuphikisana nale mibangxubeno phantsi komGaqo-siseko kunye neVRA, ziqinisekisa ukubaluleka komsebenzi wolawulo olulumkileyo.

Indima Yokwenziwa Kwezigwebo Ekukhuthazeni Ukulingana

Inkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko iye yaba yeyona nkqubo iphambili yokwandisa ukulingana ngexesha. IBhili yamaLungelo (1791) ayikukhankanyi ngokucacileyo ukulingana, kodwa ukuqinisekiswa kwayo kwenkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yendibano, kunye nelungelo lokuvavanya ngokusesikweni kudala iimeko apho ukulingana kunakho ukuchuma. Ngokulandelayo ukutshintsha okuthenjiweyo kuye kwathetha ngokungqalileyo ukulingana kwaza kwandisa isangqa sabo banelungelo lokufumana amalungelo apheleleyo obumi.

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu (1865) saphelisa ubukhoboka kunye nobukhoboka obuzenzekelayo, ngaphandle kokuba sisohlwayo ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kutshintshwa kwaguqula imeko yezigidi zamaMelika aseAfrika, kwaziguqula kwimpahla zaba ngabantu ngamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. UMthetho ohlaziyiweyo weshumi elinesithathu wanika iNgqungquthela amandla okunyanzelisa amalungiselelo ayo “ngomthetho ofanelekileyo,” lowo kamva iBhunga elasebenzisayo ukudlulisela imithetho yamalungelo abantu elijongene “nezenzo zobukhoboka,” kuquka nocalucalulo lwangasese kwizindlu nakwizindlu zikawonke wonke.

ISinyuso-Mpanzi-mali seshumi elinesine (1868) samisela ubumi bobuzibulo, isiqinisekiso somgaqo-nkqubo ofanelekileyo, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo, njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla. IsiHlamlisi seshumi elinesihlanu (1870) salwalela ucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni. Ezi zivumelwano zontathu zokwandiswa kwemithetho-mthetho zakha isiseko somgaqo-siseko samalungelo abantu eMelika. ISindululo seSizwe soMphengululo se-Fourth (20644) (iirhafunxa yonyulo kunyulo), kunye noHlawulo lwamashumi amabini-Sixeko (ukuhlisa ixesha lokuvota) sandisa kwakhona intelelo yokuthabatha inxaxheba.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba nasemva kwezi ziphendu, idinga lokulingana alizange lizaliseke ngokupheleleyo kangangamashumi amaninzi eminyaka. Umzekelo, uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesithoba akuzange ngokuzenzekelayo luwafake imvume amabhinqa anombala, ajongane nemiqobo eyongezelelekileyo njengovavanyo lokufunda, uloyiko, kunye nemiqathango yobumi. AmaMerika oMda weMda ye-Americani awazange anikwe ubumi obupheleleyo de kube nguMthetho we-Indiyan Citizenshiship of 1924, kwaye kwangoko, amazwe amaninzi aqhubeka ebakhanyeza ilungelo lokuvota ngemithetho esemthethweni. Imithetho emisela imiqathango esemthethweni, kodwa ukufikelela umlinganiselo othe kratya okufuna ukugcinwa kobugqwele, ukulawulwa, ukulawulwa, nokubekwa komthetho okuqhubekayo namhlanje.[FLD]

Isenzo Esizinzileyo Nokusukela Ukulingana Okungagqibeleliyo

Umgaqo osemthethweni wokulingana ngokomthetho, ongowokuba umthetho kufuneka uphathe bonke abantu ngokufanayo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ubalulekile kodwa awunele ukucombulula iingxaki zembali ezinzulu. Isenzo soqinisekiso sibhekisela kwiinkqubo ezithatha amanyathelo asebenzayo ukwandisa amathuba amaqela akwimeko embali, ngokufuthi kwiindawo zemfundo, umsebenzi, kunye nokufumana urhulumente. Le migaqo ibingumbandela wengxoxo enzulu engokwasemthethweni neyezobupolitika, kodwa imela umzamo onzulu wokufikelela oko maxa wambi kubizwa ngokuba “kulingana okukwinqanaba elikwinqanaba eliphezulu”.[1] [2] Ukulingana okungoko kunokwenzeka kweziphumo okanye amathuba, hayi nje ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo ephepheni.[FT:0]

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaqala yathetha ngomGaqo-siseko wokuvuma isenzo sokuzilolonga . IBakke (178), eyabulala imiqathango enzima yobuhlanga kodwa eyavumela ukuba igqalwe njengenye yezizathu zokuvuma ukufikelela inzala enyanzelekileyo yolwahlulo. Ukususela ngoko, iNkundla iphucule umlinganiselo ovumelekileyo wemithetho yohlanga. Gritapetter v. Bollinger (2003)[FLT], iNkuxhasa iYunivesithi yohlanga yeMithetho yomthetho phambi kokuba ifumaneke.[5]

Ngo-2023, iNkundla yakhupha isigqibo esibalulekileyo [[FLT: 0] iziqu ze-Fair Adgistrations, Inc. v. Harvard College kunye nezigqibo ze Fair Adgigistrations, Inc. v. University of North Carolina[, ngokunempumelelo, iphelisa ukuvunywa kohlanga kwiikholeji ezininzi nakwiiyunivesithi. Inkundla yakholelwa ukuba iinkqubo zokuvunywa eHarvard nase-UNC zalwaphula ukhuseleko olulinganayo ngokusebenzisa u-Claus ngendlela engazange isiphelo esingqinelanayo kwaye yahluleka ukunikezela iinzuzo. Esi sigqibo sibonakalisa ukutshintsha okuphambili kwimisebenzi esemthethweni ye-yo kwaye sele siphembele ingxutyuza ingxubuliso yemithetho ephambili yemithetho ephambili yemithetho ephambili. [5]

Ucelomngeni Lokulingana Kwexesha Lanamhlanje

Ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko kunye namashumi eminyaka enkqubela, ucelomngeni olunzulu lokulingana luyaqhubeka. Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kuye kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1970, kunye nobutyebi obuninzi bamaMelika obunesabelo esithe kratya sobutyebi besizwe. Olu mahluko wezoqoqosho asilulo uhlanga okanye ubufana besini: Iikhaya ezimnyama nezingoobhilawu zincinane kakhulu kunezindlu zabelungu ngokomlinganiselo, kwaye amabhinqa afumana imali engaphantsi kunamadoda asebenza umsebenzi olinganayo. Ukudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho nomahluko phakathi kwabantu kubangela ukwahlulwa okungeniswa kweengxaki zelizwe. Oku kungabikho kulula ukuhlangabezana nolungelelana okusemthethweni kuphela.

Ukucinezelwa kwevoter kusasoloko kusixhalabisa. Emva kwesigqibo se-Shelby County, amazwe amaninzi amisela imithetho ye-ID engqongqo, ecuthekileyo yemivoti, ihlaziywe iintsuku zokuvota zange phambili, icociwe irollar, kwaye ivalwe iindawo zokuvota kwimimandla encinane. La manyathelo agwetyelwe ngokuyimfuneko ukuthintela ubuqhophololo, kodwa uphando oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba ukuvota kunqabile kakhulu, ngelixa imithwalo ebekwe yile mithetho ihla ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto evotayo, ifumana ivoti, i-voti ephezulu, ivoti, uvoti, kunye nabafundi. Kumthetho oluntu (H.R. 1) noJohn Rescces Groces Act wooct wook, zombini ziye zacelwa ukuba ziphinde zivune ii-omatiko.[Fopt]

Utshintsho lobulungisa lolwaphulo-mthetho lolunye ulwando olubalulekileyo lokulingana. I-United States inesantya esiphezulu sokuvalelwa kulo naluphi na uhlanga oluphucukileyo, kwaye inkqubo ichaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto amadoda amnyama nawaseSpayin. Izigwebo ezincinane, imiyalelo emithathu exhobileyo, kwaye imfazwe yeziyobisi inegalelo kwilizwe elisingela phantsi idinga lokusesikweni okulinganayo. Imigudu yokuguqula isigwebo, ukunciphisa ibheyili yemali, kunye nokucima amatyala angenabugrogribala imela amanyathelo abalulekileyo, kodwa umsebenzi omkhulu usaqhubeka ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokusesikweni iphatha bonke abantu ngobuchule kungakhathaliseki ukuba baluphi naluphi uhlanga okanye imeko yezoqoqosho.[FLT: 0]

LGBTQ+ ukulingana kuyaqhubeka kuguquka. Ngelixesha [[FLT: 0] ithe yawa ikhusele ilungelo lokutshata ngokwesini, kwaye Bostock v. Clayton County [2020] ibambelele ukuba iSihlomelo se-OFURT Act somthetho we-OFURRS sokwalela ucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo okanye ubufana emsebenzini, eminye imimandla ishiye ikhuphisana. Inani lamazwe lidlulise imithetho ethintela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ingakumbi abantu abaselula, ukufikelela kwimpilo engokwasemgangatho, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimidlalo, okanye ukusebenzisa ihlambelo oluthe ngqo kwimbonakalo yabo yesini. Le mithetho icekelwe phantsi kolu lulunye ukhuseleko lwe-Clastmagnome.[FFod]

Ikamva Lokulingana EMerika

Isazinge sokulingana komGaqo-siseko siqinisekisa ukuba kuyagoba ukufakwa, kodwa ukuba isangqa asizenzekeli, kudinga umgudu othe rhoqo wabemi, abameli, namagosa karhulumente. Ukwenziwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo kuyaqhubeka kuguquka, kwaye izigqibo zexesha elizayo zinganweba okanye zifakelele umlinganiselo wokhuseleko olulinganayo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Abahlali kufuneka bahlale benolwazi kwaye bebandakanyekile, kungekuphela nje kwibhokisi yebholathi kodwa nakungenelelo lwamaqumrhu, ukubhalisa, kunye nemfundo.

Enye yezona nkqubela zethemba kwiminyaka yakutshanje lulwazi olukhulayo lokudibana kwemida ngezantsi. Ulwazi ukuba abantu baneziqinisekiso ezininzi (uhlobo, ubufanasini, udidi, imbonakalo yesondo, ukukhubazeka) ezinokudibanisa okanye ukukhubazeka ngokwesondo. Ulungiselelo lokulingana komGaqo-siseko lubanzi ngokwaneleyo ukuhlangabezana nobu buntsonkothile, kodwa inkqubo esemthethweni iqala ukuvelisa izixhobo zokuyiphatha ngokunempumelelo. Iinkundla nabenzi bomthetho kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba ukulingana kusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezivumayo nezithetha amava akhethekileyo abo bajongene nentlobo ezininzi zokwahlula.

Imfundo ihlala ibalulekile. Ukuqonda imbali yamalungiselelo okulingana komGaqo-siseko − kuquka amadabi anzima okuhlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko, umbutho wamabhinqa, umbutho wamalungelo abantu, kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yeLGBTQ + + amalungelo abemi bayazixabisa zombini inkqubela efunyenweyo nomgama oza kuhamba. Izikolo kunye nemibutho yoluntu mayifundise hayi nje umbhalo womGaqo-siseko, kodwa ukutolika kwawo okuphilayo kunye nendima yabantu abaqhelekileyo ekuxovuleni loo nkcazelo.

Ekugqibeleni, iUnited States kufuneka ihlolisise ngokungqongqo iindawo apho izithembiso zayo zomGaqo-siseko zingakafezeki. Umzekelo, i-Aumelt Rights Amediment (ERA), enokuthi iqinisekise ngokucacileyo ukulingana kwamalungelo phantsi komthetho wesini, yadluliselwa yiKhompathiswa ngo1971 kodwa yasilela ukufikelela ekudityanisweni ngenani lamazwe afunekayo ngommiselo wantlandlolo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amanye amazwe aye agunyazisa iERA ngokucaciswa, kwaye impikiswano esemthethweni iyaqhubeka ngokuthi mhlawumbi isiphelo singongezelelwa kumGaqo-siseko. Kwangaphandle koko iERA, iziqinisekiso ezikhoyo zomGaqo-siseko zinokuba ``nanjalo,' kwaye ziye zasetyenziswa ukulwa kweentlobo ezininzi zocalucalucalucalulo lwesini, kodwa ukufezeka okucacileyo nokungagwetyelwa kwesiseko.[FUG.][FU.[FS]

Njengoko i-United States isiya yahluka-hluka kakhulu kwaye itshintsha imimandla yomhlaba wonke, imigaqo yokulingana komGaqo-siseko iza kujamelana neemvavanyo ezintsha. Utshintsho lobugcisa, ubuntlola obungeyonyaniso, kunye nokuzimela kogcino-lwazi kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ngaba izakhiwo ezikhoyo zomthetho ziyakukhusela ngokufanelekileyo kucalucalulo lwemithetho-algoric nezinye iindlela zale mihla. Amandla oMgaqo-siseko axhomekeke kumandla awo okuchazwa ngokutsha kwisizukulwana ngasinye ngoxa ehlala kumgangatho ongundoqo wenkululeko, okusesikweni, kunye nokulingana kwabo bonke. Ikamva lokulingana kwabemi eMerika liya kuxhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwabemi bawo ukubeka ulawulo lwabo kumaxabiso.[FLT:]

UMgaqo-siseko asilulo uxwebhu olumileyo kodwa ngumgaqo-siseko olawula imigaqo ekwaziyo ukukhula nokutshintsha. Isaziso, uKhuselo olulinganayo kunye neMsebenzi ka-Celas, ukuhlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko, kunye nokushenxiswa koMgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho olandelayo wenza isakhiwo esidityanisiweyo esicetyelwe ukukhusela ukulingana kwabo bonke abemi. Uhambo oluya kulingana ngokupheleleyo alunakugqitywa, kodwa isiseko somgaqo-siseko somelele. Isizukulwana ngasinye sibizwa ukuba sakhe kweso siseko, ukutolika izithembiso zomGaqo-siseko ngokuqwalasela iingxaki ezintsha, nokuqinisekisa ukuba iintsikelelo zenkululeko zikhuseleke ngokwenene kubavukeli abasuk ’ abasuk ’ entla.[FLT:]