Ilungelo lokuphatha iingalo liphakathi kwezona zikhuselwayo ezinamandla kumthetho-siseko waseMelika. Uhambo lwalo ukusuka kwibinzana elifutshane kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukuya kwisiqinisekiso esipheleleyo sokubophelela wonke urhulumente kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni lumela indaleko esemthethweni ethabatha iinkulungwane ezimbini. Ukuqonda indlela eli lungelo elafakwa ngayo kwiU.S. lifuna ukuvavanya intsingiselo yokuqala yeSindululo sesibini, ukuphuhliswa kwemfundiso equlukileyo phantsi kwe-1455th Amend Amendment, kunye nezigqibo zeNkundla ephakamileyo ezathi ekugqibeleni zagqiba loo mbandela. Eli nqaku libonisa indlela, libalaselisa iingxelo ezingundoqo, iingcamango ezingokwasemthethweni, kunye neenkcukuthetho ezichaza indlela esemthethweni yemilo yemipu eMelika.

IsiHlomelo Sesibini Kumo Waso Wantlandlolo

IsiHlanzo sesibini, esagunyaziswa ngo1791, sifundeka ngolu hlobo: [iMilitia], kuba iyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente olukhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Ii-XS, alizukuchatshazelwa. kwimbali yaseMelika, eli lungiselelo laliqondwa ngokuyintloko njengokhuseleko lwamaqela karhulumente — umkhosi wabemi-ooooooooooTata Abasunguliweyo abawujonga njengekhuseli lokulwa imikhosi emileyo kunye nolawulo lwesizwe. Intengiselwano yentlalo ye-nkulu ([A elawulwa kakuhle uMdibaniswe kakuhle, eyimfuneko kukhuseleko lukaRhulumente olukhululekileyo") yabonwa ziinkundla ezininzi nabathethi beenkqubo abaphakathi be-ejoni.

Le nkcazelo ifanelekileyo idibeneyo ilawula ingcamango yetyala ngaphezu kwenkulungwane. Kwirepublic yokuqala, ithe yamisela imithetho ethintela ukuba nemipu — umzekelo, ngokunqanda ukuthwalwa okanye ukubhaliswa — ngaphandle kokucebisa ukuba uHlomelo lwesibini luthintele amanyathelo anjalo. Ingcamango elungileyo yomntu ngamnye yafunyanwa kwimfundo engokwasemthethweni yaye, ekugqibeleni, phambi kweNkundla Ephakamileyo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezigwebo Kweshumi Elinane Nokuzalwa Komanyano

Ngo-1868, uMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine wabuguqula ngokusisiseko ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe. Icandelo 1 linikela ukuba akukho rhulumente “oya kuzala nabani na ophilayo, okhululekileyo, okanye owempahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho” okanye“ omele nabani na ophantsi kolawulo olulinganayo lwemithetho.” Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaqalisa ukutolika i-Sct Procession Clause njengesithuthu sokusebenzisa amalungiselelo athile eBhilini yamaLungelo nxamnye noorhulumente — inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba i-athoporation .

Ukuhlahlela akwenzekanga konke kanye. Inkundla yamkela ukuthatha igalelo lokudibanisa , ivavanya ilungelo ngalinye kwityala-ngesicatshulwa ukugqiba ukuba yayiyinkqubo yezobulungisa eMelika." Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini, uninzi lwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho iqinisekisiwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo. Kodwa uHlaziselo lwesibini lwahlala lungekho ngokucacileyo kuluhlu.

Isigwebo Senkundla Ephakamileyo Yamandulo KuMthetho Wesibini Ohlaziyiweyo

Kangangeminyaka emalunga ne - 150 emva kokuqhathwa, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yakhupha nje kuphela izigqibo ezimbalwa ezibalulekileyo zoMphetho - melo Wesibini, yaye akukho nanye kuzo eyathetha ngokungqalileyo enoba ilungelo lalichasana na na namagunya.

United States v. Cruikshank (176)

United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 (1876), iNkundla yaqwalasela ukugwetywa phantsi koMthetho we-Enthorcement ka-1870 onxulumene noMthetho weColfax eLouisiana. Abamangalelwa babegwetyelwe ukuvala amaxhoba ilungelo labo lokuphatha izixhobo. Inkundla yathi iSend Constmendment “ayina siphumo sinye ngaphandle kokumisela amagunya karhulumente wesizwe” kwaye“ ayisebenzisi kumazwe. ” Oku nyaniseka ngokuphumelelayo kwaso nasiphi na isigqibo somthetho sokukhusela amalungelo emipu nxamnye nesenzo sombuso neso nxamnye nemithetho yabemi kwaye ishiye abemi base-Authority kwimithetho nemithetho yezomthetho.

Presser v. Illinois (1886)

Kwishumi leminyaka kamva, Presser v. Illinois, 116 U.S. 252 (1886), iNkundla yaxhasa umthetho we-Illinois owalelayo ukuphatha imipu ngaphandle kwephepha lemvume. UPress waphikisa ukuba umthetho waphula amalungelo akhe esibini oMmiselo. Kwakhona iNkundla yakwala oko kuthethwa, iphinda iphinda iphinda ithi uGawulayo umiselwe ngurhulumente wesizwe kuphela. Noko ke, iNkundla yaphawula ukuba “amazwe akanako, phantsi kokulawulwa kwemithetho, aphikise amalungelo kunye nokugotywa kwabemi baseUnited States." — icebiso elithi abanye oorhulumente bawagatyayo basebenzise, nangona kungekho nanye igalelo.

United States v. Miller (1939)

Imeko ebaluleke kakhulu yangaphambili ityala yayingu United States v. Miller, 307 U.S.174 [1939]. Abamangalelwa bamangalelwa ngokuhambisa imigca yemida egadiweyo enqamleze i-oyile ye-oyile yelizwe echasene noMthetho weSizwe womlilo. Inkundla Ephakamileyo ixhasa umthetho, ibambe ukuba uHlaziyo lwesibini “ayijolise ngasekunene ukugcina nokuthwala izixhobo zenjongo yangasese. kodwa kunokuthi kugcinwe ukusebenza kwe- mkhosi. Ngenxa yokuba i-obhamfobe yayingeyonto eqhelekileyo emkhosini. [FTB] [5]

I-Modern Shift: Isithili sase-Columbia v. Heller (2008)

Imeko-bume engokwasemthethweni yatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo i-Diality of Columbia v. Helter, 554 U.S. 570 (2008),. Ityala lacel ’ umngeni iWashington, D.C. imithetho engqongqo yemipu, eyathi ngokunempumelelo yavalwa ukuba nemipu yabemi bobucala kwaye kwafuneka yonke imipu igcinwe ikhutshiwe kwaye ihlulwe. Inkundla ePhakamileyo, kwisigqibo esibhalwe nguJaji Antonin Scalia, ibambe okwesihlandlo sokuqala ukuba uGawula wesibini ukhusela ilungelo lomntu lokuba nemipulbelo ngokwesithethe, ingakumbi i-odwa kwikhaya.

Imbono Ephambili

Uluvo lukaJaji Scalia lwathatha ingcaciso enzulu yembali nengxelo. Wagqiba kwelokuba igalelo elisebenzayo — “ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Izixhobo, aliyi kuphazanyiswa” — lichaza ilungelo lomntu ngamnye, kungekhona elokuxhomekeka kwinkonzo yamajoni. Ibinzana eliququzelelayo (“iMilitia ephantsi kakuhle") yayiyingcaciso yesizathu sokuba ilungelo ligqalwe njengeliyimfuneko, lingenamgaqo ekunene. Inkundla ikwayichazi ukuba ilungelo alingomda; alikhuselwanga “izixhobo ezicetyelelwe ukusetyenziswa komkhosi ngokuyintloko” okanye“ ukuphatha izixhobo ezifihlakeleyo ngenjongo yokuhlasela.” Imiqathango esengqiqweni, engathi ithintela ukuphatha okanye ukugula kwemilo yemilo, okanye ukurhwebi yezorhwebo, okanye ukuthengisa okuthengiswe ngokuthe ngqo.

Iimbono Ezingavumelaniyo

IJaji uJohn Paul Stevens yaphikisa, iphikisa ngelithi uMphetho wesibini wawukhusela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo kuphela kumongo womkhosi wesizwe. IJaji uStephen Breyer nayo yaphikisa, ilwa nokuba nokuba ilungelo lalingumntu ngamnye, D.C. imimiselo yayikukusebenzisa amandla amapolisa ngendlela esengqiqweni. Phezu kwako nje ukungavumelani, uHeller wamisela ngokuqinileyo uGawulayo lwesibini lungelo — kodwa ngokuchasene norhulumente worhulumente kunye namasimilo. Imbambano yokuququzelela ihlala ivulekile.

ICANDELO: I-CORC

Kwiminyaka emibini emva . Uvalo lwesandla lwathatha , iNkundla yathatha McDonald v. IsiXeko seChicago, 561 U.S. 762 (2010). Uvikelo lwesandla sompu lwaphantse lwaba lungqongqo njenge D.C., kodwa ngenxa yokuba iChicago ingumkhandi wolawulo, iNkugqiba ukuba ngaba uLawulo lwesibini lusebenza kurhulumente wesibini kurhulumente womhlaba kusini na ngoMvumelo-14.

Kwesinye isigqibo i-5-4, iNkundla yathi ulwamkelo lwesibini loMphetho-mda luvunyiwe kwi Heller “lusebenza ngokupheleleyo kumazwe” phantsi kwe-Curvement Claus yeSigqibo se-145th Amendment. Umthetho kaSamuel Alito uxhomekeke kwingcamango yokuba “inkqubo efunekayo engaphantsi kwe-" imfundiso eyayisetyenziselwa ukudibanisa amanye amalungelo asisiseko. INkubonelo ifumanise ukuba ilungelo lokuzigcina nokuphatha izixhobo zobuqu“ kukusigxina kwicebo lethu lokukhupha inkululeko” kwaye“ isekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali nesithethe salo sizwe."

McDonald igqibile ukuqukwa koMgqibo wesiBini, ibhukuqa imizekelo yokuqala ye Cruikshank kunye Pravensser kumlinganiselo ababebambeke ngandlela ithile. Emva MCDONALD[], urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ubotshelelwa yisiHlazi-MGUM, njengoko urhulumente wesizwe ebotshelelwe.

Uphuhliso lwePfter-Mc

Ukuqukwa koMphetho-mda wesiBini kwavula ucango oluya kutsho kwintabalala yemithetho eninzi karhulumente neyompu yasekuhlaleni. Iinkundla ezingaphantsi ekuqaleni zaxhasa imiqathango emininzi phantsi “kokuvavanya okungaphakathi” umgangatho wenkundla ePhakamileyo, kodwa izigqibo zakutshanje ziye zayiguqula ngokuphawulekayo isiseko semiqathango yemipu.

Caetano v. Massachusetts (2016)

ICaetano v. iMassachusetts, 577 U.S. 411 (2016), iNkundla ngokufutshane yasiguqula isigqibo senkundla yelizwe esasixhase ukuvalwa komda wesinyithi. Isigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba uMphetho wesibini ugqithisela kwizixhobo ezingasetyenziswayo ngexesha lokusekwa, kuquka izixhobo zangoku ezifana nemipu ye-stan. Le meko yabonisa ukuba ilungelo lihamba ngaphaya kwemipu kwaye ligquma nayiphi na “intambo" enokusetyenziswa ukuzenzela i-efashoni.

Ilizwe laseNew York Rifle & Intlangano yePistol v. Bruen (2022)

Isigqibo esibalulekileyo sepost McDonald sisithi iNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 12022]. I New York inecebo elifihlakeleyo elifihlakeleyo elifuna izicelo ukubonisa “isizathu esifanelekileyo” — ngokusisiseko imfuneko ekhethekileyo ngaphandle kwe-onke- difensensene. Inkundla yabetha phantsi umthetho, ibambe ukuba isiHlaziselo sesibini sikhusele ilungelo lokuthwala imiqhaqhoqhoqhoqho edlayo. UClasmente uTrence, ubhala u-63, uchaza okutsha okusemthethweni: “ukukhangela imbali, ukugqiba ukuba imbali inyani, ukumisela umthetho ukuba umthetho wesibini ulawulo lwembali ayibonisi ukulawulwa kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho-mvume.

Bruen ngokubhekiselele kwintsingiselo iguqula indlela iinkundla ezincinci ezivavanya ngayo imithetho yemipu. “ukuvavanya okuziincam” kwalahlwa kujongwano lwembali epheleleyo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwimingeni emininzi ekwalekweyokungameleni iifeloni ekufumaneni imipu, ukuvalela“ izixhobo zompu,” ezifuna ukugcina ngokukhuselekileyo, kunye nokubeka ixesha lokulinda.

Iingxaki Zamva Neengxaki Eziqhubekayo

iUnited States v. Rahimi, 602 U.S._ (2024), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa umthetho wesizwe othintela abantu abaphantsi kogonyamelo lwasekhaya ekuthinteleni imiyalelo yokuphatha umpu. INkundla yasebenzisa Bruen[[FLT]] Bruen [ uvavanyo lwembali yaza yafumana iimiyalelo ezaneleyo kwixesha lokusekwa. Esi sigqibo sabonisa ukuba Bruen[[FLT:]] uvavanyo aluyisohlwayeli yonke imipu; imithetho engqinelanayo nesithethe sembali ihlala isebenza.

Amanye amatyala abalulekileyo athetha ngomda wesi-2 soMbetho ayaqhubeka enyuka. Impikiswano efana nokubekwa komGaqo-siseko kwemiqathango esekelwe kubudala, ukuvalwa koomagazini abaphezulu abangakwaziyo ukufikelela kwisantya senqanawa, kunye “neendawo ezichukumisekayo” zonke ziyabekwa ekulandeleni [[[FLT: 0]] Bruen.

Impembelelo Emithethoni Yemipu Nasembutho

Ukuqukwa koMbetho wesibini kuvelise iziphumo ezinzulu. Phambi McDonald, ngokweemeko ezinjenge Illinois, California, neNew York kwakwazi ukumisela imiqathango yokutshayela imipu ngaphandle kokuhlola komgaqo-siseko worhulumente. Emva kokuqulunqwa, yonke imiqathango yemipu kufuneka ilinganiswe ngokuchasene noMphetho wesibini njengoko ichazwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo.

Umanyano leenkcukacha. Imithetho kaRhulumente

Urhulumente wezwe uyakwazi ukulawula imipu phantsi korhwebo lwayo kunye namandla ayo okurhafisa, njengakwimeko ezifana ne imibhobho ye-Miller kwaye kamva i-Heller[ yemida. Noko ke, urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngoku bajongene nemida yemithetho-siseko. Umzekelo, imikhosi enokuba “i-i-i-is" ifihliwe imithetho efana ne New York yanyanzeleka ukuba yamkeleke “i-i-injini” okanye ivumele ukuba iphathe ulawulo emva [[FLT:] Bru[FLT]. Ngokunjalo, ukn, olude njengolulothulo, ukru, nolungekho semthethweni.

Impikiswano Ngemiqathango Esengqiqweni

Ukuququzelelwa koMphetho wesibini akukapheli impikiswano; iye yatshintsha imibandela yayo. Abaxhasi bamalungelo emipu baphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko ngoku ufuna iimeko zokuhlonela ilungelo elifanayo nelo urhulumente wengingqi kufuneka alihlonele, ngelixesha abameli bolawulo lwemipu baphikisa ukuba amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo avumelekileyo phantsi [ kunye [FLT] Bruen[. Umhlaba wangoku osemthethweni unamandla kakhulu, kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi ezizama ukusebenzisa uvavanyo lwembali oluqhubekayo.

Isiphelo

Ukufakwa kwamalungelo okuthwala izixhobo kumthetho-siseko waseMelika libali lotshintsho oluthe lwahamba-hambayo olungokwasemthethweni, olunqunyulwe zizigqibo ezimbini eziphawuliweyo. Heller yaqinisekisa ukuba uHlaziyo lwesibini lukhusela ilungelo lomntu lokuba nemipu ukuze abe nayo. [McDONAld] lwenza isidibanisi sasekunene kumanqaku. [[FLT: 4.] Bruen[FLT:] [FLT]] wacacisa ukuba ilungelo lokuphatha uwonke-wonke, ukumisela umgangatho ongqongqo wembali kwimimiselo yemipu elwayo.

Ukuqonda le mbali kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukubandakanyeka kwincoko eqhubekayo emalunga nemipu, ukhuseleko, nenkululeko eUnited States. Uhlaziyo lwesibini, olwakha lwatyeshelwa ngokunxulumene nomthetho womGaqo-siseko, ngoku luyenye yezona zinto zidityanisiweyo nezinengxubusho eziphambili kwiBhili yamaLungelo onke. Ukuququzelela kwalo ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo kusisiqinisekiso sesizwe, kodwa ukuqulunqa kwalo okuchanileyo kuya kuqhubeka kuchazwa ziinkundla, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, nabantu baseMerika.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, bona izimvo ezipheleleyo ku [FLT][FLT]] iditional of Columbia v. Heller ku-Oyez, [[FLT:]][FLT]] [MCULT]] v. Chicago[[] kwi Oyez[[[FLT]]], , [[FLT][5] Brun[FLT:][FLT]] [ifog] kwi SCUSK[FLT: 11].]. umongolwazi lwembali, [FLT]