Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokusesikweni

Umgaqo wokulingana phantsi komthetho asingomnqweno kuphela ."sisisi mfundiso esibophelelekileyo somthetho esifakwe kumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Ukusuka kumazwi okuqala ukuya kumva onzima wenkulungwane ye-19 neye-20, umGaqo-siseko utolikiwe, ucetyiswe, kwaye uphuculwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke ummi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ungowaluphi uhlanga, ubufana, unqulo, okanye umgangatho wezoqoqosho, umi kwisiseko esinye esisemthethweni. Eli nqaku libonisa indlela yokwakhiwa komGaqo-siseko wokulingana, uhlolisisa intethelo kunye nemithetho ewuchazingileyo, kwaye lihlola iingxaki eziqhubekayo eziqhubeka zibumba umlo wokusesikweni.

Abafaki bomGaqo-siseko ngowe-1787 abazange baqinisekise ukulingana kwabo bonke. Uxwebhu lwantlandlolo olugunyazisiweyo ukuba ngamakhoboka, lusikelwe umda amalungelo okuvota kumntu omhlophe owenziwe impahla, kwaye aluqulathanga ngxelo ecacileyo yokukhusela okulinganayo. Kodwa imbewu yokulingana yatyalwa kwisibizo soMgaqo-siseko soMgaqo-siseko esibizwa "Umthetho omiselweyo" kunye "Ukulondoloza Iintsikelelo zeNkululeko" kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezilandelayo, uthotho lweziphelo kunye neenkcazelo ezigwebayo zaguqula umGaqo-siseko waba sixhobo esinamandla sokukhusela amalungelo bonke abemi. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kubalulekile kuye nabani na ozama ukukhusela okanye aqhube ityala elilinganayo namhlanje.

Umsebenzi Wamandulo Wesakhelo Neemephu Zaso

Isiqalo no "Thina bantu"

Isindululo sesiqalo esithi "Thina bantu" simisela kwaye siseka umGaqo-siseko sasiyinto yempambano ngexesha lawo. Sathi igunya likarhulumente lisuka kubemi, hayi kudidi oluphezulu. Olu lwimi lwabeka isiseko sentandabulumko sokulingana, nangona ukusebenza kwaso kwakufutshane kakhulu. Ibinzana elithi "Thina bantu" lachazwa ngokucuthayo, lisusa abantu abakhotyokisiweyo, amaMelika amaNdiya, namabhinqa. Kodwa iSindululo sanika umgangatho wokuziphatha okuhle kwizizukulwana ezilandelayo apho iza kulinganisa inkqubela yohlanga.

UmGaqo-siseko Wantlandlolo Nokuyekelela Kubukhoboka

UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala wawunemiqathango emininzi eyayiphikisana ngqo nokulingana. Isithathu-Fiths Ukuyekelela (Icandelo I, 2) yabalwa abantu abangamakhoboka njengesithathu se-fesenti somntu okhululekileyo ngenjongo yokumela kunye nerhafu. Ikhoboka elingumGawulayo uClaus e-Ofisi (Artle IV, Icandelo 2) lifuna ukuba amakhoboka agxothiweyo abuye kubaphathi bawo. Oku kwakubambanisa kwamaqela anzulu phezu kobukhoboka kwaye kwaqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uza kufuna ukupheliswa ngokulandelayo ukuqondwa kwesizathu sokulingana.

Kwakude kube lixesha lokuvuselelwa kwakhona---- emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya .angoko umGaqo-siseko waqalisa ukubiza ngokucacileyo amalungelo alinganayo. Ishumi elinesithathu, ishumi elinesine, kunye neziHlanzi ze-Diversements, ezaziwa njengeSindululo sokwandiswa komthetho, ukuphelisa ubukhoboka, ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo, nokungavunyelwa kocalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni. Ezi zindululo zisesona sizathu sobulinganayo bomgaqo-siseko.

IBhili Yamalungelo: Ukukhuselwa Kwenkululeko Kwangaphambili

IBhili yamaLungelo, eyagunyaziswa ngowe-1791, ekuqaleni yayisebenza kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela. Yayigxininisa ekukhuseleni inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ekuphathweni ngurhulumente. Nangona ingachazwanga ngokulinganayo, imigaqo emininzi emiselweyo eyathi kamva yaba yeyona iphambili ekukhuseleni.

  • IsiHlanzi soMgqibo sokuqala — ikhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yendibano, kunye nelungelo lokucela. La malungelo ayimfuneko ukuze amaqela agwetyelwe ukuphikisana nokungalingani kwaye alungelelani.
  • [[NTL:0] IsiHlalisi-Mpanzi soMphetho-moya — Izilumkiso nxamnye nokuphengululwa nokuxhuzula okungaqiqisiyo. Ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yokufuna ngokulinganayo kuye kwaba yimbambano ephindaphindwayo kuluntu olunombala, oku kwenza ukuba kube sisixhobo sokuvavanya ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzima.
  • F5th Amendment — Inika inkqubo efunekayo, ukhuseleko olulinganayo (kwinkqubo yayo efanelekileyo, kamva yandiswe kumazwe), kunye nokhuseleko ekuzidibaniseni ngokwawo. Inkqubo yesihlanu yoMmiselo woLwimi yayingumthombo wokuqala wokuqiqa ngokulinganayo phambi koMmiselo weMdathi weshumi elinesine.
  • IsiHlalisi-mda se-ICT — iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni nangokukhawulezileyo, ukuchophela amatyala angakhethiyo, kunye nesiluleko somthetho. Ukungalingani komelo olusemthethweni bekusoloko kungumqobo wokusesikweni kubemi abafumana imali ephantsi.
  • Ukuhlaziywa koMphetho-mva [ — Imohlwayo ekhohlakeleyo nengaqhelekanga, eye yasetyenziselwa ukucel ’ umngeni ukungalingani kwesizwe nezoqoqosho xa kugwetywa.

Ngemfundiso ye yokwahlula-hlula, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokuthe ngcembe yasebenzisa uninzi lweSigqeba samaLungelo kukhuselo lwaMazwe ngokudlula kwiSindululo soMgqibelo se 145 seProjekthi ka-Claus. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente bamazwe ngamazwe ```angorhulumente kuphela) kufuneka bawahlonele amalungelo omntu ngamnye, inyathelo elibalulekileyo elikhokelela kulinganayo kwilizwe lonke.

Ukuhlaziywa Okutsha Kwenkululeko

IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesithathu (1865)

IsiHlanziso seshumi elinesithathu sawaphelisa ngokusemthethweni amakhoboka kunye nobukhoboka obungeyomfuneko, ngaphandle kokuba sohlwaywe ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho. Yayililungiselelo lokuqala lomgaqo-siseko ukuthetha ngqo ngolungiselelo lobukhoboka, kodwa ifuthe lalo ladlulela ngaphaya komthetho. Isigqibo sanika iNgqungquthela amandla okunyanzelisa amalungiselelo ayo ngomthetho, ukuseka isiseko samalungelo abantu njengoMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1866 kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-196649. Noko ke, "ngaphandle kwesohlwayo yolwaphulo-mthetho" ityala ladala umngxube oxhatshazwayo osetyenziswa ngamatyala aseMazantsi ngokugweba ityala okukhulula nokuvalelwa koluntu, ilifa eliqhubekayo namhlanje.

ISindululo Seshumi Elinane (1868)

ISihlaziyo seshumi elinesine silelona lungiselelo libalulekileyo lomGaqo-siseko lokulingana phantsi komthetho.

  • [[FLT: 0] ICITrific Claus — ichaza ukuba bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States ngabemi baseUnited States kunye nelizwe apho bahlala khona. Oku kwayibhukuqa iNkundla ePhakamileyo Dered Scott v. Sandford isigqibo, esikhanyele ubumi baseAfrika.
  • I-Equal Protection Clause — Iprojekthi ithi ngokukhanyela nabani na kwigunya lakhe "ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho" eli binzana liye laba sisiseko samatyala amaninzi avavanya imithetho nezenzo zocalucalulo, ukusuka kukwahlula ukuya kulingana emtshatweni.
  • [[NTLT:0] Imodeli Yocwangciso ka Claus — ikwandiswa inkqubo efunekayo yeNkqubela-zinziso yesihlanu kumazwe, ikhusela onke amalungelo esithethe nawokungangeni. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yasebenzisa eli binzana ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko afana nelungelo lokufumana izinto zobuqu, umtshato, kunye nolawulo lomzimba.
  • [[NTL:0] Privileges okanye i-Immunities Claus — ekuqaleni yayijongiwe ukukhusela amalungelo obumi besizwe, eli binzana lalikhutshwa kakhulu ziiNdlu zendlu [[FLT] [1873] kwaye liye ladlala indima elinganiselweyo ukususela ngoko, nangona abanye abaphengululi bexhasa ukuvuselelwa kwalo.

Umgangatho olinganayo woKhuselo luka Claus utolikwa ngomgaqo owahlukeneyo wokuhlola. Imithetho ekhethayo esekelwe kuhlanga, imvelaphi yohlanga, okanye unqulo yamkela uphando lwezifundo zecandelo [. umgangatho ophezulu kakhulu( kwaye icingelwa ukuba ayinaziqukiso-ziko ngaphandle kokuba isebenzisa inzala karhulumente enyanzelekileyo kwaye ilungiselwe kancinci. Le miqathango isekelwe kwimvelaphi yesizwe, okanye unqulo iyamkela uphando olusuka kuvavanyo lwe-', ngoxa inkoliso yeminye i-ombatho iphantsi iphantsi kwe-[FLT:] uhlolo oluthe ngqo oluthiweyo . Olu hlobo lwendlela yokuhlola iinkundla zobuhlwele.

UMthetho - ngqangi We - 15 (1870)

UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesihlanu lwalela oorhulumente besizwe norhulumente ukuba bangamvumeli ummi ukuba akhethe "ngetyala lohlanga, imibala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka bangaphambili". Yayilinyathelo elikhulu ekulinganani kwezobupolitika, kodwa lathi kungekudala lathotywa phantsi yimithetho yezovavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, iirhafu, kunye nesoyikiso esinogonyamelo. Isithembiso sokulungisa akuzange kufunyanwe ngokupheleleyo de kube nguMthetho we-Voting Rights ka-656, owavalayo imimiselo yokuvota. Inkundla ePhaka i-2013, i-S. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo ye-Calby County [FLT] v. Hanger sabetha uwiso oluphambili lomthetho wokuvosa i-Right forficement, sikhokelela kwingxoxo entsha emalunga nokuvosa.

Ukwandisa Isangqa Somgangatho: 19, 24 noMphetho - melo wama - 26

UMthetho - ngqangi We - 19 (1920)

Emva kwamashumi eminyaka esenzo sobufazi bemibutho yamabhinqa. IsiHlaliso seshumi elinesithoba sanika amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota. Umbhalo wokulungisa ufutshane: "Ilungelo labemi baseUnited States lokuvota alisayi kukhanyelwa okanye livalelwe ngokupheleleyo yi-United States okanye yiliphi na iLizwe ngenxa yesondo. Ukubekwa kwalo uphawu loloyiso olukhulu lokulinganisa ubufana, kodwa alizange liqinisekise amalungelo alinganayo kwezinye iindawo. Ulungiso lwamalungelo alinganayo (ERA), lokuqala olucetyiswe ngo1923, luye lwavunywa ngokupheleleyo, lushiye ukulingana ngokwesini ngaphandle kombhalo womthetho ngaphandle kokucaciswa kwe-Gamfa yomthetho we-145. Ulawulo lwe-199679 aluzange luqinisekise ngokomlinganiselo wobufana nowamafamaMelikanst America; amabhinqa namaMelika aseMelika amabhinqa anci ahambelaneyo kwimiqatha eendemi, kwaneenkundla kamva.

UMthetho-nkqubo wama-24 (1964)

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine lwaphelisa irhafu yonyulo kunyulo lwamaqumrhu. Iirhafu ezingquzulano zazisetyenziswa kakhulu kumaphondo aseMazantsi ukususa abavoti baseAfrika, ababesoloko bengenako ukuhlawula irhafu. Intengiselwano yayiyimpendulo engqalileyo kwiNtlanganiso yamaLungelo aMazwe kwaye yalandelwa sisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yonyaka ka1966 Harper v. Virginia Board of Evolutions[, eyathintela irhafutheza irhafu yonyulo kunyulo lohlatho lukarhulumente njengokwaphulwa komkelo lweNkukhusela i-Claus.

UHlahlo-Mphetho-zincwadi wama-2010 (1971)

Ikhuselwe ekuphenduleni kwimfazwe yaseVietnam, apho oomatiloshe abaneminyaka eli-18 babebotshelelwe ukuba balwe kodwa bengenakuvota, uMphetho-mda wamashumi amabini anesithandathu wehlisa ixesha lokuvota waya kwi 18. Kwandisa ukulingana kwezobupolitika kwizigidi zabemi abaselula. I-mente yadluliselwa ngesantya esiphawulekayo .Nyenziwa yacebisa ukuba iphumelele ngoMatshi 1971, kwaye yaqinisekiswa ngoJulayi 1971. Impumelelo yayo yabonisa ukuba uhlanga luyakwazi ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwimicimbi yokusesikweni nokulingana.

Uphawu lwetyala eliphakamileyo leNkundla elachaza ukukhuselwa okulinganayo

UPlesty . Ferguson (1896) — Ukusilela Kokwahlukana Kodwa Kulingana

.Publey v., iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ucalucalulo lohlanga phantsi kwemfundiso "yokungalingani kodwa ilingana. Ityala elibandakanya umthetho weLouisiana ofuna iinqwelo zikaloliwe eziyahlulwe ngabakhweli abamnyama nabamhlophe. UJaji Billings Brown wabhala ukuba uLawulo lweshumi elinesine lokuLandlwa koMphetho-Mpathiso lwalunganyaniswa ukulingana kwezizwe ezimbini phambi komthetho, kodwa kwindalo yezinto ezingenakuba lucebiselwanisa iiyantlukwano esekelwe kwibala, okanye ukunyanzelisa ukulingana kweminyanisa abantu. Oku kumthetho olawulayo eyadala ukungalingani kwemfundo, izakhiwo, izithutho, nendawo yokuhlala kawonke. Oku kwakungenjalo de kwade kwade [FLD:bn] VF]

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) — Emeting School Secounction

v. Ibhodi yemfundo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yavakalisa ngamxhelo mnye ukuba ucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke lwalwaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus. IJaji enkulu u-Earl Warren wabhala ukuba "ukudibanisa amaziko emfundo akunabunyani. Isigqibo se- Plavey v. Ferguson[[FLT:][FLT]][FLT]][3] [3] waba lisiseko se-lekuko lamaLungelo lwamalungelo e-Onkqualisa. Imbono yeNkubonelo yakhankanya i-mthetho yezomthetho. Inkundla yacaphula iziphumo ubungqina obubonisa ukuchaphaza kwezelo lwabantwana abantsumzi. [[5]] Ngexesha [FLT] [FFFFFF]]]]

UVirginio (ngowe - 1967) — Ilungelo Lokutshata Nabani Na Omkhethayo

Mildred noRichard Loving, ibhinqa elimnyama nelimhlophe, bagwetywa eVirginia ngenxa yokwaphula umthetho wesizwe ochasene nomthetho wobuzwe. INkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa yonke imithetho karhulumente ekwalela umtshato weentlanga ezahlukeneyo, ilawula ukuba umtshato lilungelo elisisiseko kwaye ukwahlulwa kobuhlanga kwimithetho yomtshato kwaphula umthetho woMgangatho olinganayo noMsebenzi kaClausle ka-Estere. Umphathi weSigqeba u-Earl Warren wabhala, "Phantsi kweMgaqo-siseko wethu, inkululeko yokutshata, okanye ukungatshati, umntu wolunye uhlanga uhlala nomnye umntu kwaye akanakugqwalaselwa nguRhulumente. [[FLT].[5]

Ukulingana Kwabantu Abazimeleyo

.Roe v., iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuzimela wesikhala, elisekelwe kuMsebenzi Wolawulo we-145th Claus, likhusela isigqibo somfazi sokuqhomfa. Ngoxa ityala lidla ngokuxoxwa ngemibandela yemfihlo neyomzimba ozimeleyo. Alifuni ukulingana kwesini. [FLT:] [FLT] [F:4] [2]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) — Ukulingana komtshato kwizibini ezitshatileyo ezinesini esifanayo

Kwisigqibo esiziintloko ezi-5-4, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ilungelo lokutshata linelungelo elisisiseko eliqinisekisiweyo kwizibini ezingokwakwabelana ngokwesini zombini i-'Umgangatho ka-Claus' ne-Linganity Programme defix ye-145th Reconsole. IJajing Anthony Kennedy wabhala ukuba "ilungelo lokutshata lilungelo elisisiseko elisemthethweni womntu. [[FLLT:] [200] [FLT] v. kunye namatyala angaphambili abandakanya amalungelo eLGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye, njengaye [[FLT:] LLT] [2] [iLT] [iv[FLT] [3] [iiiindlela] [indlela elungeleleneyo], esetyenziswayokusetyenziswa kwemithetho-Lung.[FT]

Ukuhlala Kunzima Ukujamelana Nokusesikweni Okulinganayo

Nakubeni kukho umgaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho ephawulayo, ukulingana phantsi komthetho kuseyiprojekthi engagqitywanga. Iingxaki eziliqela zenkqubo ziyaqhubeka zisithoba isithembiso sokhuseleko olulinganayo.

Ucalucalulo Olunenkqubo Kubulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Ukwahlulwa kobuhlanga kwinani lokubanjwa, ubude, kunye nesantya sokuvalelwa zibhalwe kakuhle. Ukuchaswa kweSinyusi seshumi elinesithathu sesohlwayo njengolwaphulo-mthetho luye lwafak' isandla ekuboshweni kwabantu abamnyama nababhinqileyo baseMelika. Imfazwe yeziyobisi, imiqathango enyanzelisayo, kunye nokukhutshwa kohlanga kuphakathi kwemiba edala inkqubo yokusesikweni edityanisiweyo. Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yesithathu igqibelele kwimiba ethile, umzekelo, ukubetha phantsi kwesotho sogqatso lohlanga ekukhetheni abagwebi (] Bhatson v. Keykicky, 1986], ulungiso lwenkqubo lufuna inyathelo lomthetho kunye nokulungele ukulungele ukulungelelaniso.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nokufumana Okusesikweni

Ilungelo lokuzikhusela kuwonke-wonke liqinisekiswe ngokugqithisileyo kubameli betyala likawonke-wonke phantsi Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), kodwa ubunjani bokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke buyahluka kakhulu. Abamangalelwa abasoloko bejongene nokusebenza kakhulu nabakhuseli boluntu kunye nezibonelelo ezingeneleyo. Uncedo lwamakhaya lulinganiselwe ngakumbi, okuthetha ukuba abemi abaninzi abafumana imali ephantsi abanakunyanzelisa amalungelo abo emfuthweni wezindlu, umsebenzi, okanye inkundla yentsapho. Ngoko ukungalingani ngokwezoqoqosho kuchaphazela ubuchule bokufikelela kwintelekelelo yomGaqo-siseko.

Ukukhupha Amalungelo noxinzelelo loosomashishini

UMthetho weVoting Rights ka-1965 wawungomnye weyona mithetho yamalungelo abantu esebenzayo embalini, kodwa isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Shelby County v. UHaller (203) wenziwa buthathaka ubunyanzelisi obungundoqo benkqubo yokunyanzelisa imigaqo engundoqo (2013). Ngokuchanekileyo imfuneko yokuba amazwe athile anokukhetha amalungelo athile afumane imvume yangaphambili phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, amazwe amaninzi adlulisa imithetho ye-ID yevoti, akhupha iiroota, kwaye alinganisela uvota, ngokufuthi ngeendlela ezichaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nokuvota okuvota okuncinane. Ingxoxo yokukhetha iyaqhubeka, ngokuphikisa kokulingana, ngokuphikisa okuthile okuthiwa kuyimfuneko ukuthintela imigaqo yokukhomba nokugcina ezinye iintlobo zonyuko zale mihla.

Gender ne LGBTQ+ ukulingana

Ngoxa uHlaziyo lweSigqibo seshumi elinesithoba lukhusele uknano kumabhinqa kunye no-Obergefell ukhuselwa ukulingana komtshato, ucalulo lwezini ngokwesini luyaqhubeka kwintlawulo, umsebenzi, amalungelo okuzala, kunye nomelo. ULawulo lwamalungelo e-Amanani oluMalunga namalungelo oMgaqo-siseko, kunye nama-20222] amaDobbs[[ izigqibo isigqibo sibangele ukufikelela ekuqhosheni okudityani kwelizwe lonke. Transgender, ingakumbi kolutsha, aphantsi kohlaselo kwimithetho yokuhlahlela, kunye nemithetho evala inkathalo yesondo kunye nokuthintela inxaxheba kwimidlalo. Ezi zinto zibonisa ukuba ukhuseleko lungahlaliyo lufuna ukulinda okunentsingiselo.

Imfundo, Ukubandakanyeka Kwesityalo, Nekamva Lomgangatho

Amalungelo oMgaqo-siseko wokufundisa kwizikolo

Imfundo epheleleyo kumatyala eencwadi kunye nembali yomgaqo-siseko ibalulekile kwidemokhrasi esebenza. Abafundi abaninzi abaphumeleleyo bengaqondanga sisiseko seBhili yamaLungelo, iSihlaziyo seshumi elinesine, okanye indlela yokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Izikolo zingakuphendula oku ngokudibanisa izifundo kumatyala embali eNkundla ePhakamileyo, zisebenzisa imithombo ephambili efana nemibhalo yezomGaqo-siseko neembono zenkundla, kunye neengxubusho ezikhuthaza ukulingana kwale mihla. Iinkqubo ezifana ne "Thi People" uludwe kunye nokhuphiswano lokuvavanywa luboniswe ukwandisa ulwazi lwezentlalo kunye nomanyano.

Ukukhuthaza Ubumi Obukhutheleyo Ngaphandle Kwegumbi Leklasi

Ukuqonda amalungelo omuntu linyathelo lokuqala. Ingingqi kufuneka ikulungele ukusebenzisa loo malungelo ngovota, ngokugunyazisa, kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, igalelo. Abantu abaselula bangakhuthazwa ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwi-drive yobhaliso, bangene kwintlanganiso zesikolo kunye neentlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko, baze bathelele imibutho esebenza kwimibandela yamalungelo abantu. Izixhobo zoluntu kunye nezixhobo zamanani zikwenze kwalula ukucwangcisa nokukhupha amazwi, kodwa kwakhona bafuna ukucingisisa ngokunelisa ngokwahlula ulwazi olunokuthenjwa kwinkohliso. Ngokudibanisa ubuchule bomGaqo-siseko nobuchule obusebenzisekayo bezezemfundo, abafundisi baxhobisa isizukulwana esilandelayo ukukhusela nokulingana phantsi komthetho.

Isiphelo

Ukulingana phantsi komthetho asikokuzinqumla isithembiso. Kufuna utoliko oluqhubekayo, ukunyanzelisa, kunye nokulawula. UmGaqo-siseko unika isiseko (ukusuka kumbono weNkundla Yokuqala ukuya kuMgqino wokuVumela iNkundla Ephakamileyo kwiNkundla epheleleyo epheleleyo eqondeneyo neJulisiprifidenti/* kodwa ngabantu abaphefumla ubomi kuloo mazwi. Isizukulwana ngasinye sijongene nocelomngeni olutsha ekulinganani, ukusuka kubuhlanga kunye nokungalungisi koqoqosho kobuso bezoqoqosho ukusongela nxamnye namalungelo okuvoti kunye nenkululeko yobuqu. Ukhuseleko olungcono lokulinganayo lulawulo lwabemi oluqonda umGaqo-siseko, olufuna ukuphendula kwiinkokeli zazo, kwaye luhlala lubophelele kumgaqo wokuba bonke abantu bafanele ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kwemithetho.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga uhlalutyo lomGaqo-siseko olucacisiweyo loKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus, isigqibo esipheleleyo kwi Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[[FLT]], , kunye imbali kaZwe Logcino-Maziko lweSikhokelo [. Ukuqonda ezi zinto zinyathelo lokuqinisekisa ukuba imbono yomgaqo-mthetho wokulinganisa iphila nyani iyinto yokwenene yommibutho wonke ummimi.