Ukwazisa: Ukuqonda ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu ngaphaya kwamaqondo karhulumente

Irhafu yindlela esisiseko oorhulumente abaxhasa ngayo iimpahla neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke, kodwa iimbopheleleko zokuqokelela nokuphatha irhafu zisasazwa kwiimeko zikarhulumente, zikarhulumente, kunye nezommandla kwinkqubo entsonkothileyo yolawulo lweziko lolawulo. Esi sakhiwo siso solwandlalo sithetha ukuba abantu ngabanye namashishini basebenzisane namagunya amaninzi ahlawula irhafu, ngamnye ngemithetho yakhe, imilinganiselo, neenjongo zakhe. Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi, ukuqonda ukuba oku akuyo nje imfundo yemfundo yemfundo, kwaye kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezixhaswa ngayo, indlela izigqibo zezoqoqosho ezibunjwa ngayo, nendlela eziphembelela ngayo irhafuthelo. Eli nqaku lilungiselela ukuhlolisisa okubanzi kweembopheleleko zerhafuthelo kumgangatho ngamnye, imilinganiselo abasebenza ngayo, kunye nokuxubusha ngentsingiselo ebanzi yemfundo yolawulo nolawulo loluntu.

Ngoxa inqaku lokuqala lithetha ngeendidi ezisisiseko, ukujonga okunzulu kubonisa ukuba iimbopheleleko zerhafu azihlukanga ngohlobo kuphela kodwa kwakhona nangolawulo lwerhafu, umyinge wemali, i-T64, kunye neqondo lemali yokuzilawula elinanditshwa liqondo ngalinye. Urhulumente wengingqi, ngokomzekelo, ufumana ingeniso eninzi kwirhafu yerhafu eqhubekayo, ngoxa urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni besoloko bexhomekeke ekuthengeni irhafu nerhafu. Olu mahluko luneziphumo ezinzulu ekulinganiseni, ukuziphatha kwezoqoqosho, nomgangatho weenkonzo zabemi abafumanayo. Ngokwandisa ukuqonda kwethu, sinokuyiqonda kakuhle ingeniso ebandakanyekiswe kwizigqibo zerhafu zerhafu nengxoxo eqhubekayo ekufuneka zihlawule oko.

Iimbopheleleko zerhafu yomanyano

Urhulumente wezwe lonke, osebenza ngenkonzo yeNguquko ye- yeyona nto ingundoqo eqokelela irhafu eUnited States. Imithombo yayo ephambili yengeniso yebhaso yenzelwe ukuxhasa iinkqubo zelizwe lonke quka ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukhuseleko lwezentlalo, imisebenzi yezemfundo, kunye neeprojekthi zemfundo zezwe ezinceda bonke abemi kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na urhulumente okanye indawo. Inkqubo yerhafu iphawulwa ngesiseko salo esibanzi nenani eliqhubekayo, oko kukuthi abangenisi bengeniso ephezulu efunyenweyo bahlawule ingeniso enkulu yerhafuzo zabo.

Irhafu Enkulu

  • [[NTL:0] Irhafu efunyenweyo: Owona mthombo mkhulu wengeniso karhulumente, equka malunga namashumi amahlanu eepesenti zemali ezipheleleyo. Isebenzisa amaqondo erhafu asezantsi asukela kwi 10% ukuya ku 37% (njengo-2025) kwaye iquka iintengiso ezahlukeneyo, iityala, kunye nokungahlawuli okunciphisa ingeniso ehlawulwayo. Irhafu ifayile ebuyisa ngonyaka isebenzisa iifomu ezinjenge 1040.
  • [[NTL:0] Irhafu yengeniso efunyenweyo: yabhaliswa kwinzuzo yamashishini. ISite-nter neMisebenzi ka-2017 yahlisa isantya esisicaba ukusuka kwi 35% ukuya ku 21%. Ityala lerhafu lemali yemali ehlawulwayo lemali karhulumente emalunga ne6/7%, nangona isantya esisebenzayo sokwahluka ngenxa yentengiso kunye neetyala.
  • Irhafu Esongekileyo: Iqokelelwe phantsi koMthetho weFederal Inssurances Act (FICA) ukuxhasa uKhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle (12.4% kwimivuzo yekopu) kwaye iMedicare (2.9% engenayo ipesenti yemivuzo). Abaqeshi nabaqeshwa bahlula umthwalo, abantu abaziqeshileyo behlawula umthamo opheleleyo. Le rhafu iphinde yarhola ngenxa yokuba abasebenzisi ekutsaleni imali ehlawulwayo kwaye bakhuselwe ukhuseleko lweNtlalo.
  • Irhafu yeCapital Games Irhafu: Ingeniso ethengiswayo yempahla efana neminqongo, amaqhina, nendawo yelizwe. Ingeniso yekomkhulu lexesha elide (iibhanki engaphezulu konyaka omnye) ihlawulwa ngokwexabiso elikhethekileyo/0%, 15%, okanye 20% ngokuxhomekeke kwingeniso .
  • [[UMTL:0] Irhafu ekhutshiweyo: Irhafu kwiimpahla ezithile ezifana nepetroli, utywala, icuba, namatikiti enqwelo-moya. Ezi zisoloko zikhethwa kwimali yokuthembeka enxulumeneyo (umz., iHighway Trust Fund).
  • Isitati kunye neNgxoxo yeNkonkxaso: Faka ukudlulisela ubutyebi ngaphezu kwemiqobo ephezulu yokukhulula (R1,22 lezigidi) kumntu ngamnye ngonyaka wama-2024). Le rhafu ichaphazela inxalenye encinane yemihlaba.

I-IRS inyanzelisa le rhafu ngenkqubo yokuthobela ngokuzithandela, ukunqika, ukuthelekisa iirhafu, kunye nophicotho-zincwadi. Ukuntsonkotha kwemithetho yesizwe ```Iwaka lephepha''' kwaye ibangele iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngolwakhiwo lwesimplitha, kodwa isakhiwo esiqhubela phambili sisesona singundoqo. Kubafundisi, ukuqonda inkqubo yengingqi yezolawulo kunika isiseko sokuthelekisa urhulumente kunye neendlela zobulali. [[FLT:] I-IRS ye-website ye-IRS inika ingxubuliso neentlobo ezinokusetyenziswa kwizifundo zeklasi.

Iimbopheleleko zerhafu yeRhulumente

Urhulumente ulawula iinkqubo zerhafu, eziyahluka kakhulu kwisakhiwo nesemali efunyenweyo. Ngokungafaniyo norhulumente wesizwe, urhulumente ujongene neemeko ezimandundu: kufuneka balungelelanise uqingqo-mali lwabo (ezininzi zineemfuno zomGaqo-siseko okanye zomthetho ezilungelelanisiweyo), abanako ukushicilela imali, kwaye bakhuphisana ngomsebenzi wezoqoqosho ngokulungisa imigaqo-siseko serhafu. Ama-mali axhasa imfundo (K/12 kunye nemfundo ephezulu), ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, iinkqubo zempilo (kuquka iMedicaid), kunye neenkonzo zokunceda abantu.

Irhafu Eqhelekileyo Karhulumente

  • Irhafu: Irhafu esetyenziswayo ebekwe ekuthengisweni kweempahla kunye neenkonzo ezithile. Ngonyaka wama-2025, 45 amaphondo kunye neSithilishi saseColumbia levy irhafu yezorhwebo ebanzi, kunye nerhafu esuka ku 2.9% (Colado) ukuya ku 7.25% (iCalifornia). Imithetho emininzi yasekuhlaleni yongeza irhafu yayo, idibanisa intengiso yayo ngenani eliphezulu nge 10.25% kwizixeko ezifana neChicago, i-Illinois. Irhafu irhafu ithathwa njengenyelwa kuba ingenayo iintsapho ezifumana imali encinane ingeniso eninzi kwingeniso yayo kwintengo yerhafu.
  • Intekotho yentengiselwano: Okwangoku, amazwe angama-41 amisela irhafu yengeniso yobuqu. Kulaa 11 anesantya esinye esicabathacayo (kusukela ku 2,5% eColorado ukuya ku 4.9% eIllinonia), ngoxa amanye esebenzisa izibiyeli ezihamba phambili. Amazwe anesithoba (Alahka, Florida, Nevada, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Texannesse, Texas, Washington, kunye neWhoming) akanayo irhafu yerhafu yemali yonke, nangona iNew Hampshire inzala nengeniso kuphela. Ezokuba kungekho ngeniso zixhomekeke kakhulu kwintengiso nempahla okanye kwiirhafuwo zemali njengase-Alas kunye neWhoming, kwiirhafu ze-oyile eziphumayo.
  • Irhafu efunyanisiweyo: Ngelixesha ingeniso yasekuhlaleni, amazwe amaninzi akwayilevy irhafu yempahla yelizwe ngokubanzi (okwakusoloko kubizwa ngokuba “yirhafu yemfundo yentlayo”) okanye alungelelane neendawo ngemigangatho yohlolo kunye nokulingana. Amaxabiso erhafu yempahla kunye noqheliselo lohlolo lwahlukene kakhulu.
  • [[NTLA] Irhafu ekhutshiweyo: Amazwe anyanzela irhafu ekhutshwa kwi-injini, utywala, icuba, ne-cannabis (apho kusemthethweni). Ezi zidla ngokuba “ziirhafu ezisoyikisayo” ezijolise ekudizeni ukusetyenziswa kwemali ngexesha kunyuswa kwengeniso.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Imali ehlawulwayo neMfuno-mali: Ingeniso yerhafu yamazwe, kunye nexabiso elisuka kwi 2,5% (North Carolina) ukuya kwi 11.5% (New Jersey). Amanye amazwe akwabeka irhafu ebhinqileyo (umz., intengiso yentengiso yezentengiso ye-Ohio.) okanye irhafu yerhafu kwimibutho yeshishini.
  • Irhafu yonikezelo: yabhaliswa ekukhupheni kobuncwane bendalo obunjenge-oyile, igesi, amalahle, kunye nemithi. Amazwe anjenge Texas, Alaska, kunye neNorth Dakota axhomekeke kakhulu kwezi ngeniso, ezinokutshisa ngenxa yexabiso lentengo.

Umahluko phakathi kwamazwana unika irejitali yendalo yokufunda inkqubo yerhafu. Umzekelo, iTexas ixhomekeke kukungabikho rhafu yomntu ngamnye kodwa inenye yezona xabiso zisebenzayo zerhafu yempahla kuhlanga, ngelixa i-Oregon ingenayo irhafu yentengiso kodwa irhafu yengeniso eqhubekayo. Ezi zinto zibonisa iinketho zobupolitika, iimeko zezoqoqosho, kunye nenkqubano zembali. [FLT]x Foundation inika uthelekiso olubanzi lwenkqubo yerhafuzo zikarhulumente, kuquka namaziko enkcitho. Abaqeshishi bezoshishino bangasebenzisa ezi zinto ukuvavanya indlela ulungelenelo lwerhafuthelo, ukhuphiso, ukhuphiso, kunye nokuhlawula ingeniso.

Iimbopheleleko zerhafu zasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni (ooomasipala, oomasipala, amalokishi, izitrato, izitara zesikolo, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo (umz., kumathala eencwadi, amalahle omlilo, okanye ezothutho).) liqondo likarhulumente osondele kakhulu kubemi. Iimbopheleleko zabo zerhafu zijoliswe kwiinkonzo zemali ezisetyenziswa ngabantu mihla le: imfundo yokuqala neyesibini, imfundo yamapolisa nesekhomputha, izithuthi, ucoseleko-ntle, ipaki, neenkundla zasekuhlaleni. Ngenxa yokuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokungenelwa kwengeniso nerhafu yerhafu (ngokufuthi kumthetho we-orhulumente), baxhomekeke kwirhafu yempahla.

Irhafu Ephambili

  • [[NTLL:0] Irhafu elifunyanisiweyo: Irhafu elisebenzayo lemali yasekuhlaleni. Irhafu yempahla i-moryence (esekelwe kwixabiso lovavanyo) kwaye ingumthombo omkhulu wengeniso yephondo ne-oomasi. Le nkqubo ibandakanya uvavanyo lwexabiso leprojekthi yezokwenyani, isebenzisa uqikelelo (umz. 100 kumazwe amaninzi), kwaye inyuswa ngexabiso lemali-mali yemali yemali ekhoyo (isiXhoba lemali eliyi R3,000). Umzekelo, ikhaya elilinganiselwa kwimali encinane ekwisithilini enemali engama-50 000 000 (R1,50 000) ngokwemali eh6) ngenxa yemali eninzi ehlawulwayo. Amashishini athemichiza aphantsi.
  • Amazwe amaninzi angenisa intengiso ye-Adelar : Amazwe amaninzi avumela ukuba ubalo, izixeko, kunye nabaphathi bothutho bongezelele irhafu yasekuhlaleni kwixabiso lorhulumente. La manani asekuhlaleni angahluka nakummandla omnye. Umzekelo, e-Alabama, iirhafu zentengiso zasekuhlaleni zingadibanisa 7% kumlinganiselo we-4% karhulumente, zidala amanani adityanisiweyo ngaphezulu kwe-11% kwezinye izixeko. Irhafuthezo zorhwebo zobulali zidla ngokusetyenziswa ukuxhasa imisebenzi ekhethekileyo njengamaziko endibano, amabala emidlalo, okanye unyuselo lwezothutho.
  • Irhafu yasengingqini okanye ejingayo: Iqaqo loomasipala, i-levy ingeniso yasekuhlaleni okanye irhafu. Umzekelo, iSixeko saseNew York sinyanzela irhafu yesixeko kubemi, kwaye amazwe afana nePennsylvania avumela izixeko (umz. Philadelfiya) kunye nemimandla yesikolo ukuba zifake irhafuzo kubo bonke abemi kunye nabangeyo abasebenzi abasebenza kwigunyaziso. Le rhafuthelo idla ngokubamba kwaye ibangela ukuba abantu abahambi bafumane irhafu.
  • Ilayisenisi yezentengiso neyomsebenzi: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafuna amashishini ukufumana ilayisensi nemvume, evelisa ingeniso kunye nolawulo lolawulo. I-Fout yahluka ngokwentlobo zeshishini, inani labaqeshwa, okanye iimali ezigqithisiweyo. Ezinye izixeko zikwanyanzela “irhafu yelungelo leshishini” efana nemali encinane yerhafu.
  • Izixhobo ezikhethekileyo: ingingqi zinganika ityala le-v kwizinto ezingenelwa ngqo kuphuculo oluthile, njengendlela entsha, isibane sesitrato, okanye umgxuma wogutyulo. Ezi asizorhafu jikelele kodwa zibotshelelwe kwingenelo eyamkelweyo.

[[NTL:0] Ilinn Institute of Land Policy inikela uphando oluphangaleleyo kwirhafu yempahla kunye nemali yasekuhlaleni. Kwiklasi, ithelekisa iindleko zerhafu yempahla kwii-asethi ezahlukeneyo . usebenzisa ii-database ze-intanethi---net] i-lticless zibonisa indlela amaxabiso ezinto kunye nobubanzi bemingcipheko yokuvelisa intlukwano ebanzi kwimali yesikolo, umxholo kwisiseko sengxoxo ye-qumrhu.

Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo lweembopheleleko zerhafu

Uthelekiso olucwangcisiweyo lwemigaqo yerhafu yesizwe, yesizwe neyasekuhlaleni lubonisa umahluko ongundoqo kubungakanani, imithombo yengeniso, iinkqubo zolawulo, kunye neempembelelo zezoqoqosho. Olu mahluko alukho ngengozi; lubonisa indlela eyakhiwe ngayo inkqubo yorhulumente waseMerika, eyabela imisebenzi ethile kumgangatho ngamnye kwaye inika izixhobo ezihambelanayo.

Umda nenjongo

Irhafu edityanisiweyo yenzelwe ukuxhasa iirhafu zesizwe zeemfuyo zikawonke-wonke/edense, ukhuseleko lwengeniso, izibonelelo ezidibeneyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemacroat. Isiseko sazo sizenza zikwazi ukumelana nemeko yolwaphulo-mthetho. iirhafu zelizwe [[FLT]] irhafu] yemali ekhoyo kwimida yesizwe, ingeniso yemali eninzi. Ngenxa yokuba kufuneka uhlahlomelo, irhafuthelo lwazo lubaleleke kakhulu kwimijikelezo yezo zoqoqosho. [[FLT][FLT] ] irhafuthelwe kakuhle, impahla egcina imali egciniweyo, kodwa umsingayo egcina imali eninzi phakathi koomatiko amahlwempu namahlwempu.

Ingeniso

Urhulumente wephondo uxhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu eqhubekayo yengeniso yomntu ngamnye (malunga nama-50% engeniso) kunye nerhafu ehlawulwa yimiqemane (malunga nama-35%). Amazwe ahlukene kakhulu: malunga nengeniso enye-mitha-mitha yerhafu karhulumente ivela kwirhafu yentengiso, isithathu serhafu yengeniso, isithathu seminye imithombo (kuquka impahla, inkampani, kunye nentlawulo yorhulumente).

Ulawulo kunye nobuchule bolawulo

Imithetho yerhafu yomanyano iyafana kulo lonke ilizwe, inyanzeliswa ngumbutho omnye (IRS). Imithetho yerhafu yorhulumente kunye nemithetho yerhafu yasekuhlaleni iyahlulwa; ukusebenza kweNkundla ephakamileyo yamatyala amaninzi kufuneka kuvumelane neeseti eziyi-50 ezahlukeneyo zemithetho ehlawulwayo yengeniso, ukurhweba irhafu, kunye nemiqobo ye-nexus. Ukusukela uMzantsi Dakota v. I-Wayfair[FLT] [[FL:1] isigqibo seNkundla] esiphezulu [2088]) inkundla yezongafuna abathengiside ekuqokeleleni irhafuthezo, ukudibanisa imithwaliso yentengiso, ukuditya i-ondisa imfuno yentengiselwano kodwa kwakhona ukunciphisa ibala lokudlala iziteyibhinkile-mo-mor. Kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, inani elipheleleyo lemiqatha lerhafu yolawulo ngokwe-U.S.S.Screacreastism.[creacrease-9][9]

Ukulingana Neziphumo Zokusasaza

Ngenxa yokuba izikolo zerhafu zeendawo, ukwahlulwa kobutyebi bempahla kukhokelela kumathuba emfundo angalinganiyo. Ama-odolo azama ukunciphisa oku ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezilinganayo zokunika uncedo lukarhulumente. Kumgangatho karhulumente, irhafu yengeniso eqhubekayo inciphisa ukulingana kwengeniso emva kwerhafu, kodwa ukuhlaziywa kwerhafu karhulumente kunye neminye imirhumo yasekuhlaleni kunganciphisa inkqubela. Ukubuyiselwa korhwebo nerhafu yempahla kuthetha ukuba iintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi zihlawule isabelo esikhulu sengeniso yazo kwirhafuwo nakwirhafumente yasekuhlaleni, inyaniso ekhuthaza ingxoxo emalunga nohlazo lwerhafuyo kunye nokunganyaniseki kweminatha yokhuseleko.

Uxanduva lweeNkonzo zoLuntu noPhuhliso

Ulwahlulo lwerhafu luneziphumo ezicacileyo kumgangatho weenkonzo zikarhulumente kunye nobutyebi bemimandla. Xa iziseko zerhafu zimxinwa okanye ziguquka, oorhulumente bazama ukugcina inkxaso-mali yemisebenzi ebalulekileyo ngexesha lorhoxo. Umzekelo, bathi ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kwingeniso yerhafu kumava erhafu aphezulu, ukunyanzelisa ukunqunyulwa kwemfundo kunye neenkqubo zempilo. Ngokwahlukileyo, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basoloko benengeniso ezizinzileyo kodwa banokujamelana nokuchasana kwezopolitiko ekunyuseni kwexabiso lemfuzo (umbanotho lwemali eninzi lwengeniso eninzi ehlayo" njengeprofixtialment 13 eKlifoniya).

Iinkqubo zerhafu zikwaphembelela izigqibo zendawo yoshishino. Amazwe angenayo irhafu yengeniso (njengeTexas neFlorida) atsala iifemu nabantu ngabanye, kodwa asoloko ehlawula ngempahla ephezulu okanye irhafu yerhafu okanye imigangatho esezantsi yenkonzo karhulumente. “ukubhalisa kumazantsi” kwimiba yerhafu yequmrhu kubangele ukuba amanye amazwe anikele izihlomelo ezijoliswe phambili, nto leyo abagxeki bephikisana ngayo ukukhutshwa kwerhafu ngaphandle kokukhuthaza ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwezoqoqosho. Imimandla yoluntu ikhuphisana ngenkcitho yerhafu okanye ngerhafu yerhafu, nto leyo enokubangela iziphumo zokuchitheka kwerhafu yemali kwimimandla ekufuphi.

Kubafundisi-mfundo, ezi ziphumo zinika uphando oluninzi. Umzekelo, ingxaki yezemali eDetroit yabalaselisa indlela ukuxhomekeka ngokugqithisileyo kwirhafu yempahla ukusuka kwisiseko esisezantsi sabemi eyakhokelela ngayo ekuweni kwenkonzo nokuphelelwa mali kukamasipala. Ngokuchasene noko, ukwanda okukhawulezileyo kwamazwe eSun Belt kubonisa indlela inkqubo yerhafu edityaniswe nenkcitho enokuthi iqhubele ngayo ukufuduka nokukhula kwezoqoqosho. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kunceda abafundi banxibelelane nengcamango yerhafu neziphumo zokwenene zehlabathi.

Umbhaqo wobhatala nolawulo ngaphesheya kwamaqondo

Ukuthobela irhafu kwahluka kakhulu kumgangatho karhulumente. Ukuthotyelwa kwerhafu kuthelekelelwa kuba i-IRS inika i-email ye-electronic engahlawulelwayo (Ifayili Ekhululekileyo) kunye neentlobo ezisesikweni. Noko ke, ukuntsonkotha kwemithetho yemithetho elawulayo abaxhasi berhafu abaninzi abasebenzisa ii-aschemes ukusebenzisa izilungiseleli ezihlawulwayo. Ukuthobela kwelizwe komnye umaleko wolawulo: abahlawulelo kwimimandla emininzi kufuneka bahlawule irhafuze, ngenkcazelo eyahlukeneyo yemali, iirhafu, kunye netyala. Ama-omiqatha emali athengwayo athengwa kakhulu yimali e-mali e-mali e-mali ebhankini ebhankini (AGI) eqokelelwe, kodwa ukwaneemali ehlawulwa ngezorhwebo zelizwe, ezinye iimeko zemali zemali zelizwe (irhafuthensi) kunye nerhafu yengi yengi yasekuhlaleni, kunye nemali yengi yengi yasekuhlaleni yasekuhlaleni, kunye neyasengi (intente yengi yengi yengi, ithe yasekuhlaleni).

Iindleko zolawulo zeenkqubo ezininzi zerhafu zibalulekile. I-ofisi yoHlahlo loHlahlo-mali ( CBO) kunye ne [ I-ofisi yetyala] yeGovertial Office [[[FLLT:5] ibhale ukuba amaMelika achitha amawaka ezigidi zeeyure nyaka ngamnye ekuthobeleni irhafuthelweni kwerhafu. Irhafu yerhafu enjenge-“piggla'''' yetyala''. Irhafu yemali ehla kwimivuzo yomanyano, okanye ukwenza uqokelelo-mali yelizwe elicocayo, ixatyiswe kodwa imiqobo yezopolitiko.

Indaleko Yembali Yomanyano Nerhafu

Ulwabeko lwangoku lwerhafu alumi nje; luye lwaguquka ngenxa yokulungiswa kwemithetho-siseko, imigaqo yenkundla, kunye neengxaki zezoqoqosho. Ngaphambi koMphetho-mva we-16 (1913), urhulumente wephondo wathembela kwii-staffirs neerhafu; imvume yokuvumela irhafu esisigxina. ULawulo Olukhulu Lokwehla Komgangatho Wemali lwabangela ukuba urhulumente worhulumente afumane ityala elikhulu lokungaqeshwa, ukulawulwa kwezentlalo-ntle (1935), kwaye kamva, uMdicaid (1965). Iminyaka ye-195) yoo-Mpu / World War II yabona urhulumente esebenzisa imiqathango yemiqathango (umz.g., kwiholo nemfundo) ukukhuthaza imo-yokulawula intlawulo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni, ibizwa ngokuba “yi-ontlalo-ntle yoluntu.[8]

Iinkundla zikwabumbe iimbopheleleko zerhafu. ngokuchaseneyo neNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa uMthetho oMkhulu wokuLamlela iNdlela-ntle onegunya lomntu ngamnye njengerhafu, iqinisekisa amandla abanzi erhafu karhulumente. Ngokuchaseneyo, iWayfair[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] isigqibo esandisiweyo sombuso sokuhlawula irhafuthengiso kuthengiso olukude. Ezi zinto zibonisa ukuba imida yerhafu ikhuphiswayo ikhuphiswa kwaye iphantsi kokutshintsha, okwenza kube yimfuneko ukuba abemi baqhubeke besazisiwe.

Isiphelo: Umfanekiso Omkhulu Wabafundisi Nabafundi

Ukuhlola ukwahluka kweembopheleleko zerhafu kumgangatho worhulumente kutyhila inkqubo entsonkothileyo nesekelwe kwidemokhrasi. Ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu yerhafu yesizwe efuna intlawulo yemali eninzi, ukulungelelanisa uqingqo-mali lwerhafu kunye neenkonzo zengingqi, kunye nerhafu yasekuhlaleni inika inkxaso-mali yobomi boluntu. Ukudibanisa la manqanaba emalini. /ukunikezelwa kwemali, ukunikezelwa kwentlawulo, kunye nokuhlawula irhafu, kubandakanya umgangatho wemfundo, izibonelelo, isiseko somgangatho, kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke abemi. Kubafundisi, lo mbandela unika abafundisi, umgaqo wokufundisa imfundo yezemfundo yoluntu, ukuqiqamba, kunye nokunga kwezorhwebo olubandakanyekelwe ekwenzeni izigqibo ngentlalo.

Abafundi abayiqonda kakuhle irhafu bangayivavanya bhetele imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu ngezantsi imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu karhulumente, ukuncitshiswa kwerhafu yesikolo sasekuhlaleni, okanye ukuxoxisana ngoqingqo-mali kwezemfundo yesikolo. Bangaqonda isizathu sokuba isixeko esinedolophu echumayo sifakelele kwipaki entsha, ngelixesha ingingqi yasemaphandleni izama ukulondoloza iindlela. Ngokuthelekisa iinkqubo zerhafu ngaphaya kwemithetho, bafunda ukuphikisana nokuthelekisa imilinganiselo yokusesikweni, ukuphumelela, kunye nendima karhulumente kubomi babo. Ekugqibeleni, olu lwazi lunika abemi bexesha elizayo amandla okusebenzisa incoko efuna ukuhlawula, ukuba ngubani ongenelwayo, kwaye baphucule njani uluntu olulungele ukufikelela kwimeko.