UMgaqo-siseko we-United States umi njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, umisela inkqubo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika kunye nokudwelisa amalungelo nenkululeko yommi ngamnye. Uqiniswa ngo-1788 kwaye walungiswa amaxesha angamashumi amabini anesixhenxe, olu xwebhu luphilayo luye lwaguqula ubume belizwe ngokwemithetho nezobupolitika kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini. Ukuze abemi babe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwidemokhrasi yolawulo-mpukane, kufuneka baqonde ukupheliswa okukhethekileyo okuchaza inkululeko yabo, ukulinganiselwa kwamandla karhulumente, nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. Olu khokelo lwandiswayo luye lwazi ukuphengulula kwesiseko somhlaba wonke ummi waseMerika, imvelaphi yawo, iiNkundla eziphakamileyo, iinkcazelo zabo ezibalaseleyo, kunye nokusebenza kwawo okuqhubekayo kwibutho lanamhlanje.

IBhili Yamalungelo: UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo Olishumi

IBhili yamaLungelo, equka izindululo zokuqala zokuqala ezilishumi zomGaqo-siseko, yavunywa ngoDisemba 15, 1791. Ezi zindululo zayimpendulo engqalileyo kwimibandela enxulumene neAnti-Federalist ngexesha leengxoxo zolwakhiwo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wesizwe osandul' ukudalwa akayi kulwa nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ngoxa iBhili yamaLungelo ekuqaleni isebenza kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela, uHlaziselo lweMthethwe-14th lweSivumelwano-Sti yeMsebenzi ka-Claineste mva wayenza yaninzi kakhulu inkxaso yayo enyanzeliswayo kurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngenkqubo eyaziwayo njenge-udityanity. Ngaphantsi koko kulungiswa kwesiseko.

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: Intsika Yenkululeko Egqithiseleyo

UHlaziyo Lokuqala luthintela ukumiswa komthetho "owuhlonela ukumiswa konqulo, okanye ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo; okanye ukuvalela inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yokushicilela; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo, nokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izityholo. [[FL:]. [FFL].[4] Umthetho woMkhosi woLuntu ukhusela iinkululeko ezintlanu ezintlanu: unqulo, ukuthetha, ukucinezela, nokucelela. INkundla ePhakamileyo itolika olu myalelo ukhuthazo olubanzi, kodwa abachazi. [2] urhulumente u-196] u-196, unikezelo olukhoyo lwe-'zicwangciso-mqathangongomthetho. [umthetho othe krawufumana ukhuseleko oluphezulu] [umthetho othe k'umthetho woburhulumente, u-Foffrea, u-El.[4]

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izixhobo

ISigqibo sesibini sivakalisa, "Indawo elawulwa kakuhle eMilitia, eyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente okhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha Iizixhobo, alizukumonyulwa. Kwimbali enkulu yaseMelika, eli lungiselelo lachazwa njengokukhusela ilungelo elidibeneyo elibotshelelwe kwinkonzo yemikhosi. Kodwa kwiminyaka emibini kamva, i-Divolution of Columbia v. [[FLT] [200:1] [200], iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqonda ukuba umntu unelungelo lokuba nesixhobo sokuzidubula ngaphakathi kwekhaya. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [iK] [iK] i-Donalt ye-NT]. [irroffir [ir [iii] [2001]] [2001] [iiiii, inguM.0] Inkundla ephakamileyo saziqaphela ukuba inelungelo sokuthetha ngempikiswano, ihlala kwiimpikiswano, ngokuqhubekayo, ngokuqhubekayo, iminyaka emibini, ukuqinisekisa, ukuqinisekisa, ukuqinisekisa, ukuqinisekisa, ukuqinisekisa,

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesine: Ukukhuselwa Kuphando Olungekho Mthethweni Nokungaqiqiyo

IsiHlanzeko sesine sikhusela "ilungelo labantu lokukhusela abantu kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, ngokuchasene nokuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula" kwaye kufuna ukuba imvume ikhutshwe kuphela ngesizathu esilindelekileyo. Oku kulungiswa kusebenza njengesiseko samalungelo obuqu kunye nommiselo wokunyanzeliswa komthetho wokunyanzeliswa kolawulo lweSine soLawulo lwezihlanu. [[FLT: 0]] Ukucaciswa okungundoqo kubandakanya [[FLT:]] Mapp v. Ohio [[[FLT: 1] [1961]], eyamisa umthetho wokubhangisa, owenzileyo i-```eyevidence') efunyanwa ekuphunyezweni kokwaphulweni komthetho wesihlanu wokuHlunyulo-mthetho akunakusetyenziswa enkundleni. RY] v [FLT] [FFFF:3] [1] [1] [1])]

UHlaliso lweNtloko: Inkqubo efanelekileyo nokuzithethelela

IsiHlanzo sesihlanu siqulethe iindidi ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zokhuseleko: ilungelo lokumangalelwa ngabagwebi abaphezulu kulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu, ukukhuselwa kwingozi ephindwe kabini, ilungelo lokungavumi ukuzibeka esichengeni, kunye nesiqinisekiso sokuba akukho mntu uya "kuphulukana nobomi, okanye impatho, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo yomthetho. Ukubekwa kwetyala lingumthombo wesilumkiso esidumileyo sobuGawulayo, esimiselwe [iManda v. Arizona zinto zizakusetyenziswa yi-“FLT] (196), ezifuna amapolisa ukuba azise ukukrokrelekrelelwa kwamalungelo awo ukuba ahlale ethule kwaye abe negqwetha elikhoyo ngexesha lokuncinwa kwetyala. I-Creascas i-procracism elungele ukulawulwa ngokwezomthetho. Abahlali besazi ukuba basebenzise zonke ezi nkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho, i-mthetho azifuni kumele amagosa-mthetho azimeleyo, azimeleyo, azimeleyo ukuba azimele azimeleyo ukuba angabi nakugwebo, amele azimeleyo angabi nanini nanini nakugwegwe

UMthetho Wesithandathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Ilungelo Lokuvavanywa Kwetyala Elifanelekileyo

IsiHlanulo soHlaziyo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuba unelungelo lokumangalelwa ngetyala elikhawulezayo nelingokwabantu bonke, inkundla engakhethi-cango, isaziso sokumangalelwa, ungquzulwano lwamangqina, inkqubo enyanzelekileyo yokufumana amangqina, kunye noncedo lwesiluleko. Enye yezinkcazelo ezibalulekileyo zangoku yavela Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963], ekholelwa ukuba uMgaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba ityala linikwe igqwetha letyala elikwimeko erhwebini. Kamva, [[FLT:]]] Arversimer v.[FLT][FLT][3] [6]] [63] [63]], othe wandisa ekunene ukuphosa iimeko apho kunokwenzeka khona ukuvalelwa. ISixeko sesizwe siqinisekisa ukuba ityala eligcina inkqubo egweba elingunxa nakuhlala lihlelileyo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Esibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

ISichibiyelo sesibhozo siyalela "ibheyile yebheyile," "intengiso yemali," kunye "nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga" ngokwembali, eli lungiselelo lisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya isohlwayo sentambo kunye neemeko zentolongo. Furman v. Georgia[[[FLT:]][12] [1972], iNkundla ePhakamileyo igqibezela ngokunelo, isohlwayo seko-mouse yesohlwayo kwilizwe lonke, ifumana ukuba ukusebenza kwayo okunobukhali nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga. I-"[FLT] i-fregg. [2] v [FLT].[FLT][5], ivumela ukubulawa phantsi kwemigaqo ehlaziweyo, ephinda-kade yandula ukusetyenziswa kwe-TShoverse-evincelvey] [5], i-T] kunye ne-empemperectivessssssss] [freans] [evey] kunye ne-opt travolu

Uhlaziyo Oluyintloko Ngaphaya Kwamalungelo

Ngeli xesha iBhili yamaLungelo ibumba umphambili wenkululeko yaseMelika, ulungiso oluninzi olulandelayo luye lwandisa ngokuphawulekayo amalungelo obumi kunye nokhuseleko lovota. Ezi zindululo zibonisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo wesizwe ukuzalisekisa iinjongo zalo zokuyila ukulingana nokusesikweni.

UMthetho ohlaziyiweyo we - 1865: Ukupheliswa kobukhoboka

IsiHlaliso seshumi elinesithathu sabuphelisa ngonaphakade ubukhoboka kunye nobukhoboka obungavumelekanga eUnited States, ngaphandle kokuba kusisohlwaywa ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho. Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, saphawula ixesha elibi kakhulu kwimbali yaseMerika. Noko ke, inguquko yalo ithetha indinyana engaqhelekanga , ukuvumela ukukhotyokiswa okuzenzekelayo njengesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho olunyanzelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwemisetyenzana yokunyanzeliswa ezintolongweni, umcimbi wemigudu yokuphucula iinguqu. Nangona imfazwe yemfazwe yamakhaya ingunyaka wesithathu imela imbopheleleko yomgaqo-mGaqo-siseko kwinkululeko yobuqu kwaye ihlala isisixhobo esinamandla ekulweni korhwebo nobukhoboka banamhlanje.

ISindululo seshumi elinesine (1868): Ukuba ngummi ofanelekileyo nokukhuselwa ngokulinganayo

IsiHlaliso seshumi elinesine sesinye sesigqibo esibaluleke kakhulu nesiphelisweyo. Ulungiso lwaso lobumi luka-Claus lunika bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States ilungelo lokulawula, ukubhukuqa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, ukubhukuqa iScott v. Sandford [1857]. I-'Drect' [I-Calm'] [1857] [i-I-Monize]. I-'Myelelo u-Claske yandisa iBhide kumazwe (imposiso) kwaye ikhusela amalungelo angundoqo ([FLT:[2][5] umtshato] nokhuseleko lwezehlohlohlo.[FLT], [4], ukhuseleko oluthenjiwe , u-Fogrome], u-X.[4]

UMthetho - ngqangi We - 15 (1870): Amalungelo Obuhlanga

UHlomelo lweshumi elinesihlanu loMphetho-mthetho lukwalela oorhulumente besizwe norhulumente ukuba bangamvumeli ummi ukuba avote ngelungelo elisekelwe "kwibala, ibala, okanye kwimeko yobukhoboka obungaphambili" nangona la mazwana asemazantsi ekwalelwe ukuba angenelele irhafu yokuvota, iimvavanyo zobugrogrisi, kunye nololoyiso logonyamelo lokususa abavoti base-Afrika ngenkulungwane. I-Voting Rights Act ka-1965/iwid agunyazinzileyo phantsi kolawulo lweBhunga lomthetho we-Congrespital (*) yenza ukuLamfa kweNguqulo yeshumi elinesihlanu leNtlanganiso yasebenza. Ilifathelela ingu kwimithetho ye-octive ye-overtimes yalecter, i-fentent ekwimpikiswano yale nge-injini ye-iforma ye-fantium, i-fen ethetha nge-iactive proactive iyaqhubeka kwingxoxo yaleeant malunga ye-yom-yor-yokup ku-ichranch

ISindululo seshumi elinesithoba (1920): Isithintelo samabhinqa

UMthetho-Mgaqo weshumi elinesithoba uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvotela bonke abafazi baseMerika, uchaza ukuba ilungelo "elingenakukhanyelwa okanye livalelwe okanye livalelwe nguMbuso waseUnited States okanye nawuphi na ngenxa yesondo." Ukukhutshwa kwamashumi eminyaka yokukhutshwa kwamabhinqa ngumbutho wokuzinzisa, oku kulungiswa akukhange kwakhawulezi kuthintele onke amabhinqa .

UHlaliso lweMaphu amabini anesine (1964): Ukupheliswa kwerhafu

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine lwalela ukusetyenziswa kwerhafu yonyulo kunyulo lwamazwe. Iirhafu zerhafu zezolongo bezisisixhobo esiphambili ekuthinteleni ukuvota okungenayo, ingakumbi ama-Afrika aseMzantsi Afrika. Nangona uHlaliso lwamashumi amabini anesihlanu lwasetyenziswa kuphela kunyulo lwezwe, iNkundla ePhakamileyo kamva yabanjwa Harper v. iBhodi ye-Evolutions[ [1966] irhafuthelo kuvotiso lohlahlolo lwaseluthi lwaseburhulumente ichasene nonyulo oluKhuselo lwe-Classileyo ye-Geneartive. Oku kuthel

UHlaziyo lwama-201 (1971): Ukuthotywa kweNkathi yoHlolo ukuya kwi-18

Ukuphendula kwimpikiswano yokuba abo bakhule ngokwaneleyo ukuba bafakwe emkhosini bafanele babe nelungelo lokuvota, uMphetho-wesi-22 wesiHlaliso wehlisa iminyaka yokuvota ukusuka kuma-21 ukuya kwi-18 kuwo onke amagunya, urhulumente, kunye nokhetho lwasekuhlaleni. Ukuhlulwa okukhawulezileyo kwiinyanga ezintathu nje kuphela embalini .*i-i-i-orentite yandisa unyulo ukuya kwizigidi zabaselula base-Melika. Namhlanje, olu tshintsho luyaqhubeka lunyusa ingxubusho malunga nokuzibotshwa kolutsha nemfundo yezentlalo ezikolweni.

Indima yeNkundla Ephakamileyo ekutolikeni Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Ukuqonda izilungiso zomgaqo-siseko kukwafuna ukuqaphela ukuba intsingiselo yazo iguquka ngokucaciswa kwezahlulelo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isebenza njengomchasi-mGaqo-siseko opheleleyo, kwaye izigqibo zayo zibumba ukusebenza okusebenzisekayo kwayo yonke inguquko. Umzekelo, inkululeko yokuGawulayo Yokuqala ngoku igquma intetho kunye nemali njengentetho ye-intanethi, ngoxa ukukhuselwa koMphengululo weSine wokuHlaziyiselwa KweziNqaba kugqithiseleyo kugqithisela kugcino-lwazi lwamanani kunye nee-drons. Iintsebenzi zaseCandelo kufuneka zilandele izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ngenxa yokuba zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amalungelo emihla ngemihla ukuze zivote ngokwazo. Ukuvuma indima ye-igqweqwesi kunceda ukukhuthaza ukuva kwe-e-ethentia yezopolitiki kunceda ukuvalelwa kwelungelo lomgaqo-mthetho maxa wahlukene.

Indlela Yokuhlala Ufundile Uze Uchaze Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi ezi zilungiso linyathelo lokuqala; ukuganana ngokukhutheleyo kuqinisekisa ukuba la malungelo ayaqhubeka ekhuselekile. Nazi iindlela ezicacileyo kubemi zokwandisa ulwazi lwabo lomgaqo-siseko nokusebenzisa inkululeko yabo ngendlela efanelekileyo.

  • [[UMTLL:0] Funda umGaqo-siseko ngawakho. Abahlali banika umbhalo opheleleyo, kunye nomongo wembali, ku abaphathi.gov. Ukufunda rhoqo kunceda abemi bawaqonde amalungelo abo xa besengozini.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ilandela amatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ii-website ezinjenge Oyez kunye neCornell Information Institute [ inika umba wetyala wesidlangalala kunye neempikiswano zomlomo. Ukuqonda izigqibo zakutshanje ezingomalungelo ovota, ukuthetha ngenkululeko, kunye nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho iyimfuneko kulwammizo.
  • Icandelo kwiinkqubo zokufundisa abantu. Intlangano ezifana ne [ Inkululeko yamakhaya yaseMelika e-Union inikezela ngezibonelelo kwinkululeko yomgaqo-siseko nakwimingeni yangoku esemthethweni. Iikholeji zoluntu kunye namathala eencwadi asekuhlaleni zisoloko zingenisa iiprojekthi.
  • Intlanganiso zasesiXhosa kunye nokuva. iintlanganiso zebhunga lesiXeko, iintlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo, kunye nokuchotshelwa kwemithetho zindawo apho abemi benokuthi basebenzise amalungelo okuQhubela uGqiniso lokuqala ukuze baququzele izicelo nokuthetha. Ukubhala nokunikela ingxelo ngeziganeko ezinjalo kukwabangela ucinezela inkululeko.
  • [ Ukusebenzisa imiba yomgaqo-siseko kwi-media yentlalo-ntle. Landela abaphengululi bomthetho, amaqela okuphatha, kunye neentengiso zeendaba ezisebenza kwinkululeko yabemi. Intetho ye-intanethi, xa isekelwe kwizibakala, ingasisixhobo esinamandla sokufundisa nokucwangcisa imicimbi yomgaqo-siseko.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko asizizinto ezingekho ngqiqweni ngezantsi. Zizixhobo zemihla ngemihla ezikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye neziqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uya kuphendula. Ukusuka kwinkululeko yokuthetha ingqondo yakhe nokuqhelisela unqulo lwakhe ukuya kumgangatho ofanelekileyo wokuvavanywa nokukhuselwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho, zonke iziphumo zineziphumo zeli hlabathi lokwenene. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqhubeka ichaza ezi lungiselelo kwaye njengoko ibutho liguquka, abemi kufuneka bahlale bephaphile. Ngokufunda iBill of Rights, iCompletentrations, kwaye kamva ukwandisa kwefranchise, amaMerika anokuyiphakamisa ngcono imigaqo yedemokhrasi echaza uhlanga. Ngokwenene isiseko solawulo-demokhrasi esinemisebenzi, esigunyaziwe, nesigunyazwe.