Inkqubo elindelekileyo yenkqubo yomthetho ehlonela amalungelo abantu kunye nomthetho. Kubantu ababaleka intshutshiso, imfazwe, okanye ugonyamelo.

Isiseko Senkqubela Elindelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo asingomthetho omnye kodwa ngumfumba wemiqathango engokwesithethe. Ivela kumthetho oqhelekileyo wama-Anglo - America kwaye ifakwe kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine weMigaqo-siseko wase-U.S., kwakunye nakwizixhobo zamalungelo abantu zehlabathi lonke njengeGaqo 14 loMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe wonke wamalungelo abantu (ICCPR). Emoqukweni wayo, kufuneka urhulumente awahlonele onke amalungelo asemthethweni afanele umntu ngaphambi kokuba awanyise ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla.

Inkqubo ePhakathi

Abaphengululi abasemthethweni bahlula phakathi kweprocedual procedational inkqubo efunekayo,($] yesenzo sikarhulumente] kunye nenkqubo efunekayo, oko urhulumente angenakukwenza okanye angakwazi ukukwenza. Abafuni bekhusi, inkqubo efunekayo yeyokuba bafanele baxhalabe kakhulu. Bafuna ukuba abantu bafumane isaziso ngetyala labo, ithuba lokuva, unikezelo lobungqina, kunye nelungelo lokufumana indlela elungileyo yokuzikhusela. Okungalawulekiyo, okuthetha ukuba urhulumente ungayithobeli ekuphuleni amalungelo angundoqo, kuquka nokufuna ilungelo lokufuna indawo yokukhosela indawo yokuhlala phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. Zombini ezidibani, apho kunokuthi kungene inkqubo ephantsi kwendlela yokuzikhusela.

Imodeli Yolungiselelo kumxholo we Asylum: Inyathelo- Ngenyathelo Lesakhelo

Abafuni be-asyllum kufuneka baqhube inkqubo yeqonga elininzi eyahlukileyo ngokwelizwe kodwa iquka: ukungena okanye ukufika, udliwano-ndlebe loloyiko oluthembekileyo (kwindawo yokhuseleko epheleleyo, kunye nezibheno ezinokwenzeka. Kwiqonga ngalinye, amalungelo afanelekileyo acetyelwe ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni nokuchana.

Yazisa Ityala Namalungelo Okwazi

Umfuni wekhusi kufuneka axelelwe ngezizathu zokuba bavalelwe okanye babekwe kwiziphumo zokususwa. EUnited States, oku kuthatha uhlobo lwesaziso sokuvela (NTA) esichaza izityholo kunye nesiseko esisemthethweni sokususwa. Ngaphandle kwesaziso esifanelekileyo, umntu akanakulungiselela ukuzikhusela. Kodwa xa eqhelisela, i-NTAs maxa wambi ayiphelelanga okanye idluliselwe ngolwimi umcebisi angaluqondiyo, icupha ejongene nenjongo yokunika isaziso.

Ukufikelela kumelo olusemthethweni

Ngokungafaniyo nabamangalelwa bamatyala, abafuni bekhusi jikelele abanalo ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokunika icebiso elimiselwe ngurhulumente kwimicimbi yokufuduka. E-U.S., umthetho uvumela umntu ukuba aphumelele kurhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba abo bangakwaziyo ukuhlawula igqwetha badla ngokuphuma kwiphulo elisemthethweni. Uvavanyo lubonisa ukuba abafuni bekhusi bekhusi abamele umelo abamele imvume ephepheni labo banokuphumelela kakhulu kunabo bangaphandle. Ingxelo ye-2021 ye-American Immigation ifumanise ukuba abafuni bekhuselwe izigwebo zabo ngokwesantya esimalunga nama-60% ango-14 kuphela xa bengena isiluleko. Ukungakho koncedo olusemthethweni mhlawumbi kusenokuba kusenokuba yingxaki enye enkulu yenkqubo yokuzikhusela.

Ithuba Lokunikela Ubungqina NamaNgqina

Inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuvakala okunentsingiselo apho umfaki-sicelo anokungqina, anikeze ubungqina bengxelo, aze abize amangqina. Ngaphezu koko, abafuni bekhusi, oku kudla ngokunikela ubungqina obunganelanga bentshutshiso, njengeengxelo zemeko yelizwe, iingxelo zezamayeza, okanye ukungqinela i-aftidavits. Noko ke, ukuphazanyiswa, imiqobo yolwimi, nokungaqhelananga kweenkqubo zomthetho, kunye nokungaqiniseki kobungqina obuthembekileyo bungawahluli ncam amatyala abo. Ngaphezu koko, abagwebi abafuduki banokunikela ubunzima obungaqinisekiyo, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya ugonyamelo lwesini okanye ezinye iingozi ezinzulu. IBhodi ze-Imigration (BIA) kunye neenkundla zelizwe ziye zagxininisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ubungqina obuthembekileyo bungabodwa obunokuwuhluzisela umthwalo wobungqina obufuna ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa kubagwetyisela abagwebi abaninzi obunokubufumana.

Ilungelo Lokubhenela

Emva kokukhanyelwa, abafuni bekhusi kufuneka babe nethuba lokuvavanya isigqibo phambi kwegunya eliphezulu. E-U.S., i-BIA ihlolo lokubhenela kwizigqibo zabagwebi abafudukayo, kwaye isibheno esibhekele phambili sisenokufumaneka kwiinkundla zesiphaluka sephondo. Kodwa inkqubo izele yimiqobo: ummiselo ongqongqo oqingqiweyo (ngokufuthi iintsuku ezingama-30), imfuneko yokufumana iinkcukacha ezithe ngqo ezingokwasemthethweni, kwaye ixabiso eliphezulu lokumela. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-BIA ikwaye yabekwa phantsi kwimigaqo yokulungisa impikiswano ebhaliweyo kwaye icuthe ixesha lokuthobela. Xa amalungelo okubhaliweyo kungenasiphelo, ingqibelelo yayo yonke inkqubo yokusebenza komnxeba iyaphosa.

Ucelomngeni Olukhulu Kwinkqubo Elindelekileyo Kwinkqubo Yokufuduka

Ngaphandle kocwangciso olusemthethweni, imingeni emininzi yesakhiwo kunye nenkqubo eqhutywayo itshayela inkqubo efunekayo kubafuni bokhuseleko. Le miqobo isoloko ivela kuxinezeleko phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe, ulawulo lomda, kunye nezibophelelo zokunceda abantu.

Ukususwa okucetyiweyo kunye nokuqhutyelwa phambili kwesishwankathelo

Imigaqo ekhutshiweyo yokususwa kwabantu abafudukayo ivumela amagosa akhawuleza akhuphe abantu abathile ngaphandle kokuvalwa ngokupheleleyo phambi komgwebi ofudukayo. EUnited States, eli gunya liye landiswa ukutyhubela iminyaka ukugquma indawo yelizwe ehlala ikhona kunye namathuba amade obukho. Abafuni be-asylum abanokukhutshwa ekususweni kwesothulweni banikwa kuphela udliwano-ndlebe oluthembekileyo nokhuseleko lwe-U. I-Immigracy kunye ne-ISCIS (US) igosavery Services. Ukuba igosaveria ayifumanangaso soloyiko, umntu angasuswa ngokukhawuleza, ngophicotho lwezomthetho olulinganiselweyo. Abaxhasi bamalungelo abantu baphikisa ukuba ezi nkqubo zikhawule ukungakwazi ukuva okokubakhusela okusemthethweni, ingakumbi xa isimenduku-Ngilani, intetho engathethi i-Ngilani, okanye engaqondakali amalungelo abo.

Iimeko Zengqondo Neziluleko

Iziko leendleko ezinabafuni bekhusi basoloko bebekwe kwiindawo ezikude, kude nabanikezeli abasemthethweni. Iminxeba yocingo kumagqwetha isenokuba nexabiso eliphezulu okanye ibekelwe umda, kwaye ukutyelela okusemthethweni kungathintela ukukhusela. Kwezinye iindawo, ababanjwa bashukumiswe ngaphandle kwesaziso, baqhawule ulwalamano oluphezulu negqwetha. Iimeko ngaphakathi/i-averrowding, ukufikelela okulinganiselweyo kulwazi, kunye nokufumana izalathiso ze-parect system ziphazamisa amandla omntu okulungiselela inkxaso.

Iingxaki Zolwimi Nenkcubeko

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ixhomekeke kunxibelelwano. Kodwa abafuni abaninzi bekhusi abaluthethi ulwimi lwelizwe elikhoyo kwaye kufuneka baxhomekeke kubatoliki. Umgangatho wokutolikwa uyahluka-tshintsha; iimpazamo zinokukhokelela ekungaqondani okuyingozi. Ukungavisisani kwenkcubeko kungayichaphazela indlela umntu athetha ngayo: kwezinye iindawo, kukungathobeli ukujong' emehlweni okanye ukuphikisa umntu onegunya, iimpawu ezinokuqondwa njengendlela yokubhadula okanye ukunganyaniseki ngumgwebi ofudukayo. Uqeqesho lwabatoliki nabagwebi abachaziyo bemeko yengozi, izithethe azivumelani.

UTshaba loMgaqo-nkqubo kunye neMigangatho eMthethweni

Umthetho we-Astylum ulawulwa ngokukhulayo yinkqubo etshintsha ngokukhawuleza ephazamisa inkqubo yelizwe. Umzekelo, ulawulo lwase-U.S. ukusuka ngo-2017 ukuya ku-2020 lwasebenzisa uthotho lwemilinganiselo engqongqo . “ukuhlala kwe-Mexico” inkqubo (Imithetho yokukhusela iMigrant Protocoms), ukuvalwa kohambo, kwaye inqatyiswe imilinganiselo yoloyiko ethembekileyo, kwaye inqatyiswe ngokutyibilikayo yavavanywa enkundleni kwaye yatshintshwa. Ulawulo lwe-flipt-floppy ludala ukudideka kwabafuni bekhusindisi kunye namagqwetha abo, kwaye iyakwazi ukutshintsha imithetho esemthethweni esetyenziswa kwiimeko ezilandelayo. Inkqubo yokulungisa ifuna ukuba imithetho izinziso, icace, icace, kwaye isetyenziswe ngokulindelekile, kodwa inkqubo yokufuduka isoloko isebenza kwimeko yokungena.

Imigangatho neembopheleleko zezizwe ngezizwe

Phantsi kweMvumelwano yabaBaleki yowama-1959 kunye nomthetho wayo woMthetho woLawulo lweZibhadulo, amagunya eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo (UNHCR) kufuneka angabuyeli kwingingqi apho umntu ajongene nentshutshiso. Lo mgaqo ungenayo udityaniswa nenkqubo efanelekileyo kuba inkqubo elungileyo iyimfuneko ukufumanisa ukuba umntu unoloyiko oluneziphumo ezintle zotshutshiso. [[FLT] uKhomishoni ephezulu yezabhlwiso (UNHCRR) unikezele ukhokelo olubanzi kwimilinganiselo yeprocedro, kuquka imfuneko ye- yomntu ngamnye, ukuzimisela, ilungelo lokubhenela ngeziphumo ezifanelekileyo, kunye ngokomthetho. kodwa ukuphumeza iziphumo eziqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, i-European Union Sylbums (CEAS) imisela imilinganiselo esezantsi, kodwa amalungu awo alungele ukusetyenziswa ngomlinganiselo opheleleyo, umgaqo opheleleyo.[Foddd'upt]

Indima Yezivumelwano Zamalungelo Abantu

Iintsebenziswano ezinjenge-ICCPR neConvention Against Torture (CAT) zikwamisela izibophelelo ezifanelekileyo. IKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu ifumanise ukuba imigaqo yaphula i-ICCPR xa iqhuba ukususwa ngaphandle kokubukeza okusebenzayo. Ngokufanayo, iKomiti yeCAT iye yagqiba ukuba ukungaphumeleli kokuzimela ingqwalaselo kungalingana nokwaphulwa kokwalela ukuthuthunjiswa. Abafuni be-Asyllum bangaphakamisa izibhengezo phantsi kwale zivumelwano, kodwa iindlela zokunyanzelisa zibuthathaka, kwaye iinkundla zamakhaya zisoloko zibambe isantya kumagunya okufuduka.

Ufundo lwetyala kunye neziphumo zehlabathi lokwenene

Umgaqo ocacileyo wenkqubo efunekayo uba ngongqinelanayo kwimeko nganye. Qwalasela ibali lika- “Ana,” ibhinqa elisuka kuMbindi Merika elabaleka ugonyamelo lweqela leenjubaqa laza lafuna indawo yokhuseleko kumda we-U. Wabekwa ekhutshelwe ukususwa, wadlula udliwano-ndlebe lwakhe oluthembekileyo, wakhululwa ngesaziso soloyiko, kwaye wakhululwa ngesaziso sokuvela. Noko ke, akanakukwazi ukuhlawula igqwetha kwaye wayezabalaza ukuya kwinkundla ngolwimi angaluqondiyo. Ekuveni kwakhe kokuqala, waxelelwa ukuba abuye negqwetha; wavela kwi-pro sethi kamva wavela kwi-a ephuma engekho apho wayengasazi khona isaziso sokulungisa. Umzekelo wakhe wamawaka apho wayengaqondangaqondanga kakuhle khona.

Omnye umzekelo ubalaselisa ukubaluleka kokumela ngokusemthethweni: kwimeko ye- “Muhammed,” imbacu yase-Siriya eyafika eUnited States inembali ebhalwe kakuhle yentshutshiso. Umbutho ongomthetho wathatha ityala lakhe, wamnceda walungiselela ubungqina bokuvalelwa kwakhe entolongweni nokuthuthunjiswa, kwaye waphikisa ityala lakhe phambi komgwebi ofudukayo. Wafumana indawo yokuzimela emva kwenkqubo yenyanga ezili-14. Umahluko phakathi kuka-Ana noMuhammed wawungenamandla ekwalathiswayo kodwa ukufikelela kwabo kwinkqubo efanelekileyo yokukhusela imigaqo engokwasemthethweni kunye namandla okufumana ubungqina obupheleleyo.

Isizathu Sokuba Abantu Abangenakukwazi Ukunyamezela Imeko Efanelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo asiyondlela yokukhetha enikwa abafuni bekhusi; inceda izilangazelelo eziphambili zoluntu. Okokuqala, inyusa ucoselelo lwezigqibo. Xa iinkqubo zilungile, abenzi besigqibo banokuchanabeka ekuboneni ngokuchanekileyo ukuba ngubani oziimbacu kwaye ngubani ongekhoyo, ukunciphisa zombini ukugxothwa nokunganyaniseki. Okwesibini, inkqubo efunekayo ikhuthaza ukuthemba uluntu kwinkqubo yokufuduka. Xa abantu beqonda ukuba inkqubo ilula okanye ibekelwonakalisa, balahlekelwa lukholo kumthetho yaye basenokungafane baluthobele ngokuvuma. Okwesithathu, inkqubo efanelekileyo ikhusela umthetho ngokwawo. Urhulumente obeka inyathelo eliyingozi lokuzilungisayo ukwenzela iqela elibuthathaka elinokubeka ikhondo eliyingozi lokuphelisa amalungelo abo bonke.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuhlonela inkqubo efanelekileyo izalisekisa iimfanelo zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha. Abafuni be-asylum baphakathi kwabantu abasengozini kakhulu ehlabathini, ngokufuthi abaphazamisekile nabaphelelwe lithemba. Abaphula umthetho wokuva ngokufanelekileyo babangela ukubandezeleka kwabo kwaye baphule imigaqo esisiseko yesidima soluntu. Amazwe axhasa amalungelo abantu kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo zawo zokhuseleko zibonakalisa loo milinganiselo, hayi nje ngobuchule bokuthetha kodwa ngokuqhelisela.

Uphuhliso Lwangoku kunye nendlela engaphambili

EUnited States, ulawulo lweBiden luthathe amanyathelo okubuyisela ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo, njengokuphelisa “umgaqo-nkqubo we-Mexico” kunye nokwandisa iinkqubo zokongamela ezisemthethweni kubantu abavalelweyo. Noko ke, kuye kwavela iingxaki ezintsha, kuquka nokusetyenziswa kweSihloko sama-42 solawulo loluntu (ngokuphandle) kunye nokubuyiselwa kwamatyala angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi 1,5 athe tyekwa kwiinkundla zokufuduka. Inkqubo ecacileyo ifuna utshintsho olufanelekileyo lufuna ungeniso kubagwebi abafuduki, uncedo olusemthethweni, kunye nezikhongozeli zokuvalelwa. Ikwafuna ukuba iBhunga lidlulise umthetho othetha ngokungabikho kwemali emide kwinkqubo.

Kumgangatho wezizwe ngezizwe, i-UNHCR iyaqhubeka ixhasa iinkqubo zokhuseleko ezifanelekileyo kwaye iye yafuna ukuhlaziywa kwakhona kunye neendlela ezisebenzisanayo. I-Global Compact on Refugees, eyamkelwe ngo-2018, iquka izibophelelo zokomeleza iinkqubo zokhuseleko lwesizwe, kodwa ukuzalisekisa kuhlala kungalingani. Imibutho yamakhaya, iquka iMelika Civil Liberes Union [, [FLT]] Ilungelo lamaHumanist Watch , kunye namaqela asekuhlaleni oncedo olusemthethweni, anikezela ngexabiso elifunekayo kwinkqubo karhulumente engafanelekanga.

Iingcebiso zabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo

Ukukhusela ngokunyanisekileyo inkqubo efunekayo kwabo bafuna ukhuseleko, abenzi bemigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka baqwalasele la manyathelo alandelayo:

  • Ukufikelela ekufumaneni umelo olukhululekileyo olungokwasemthethweni kwimicimbi yokufuduka, ingakumbi kubantu abavalelweyo kunye nabo banempilo yengqondo okanye abathetha ulwimi olungenaziphene.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kokususwa okucwangcisiweyo kwiimeko apho kungekho ngxelo yokhuseleko okanye ukhuseleko oluthembekileyo, kwaye kuqinisekisiwe ukuphinda kuqwalaselwe okunentsingiselo kwayo yonke imiyalelo yokususwa.
  • Ukuqinisekisa iinkonzo zotoliko ngesiqinisekiso, uqeqesho, kunye nokujongwa ukunciphisa iimpazamo.
  • Ukuvalelwa kwe-Ensure kusebenza njengendawo yokugqibela yokukhetha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezinokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kokuvalelwa, njengolawulo loluntu, zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
  • Inkundla ebomvu egcina iingxelo ngokuqesha abagwebi nabasebenzi abaphezulu abafudukayo, nangokusebenzisa ubugcisa bokuchonga umva apho kufanelekile.
  • [[UMTL:0] Lungisa iinkqubo zokhuseleko ezizinzileyo kumthetho wokuzikhusela kwimijikelo yesebe eliphetheyo.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo efunekayo litye lendlela yokhuseleko elifanelekileyo. Ngaphandle kwalo, ukufuna indawo yokuphepha kuba ngungcakaza apho iziphumo zixhomekeke kakhulu kwithamsanqa nakwizinto ezikhoyo kunokuba zixhomekeke kwinyaniso yemeko yomntu ngamnye. Abafuni be-asylum banelungelo lokuviwa kwimeko-bume ehloniphekileyo nehloniphekileyo kwaye banika ithuba lokwenene lokuva. Impembelelo yenkqubo efunekayo ifikelela kude ngaphaya kwenkundla: iyayila ukuba abantu bayaphila okanye bayafa, nokuba iintsapho ziyaphinda zahlukane okanye ziyaqhekeka, nokuba iintlanga ziphila ngokweemfuno zazo kumalungelo abantu nomthetho. Ukukhusela akuvunywa kwendlela yokhuseleko.

[[UMTL:0] lokufunda ngokubhekele phaya, bona i-UNCR kwiinkqubo zokhuseleko kunye U.S. Isebe le-Ofisi yeSigqeba soLawulo loMlawuli we-Immigration [.