Ukwazisa

IsiHlaliso Sokuqala soMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States sinikela ukuba i-#8220; i-Conrein ayiyi kwenza mthetho mayelana nokusekwa konqulo, okanye ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo; okanye ukuvalela inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yokushicilela; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo. I-̵ la mazwi angamashumi amane anesihlanu amisela isiseko esisemthethweni sentetho yezopolitilitilitistiki yaseMelika, inkululeko yonqulo, kunye nokubophelela kwezentlalo-mthetho. Ulwimi olupheleleyo lombhalo lusenokucebisa ukuba la malungelo angenasiphelo, kodwa iNkuNkukhundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ibambe ngenye indlela. Ukusukela kwientsuku zokuqala zeRiphabliki yobudala bangoku, urhulumente uye wasebenzisa indima elungele ukuqhuba imigaqo-Rhulumente, ukukhusela kwesizwe, okanye ukukhuselwa kwelungelo lomthetho-ogqesho, isetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa nanganye ingulo, ingulo nanganye elungileyo, isetyenziswa nangamele nangasayi nanga

Isiseko SoMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo

Inkululeko Entlanu

IsiHlanzo soQokelela sikhusela inkululeko ehlanu eyahlukileyo kodwa edityanisiweyo. Inkululeko yeSiphakamiso sikaNombolo iyalwalela urhulumente ekuphazamisaneni neenkolelo kunye nemisebenzi yonqulo, ngelixa ingumkhuseli omkhulu, ugqumathe yonke into ekugxekweni kwezobupolitika ethethayo. [[FLT:]] ikhulula urhulumente ekulawuleni okanye ekumiseni unqulo. [[FLT:] unikela ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo lweziko lwezoshishino kunye nabavakalisi ngabanye. [FLT] [FFFFF:] [10]

Ukunxaxha kwamaZwe

Ekuqaleni, uHlaziyo Lokuqala lwalusebenza kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela. Ama-odolo anokumisela intetho nonqulo ngaphandle kokwaphula umGaqo-siseko. Oku kwatshintsha kwinkulungwane yama-20 ngemfundiso esemthethweni ebizwa ngokuba uqulu-luluvo. GOUS] v. New York [1925], iNkuMbutho-Ophezulu yayikholelwa ukuba uDesitempletelo lwe 1450 ̱ i-S Process Claus yenza uLawulo lokuqala loMdaniso lusebenze kurhulumente kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngokufanayo. Namhlanje, onke amaqondo karhulumente eUnited States kufuneka awamkele la malungelo angundoqo.

Ingcamango Yamalungelo Apheleleyo

IJaji u-OverWendell Holmes yabhala ngokudumileyo ukuba uMphetho wokuqala awumkhuseli umntu i-#8220; ngokuxoka umlilo kwi-atre kwaye ubangela ukuphaphazela. ̵ Lo mzekelo ubonisa umgaqo ongundoqo: urhulumente angamisela intetho xa ibeka isisongelo esithe ngqo nesikhawulezileyo kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Ucelomngeni lweenkundla kukuchaza imida echanekileyo yezi zithintelo ngaphandle kokuzichasa ukhuseleko olungundoqo lwesiphelo.

Imida Karhulumente: Xa Kunokuthintelwa Ukuthetha

Isiphelo EsingumGaqo-siseko

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yachaza iindidi eziliqela ezimxinwa zentetho ezingaphandle ngokupheleleyo kokhuseleko loMphetho - melo Wokuqala. Ngenxa yokuba ezi ntengi zingafani nomthetho oqhelekileyo wokuchaza inkululeko, iNkundla iye yazichaza ngokungqongqo yaye ngokuqhelekileyo iye yala ukwenza umahluko omtsha.

Ukuvuseleleka Kugonyamelo

Uvavanyo lwangoku lokuvuselela lwasekwa kwi Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969). Kulo mzekelo, inkokeli ye Ku Klux Klan yabanjwa phantsi komthetho wesizwe wokwenza intetho exhasa ugonyamelo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaluguqula uqinisekiso, iphethe olo lwimi ukuba lungathintelwa ukuba ̴ eyalathiswe ukukhuthaza okanye ukuvelisa isenzo sokungathobeki umthetho esikufuphi i̵ kwaye luyi[FLT] i[FLT] i[52] i-&820; i-ethe qhatyo okanye ive ive isenze isenzo esinjalo. &2222;[FLD2] Oku kuvavanywa kwakhona i-'iiethe ````/2]

[[NTL:0] Uvavanyo lwe Brandenburg luneenjongo ezimbini ezingundoqo. Okokuqala, isithethi kufuneka sizimisele ukwenza ububi obukhawulezileyo. ngokubanzi uthetha ngentetho okanye ifuna isenzo kwixesha elizayo elingachazwanga alwanele. Okwesibini, intetho kufuneka iveze nyani loo msebenzi. Isithethi kwiqela elincinane labalandeli ababotshiweyo singadibana nalo mgangatho, ngexa uthetha kubaphulaphuli jikelele ongenakusebenza ukhuselekile.

Amazwi Okulwa Nezisongelo Zokwenene

Caplinsky v. Inkundla yenze [#82] i i Ü ilwa amagama i“ [ imfundiso. Ityala libandakanya indoda ebizwa ngokuba yisixeko ixokelwe i ̴ i-Fascist & #821; ne “ i & ne &nacreter. 𔄭 iNkukhupho imele ukuba ihlanjalazwe ngokobuqu, inyanzelwe kumntu ngamnye, ayikhuselwanga ukuba i- & 8820; ukuchatshaza kwayo okukhawulezileyo.

Udidi olunxulumeneyo lu izisongelo zokwenene. Virginia v. Black [2003], iNkundla ichaza isisongelo sokwenyaniso njengengxelo apho isithethi & #820; iinjongo zokunxibelelana ngeyona ndlela yenjongo yokwenza isenzo sogonyamelo esingekho mthethweni kumntu ngamnye okanye iqela elithile labantu. & &88221; isitshixo sisithethi i R iinjongo. Hyperbo, umbhali wezopolitiki, okanye iingxelo ze-ntyoloyikiso, okanye zenza kwimityikitho, ukuba abakhathazi.

Ubunyulu Nemifanekiso Engcolileyo Yabantwana

Ukungalawuleki kolunye uhlobo lwentetho engafumani lukhuselo loMgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala. Noko ke, iNkundla itsala nzima ukuchaza oko kubalulekileyo njengenoburheletyo. Umlinganiso wangoku, omiselwe ku Miller v. California [7773]), luvavanyo oluzinxenye ezintathu. Ukugqalwa njengongahlengiselwa ukuba lungcolileyo, izinto kufuneka:

  • Ukubhenela kumdla ophambili wesondo, njengoko kugwetywa ngumntu oqhelekileyo osebenzisa imilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni;
  • Umfanekiso okanye ichaze ihambo yesondo kwi “ ihlasisyo ngokuxhaphakileyo i” nendlela; kwaye
  • Ukungabikho kwexabiso elinzulu loncwadi, lobugcisa, lobupolitika, okanye lenzululwazi (i-#8220; iSLAPS ” uvavanyo).

Amanyala abantwana ludidi olwahlukileyo, olungakhuselekanga. New York v. Ferber (1982], iNkundla yathi urhulumente angakwalela izinto ezibonisa abantwana bokwenene ababandakanyekileyo kwihambo yesondo, nokokuba izinto ezingahlanganiyo ne [[[FLT:]] Millinger [[FLT: 3]] uvavanyo lobunyulu. Ikhathalo lithetha ukuba imveliso yezinto ezinjalo yengozi echaphazelekayo kubantwana ababandakanyekileyo. Noko ke, iNkundla ikwakukho ikhuselekile ukuba abantwana ababukela imifanekiso engamanyala ngokwesini (enziwe ngekhompyutha) ikhuselweyo) intetho engcolileyo ngaphandle kokuba iphantsi [[FLD:]

Imithetho yokuThetha eBanzi yeQumrhu

Enye yezona zibalulekileyo zocalulo kumthetho wokuHlaziya koQothulo-Mphetho yiyo iphakathi esekelwe kwi kunye ne-'okngeneyo'. imiqathango edityanisiweyo.

[[NTLT:0] Imithetho esekelwe kwisiseko se- intetho yexhoba ngenxa yomyalezo eliwudluliselayo. Umzekelo, umthetho othi ukuvalwa kweflegi isekelwe kwisiseko somququzelelo ngenxa yokuba ijonge umyalezo othile (umqukumbelo). Imithetho esekelwe kwisiseko sesiseko yi [ ingumthetho ongekho mdlalisweni we-'umthetho kwaye iphantsi kwe- ̴ ukuxilonga. ̵ Ukusinda ekuhlolweni okungqongqo, urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba umthetho usebenza umdla onyanzelayo karhulumente kwaye ulungiselweyo ukufikelela inzala. Imithetho ekhoyo esekelwe kulo vavanyo.

[[NTLT: 0] Imithetho engobupolitika enxulumene nomthetho inqanda intetho ngaphandle kokubhekiselela kumyalezo wayo. Umzekelo, umthetho ovala zonke ingxolo ezingxolayo kwingingqi ehlala kuyo ebusuku uqulethe-neutral. Isebenza kwiikonsathi ze-rock, iintlanganiso zezopolitiko, kunye neenkonzo zonqulo ngokulinganayo. Imithetho equlukileyo ye-i-i-i-i-i-atnetic ithotyelwe phantsi [[ ukuvavanya nge-'activete'sss'. Urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba umthetho uqhubela phambili umdla karhulumente obalulekileyo kwaye awuxabisi ntetho engaphezulu kakhulu.

Imiqathango Yexesha, Indawo Neyoluntu

Naxa uthetha ukhuseleke ngokupheleleyo, urhulumente angabeka imiqathango esengqiqweni kwixesha, indawo, nendlela. Le miqathango igwetywa ngokwahlukileyo kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwento ebandakanyekileyo.

  • uwonke-wonke wefocums (iintsika, izitrato, iindlela): Urhulumente angabeka ixesha, indawo, kunye nendlela yokubeka imiqathango, kodwa kufuneka adibane nolwahlulo oluphakathi, lulungiselwe ngokufutshane ukulungiselela umdla obalulekileyo karhulumente, kwaye ashiye eminye imijelo yonxibelelwano. Umzekelo, isixeko singafuna imvume yokuqhuba izithuthi ezinkulu, kodwa asinakukhanyela imvume ngenxa yokuba asivumelani nomyalezo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uyilo lukawonke-wonke lwezabelo (umz., amagumbi entlanganiso kawonke-wonke, iiholo zesikolo ezivulelwe ukusetyenziswa kwawonke-wonke): Le mithetho iyasebenza xa ifolum ivuliwe.
  • Nonpublic forums (umz., iziseko zomkhosi, iitheminali zesikhululo senqwelo-moya, iiofisi zikarhulumente): Urhulumente unesibanzi esikhulu. Ingasikela imiqathango yokuthetha lo gama imiqathango isengqiqweni kwaye ingenazimvo.

Intetho Yentengiso

Intetho yezorhwebo (ukukhuthaza kunye nokunye ukukhuthazwa kwentengiso) ifumana umlinganiselo omncinci wokhuseleko kunentetho yezobupolitika. Uvavanyo lwemiqathango yokuthetha kwezentengiselwano lusuka ku Cantral Hudson Gas & Lamp; Umbane Corp. v. IKhomishini yeNkonzo kawonke-wonke[[FLT: 1] [1980]. Ukuthethelela isithintelo, urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba umlomo unxulumene nomsebenzi osemthethweni yaye awulahlekisi, ukuba inzala eqinisekileyo ibalulekile, kwaye umthetho uqhubele phambili ngqo loo mdlalo yaye awusasebenzi kakhulu kunangoko.

Kwakhona urhulumente unokuyivala ngokupheleleyo intetho yobuxoki okanye elahlekisayo. Yiloo nto iFederal Trade Commission (FTC) inokwenza ukuba iinkampani zinyanzele ukumiselwa kwemali ngokungekho mthethweni.

Ukhuseleko Lukarhulumente: Indlela Urhulumente Ayixhasa Ngayo Inkululeko Yakho

UHlaziyo Lokuqala lusikelwe umda kumandla karhulumente, kodwa kufuneka inyathelo likarhulumente ukunyanzelisa loo miqathango. Iinkundla, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye nabadlali abaphetheyo bonke banendima ekukhuseleni amalungelo oQala OPhinda uLawulo.

Indima Yecudia

Eyona nkundla inamandla yamalungelo okuHlakulelwa koQala kusuka kwiinkundla. Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho idlulisa umthetho othintela ukuthetha, abemi bangawucel ’ umngeni umthetho enkundleni karhulumente. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yabetha indidi yemithetho eyaphula uHlaziyo Lokuqala, kuquka:

  • Imithetho yerejista ethintela ukutshiswa kweflegi ([[FLT: 0] TEXS v. Johnson, 1989);
  • Umthetho wengingqi othintela amanyala abantwana abaquka imifanekiso yenyani engeyonto ([FLT: 0]Ashcroft v. Free Speig Coalition[[FLT: 1], 2002]);
  • Imithetho karhulumente efuna izikolo zikawonke-wonke zifundise indalo kunye nendaleko ('ewards v. Aguillard[[FLT: 1], 1987);
  • Imithetho efuna abafundi ukuba bakhahlele iflegi ( iWest Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 1943]).

Inkundla isebenzisa imfundiso yecala elibanzi [[[FLT: 1] kunye nemfundiso yobugxwayiba [ ukukhusela intetho. Umthetho ugqithise kakhulu ukuba utshayela kakhulu kwaye uyathintela ukukhusela ukuthetha kunye nokuthetha okungakhuselekanga. Umthetho awucacisi ukuba awuniki abantu abaqhelekileyo isaziso esilungileyo soko kwalelweyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyanzeleni umgaqo ongekho mthethweni. Zombini iinkundla zizixhobo ezisebenzisa ukubetha imithetho ekhuselweyo.

ISindululo Kuthintelo Lwangaphambili

Enye yezona zikhuselo zinamandla kumthetho wokuHlaziya kokuqala yiyo inqanda ukunqanda . Phambi kokuba urhulumente athintele ukuthethwa ukuba kungapapashwa kuqala, kunokuba ohlwaye emva kwemeko. Nearb v. Minnesota[FL:3] [1931], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho karhulumente owavumela urhulumente ukuba avale i-#820; i-CIIC „ amaphephandaba, amisela ukuba uthintelo lwangaphambili lungasetyenziswa.

Lo mgaqo wavavanywa ngokuphawulekayo [[[FLT: 0] Iphepha lomthetho we-New York Times Co. v. United States, 1971. Ulawulo lweNixon lwafuna ukukhusela [[FLT:] iNew York Times umba wokupapasha amaxwebhu acacisiweyo malunga nemfazwe yase Vietnam. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yawalahla urhulumente i̱ isicelo, ibamba ukuba urhulumente akadibanangadibananga nomthwalo onzima ofunekayo ukuthethelela phambi kokuthintelwa. INkundla yaqonda ukuba ukhuseleko lwesizwe lungakhange luchaphazele urhulumente ngenxa yokungavumelani komgaqo-mthetho, kodwa yenza kucace ukuba urhulumente angakwazi ukucinelisa ityala ngenxa yokungaboni kakuhle.

Ukukhusela Unqulo Nentetho Ngomthetho

IKhomishini iyakwazi ukukhusela amalungelo oMphetho wokuqala ngokumisela imithetho eyandisa ukhuseleko olungaphaya koko kufunwa ngumGaqo-siseko. UMthetho we-Contive Freedom Reformation (RFRA) ka 1993 ngumzekelo ophambili. [Ku] I-Employment Division v. Smith [1990], iNkuNkundla ePhakathiswayo i-RFRA] ibambelele kwelokuba ubundilili, imithetho esetyenziswayo inokuba ngokuqhelekileyo ingcuthelela ukuqhuba i-RFRA, eyaphendula ngokudlulisa i-RFLT, eyabuyisela umdla othekileyo kuvavanyo lwemithetho yomthetho efuna uncedo olunzulu lonqulo.

Inkululeko yokufumana i-Encrences (FACE) Act nemithetho ekhusela iintatheli i’ imithombo eyongezelelekileyo (imithetho esetyenziswayo) yimizekelo eyongezelelekileyo yeziqu zowiso-mthetho ezisebenzisa amandla azo ukukhusela amalungelo azo okuchaza nokuququzelela. Le mithetho yenza umgangatho wokukhusela ogqitha umgangatho wesiseko somthetho.

Ukukhusela Indibano Nesicelo

Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo lisixhobo esibalulekileyo kutshintsho lwezopolitiko, ingakumbi kumaqela angangeni kumagunya angokwesithethe. Urhulumente ukhusela oku ngokulungiselela ukhuseleko kwimibhiyozo nangokugcina isakhiwo esisemthethweni esifuna amagosa ukuba avume ngaphandle kokucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbono.

Ngexesha leNkundla yamalungelo abantu e-1960, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokuphindaphindiweyo yakhusela ilungelo lokuqhayisa. umkhosi wezobuzwe kwicala lomzantsi Carolina [1963], iNkundla yaziguqula iinkolelo zabafundi baseAfrika base-Amerika abagqogqa igophe kwiphondo ukuba bavukele ityala. Inkundla yathi urhulumente akanakukwazi ukubamba ingxwabangxwa ngenxa yokwaphulwa koxolo ngenxa nje yokuba isigidimi sabo sasinempikiswano.

Kutshanje, iNkundla iqaphele ukuba ilungelo lokuhlanganisa linyukela kummandla wamanani. Packingham v. North Carolina (2017), iNkundla yawisa umthetho owathintela abaphuli-mthetho ababhaliswe ngokwesini ukuba bangangeni kumaqonga ezentlalo-ntlalo. IJaji Anthony Kennedy yabhala ukuba amajelo eendaba asekuhlaleni ngawabo i ̴ isikwere sikawonke-wonke-wonke i” kwaye ukuvalela abantu abakwizi ezi zinto kuthintela amalungelo abo okuHlanisa uGqikelelo lokuqala.

Urhulumente njengoMthethi neNkxaso

UHlaliso Lokuqala lukhusela abantu ngokoqobo kulawulo lukarhulumente, kodwa kwenzeka ntoni xa urhulumente ngokwakhe eyisithethi? INkundla Ephakamileyo ivelise imfundiso yephondo ukuphendula le meko. Xa urhulumente ethetha, akufuneki ukuba ube noluvo-luphazamiso. Ingakhuthaza imiyalezo ethile (umz. #820; Don ̱ usela noqhut drive ”) kwaye iyeke ukukhuthaza abanye (umz. ̴ uDSDSD.)

Le mfundiso inentsingiselo ebalulekileyo kwinkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke. . Sullivan [1991], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa imimiselo eyalela oogqirha kwiikliniki zokucwangcisa intsapho ezixhaswa ngurhulumente ukuba zingathethi nezigulana zabo. INkundla yathi urhulumente wayengasimiliseli nje isithumo sokuthetha; yayikhetha ukuxhasa iseti enye yemisebenzi (ukuthintela) kwaye hayi eminye (ukucebisana). Le meko ibonisa ukuba urhulumente uyakwazi ukudibanisa iimeko kwimali yakhe, logama nje lingayilenga simo sithethangachananga okanye imo yembono.

INkundla ibeke imida ethile kweli gunya. Isivumelwano sesizwe seKhomishini yobugcisa v. Finley (1998), iNkundla yathi urhulumente akanakusebenzisa inkxaso yemali engacacanga kangangokuba avumele amagosa ukuba akhethe ngokusekelwe kwimbono. Kwaye IiNkonzo ze-Legeral Corporations Corporation v. Velazquez [2001], iNkubeke umthetho owawungavumelanga ukuxhasa ukusetyenziswa koncedo olusemthethweni olufuna ukuvavanywa imigaqo yentlalo-ntle, ebambe ukuthi ukuthintela amagqwetha eegqenti athintelwe ngokufezekileyo.

Iingxaki Zanamhlanje Nezenzo Zexesha Elizayo

Ubugcisa bezoshishino kunye neNtlanganiso entsha kaRhulumente

Ukuvela kwamacandelo onxibelelwano olungokwezentlalo kuye kwabangela ukumanyana okusisiseko kumthetho weSigqibo Sokuqala soLawulo. La maqonga ziinkampani zabucala, kungekhona amaqumrhu karhulumente, ngoko ke uHlomelo Lokuqala lusebenza kwizigqibo zobungcathu. Oku kuthetha ukuba amaqonga anokususa iiofisi, abasebenzisi bomsebenzi, okanye akhuthaze izinto ezithile ngaphandle kokwaphula umGaqo-siseko.

Ngoko, ulawulo lwala maqonga luphakamisa imibuzo malunga nesenzo somthetho . Ukuba iqonga lisebenza njengezona ndlela zingundoqo zentetho kawonke-wonke, kufuneka liphathwe njenge “ i-public forum” ixhomekeke kwimiqathango emiselwe umthetho? Inkundla ePhakamileyo ayiwucombululanga ngokupheleleyo lo mbuzo, kodwa umba uzakuvela njengeenkundla ezisezantsi ezibambene nemithetho karhulumente efuna ukulawula ubungcathu beqonga.

Ukungaqiniseki, Ukhuseleko Lwesizwe, NoMthetho Wokuqala Wokulungiswa

I-Rhulumente ’ ukusabela kulwazi oluchaphazelekayo lubangela ucelomngeni olucekethekileyo loMgqino wokuqala. Impendulo yesithethe yeyokuba uMmiselo Wokuqala woLawulo uthintela urhulumente ekucubuceni intetho yobuxoki, ngaphandle kohlobo olumxinwa olufana nokunyelisa, ubuqhetseba, kunye nezibhengezo zobuxoki. United States v. Alvarez [20] [20], iNkuNkundla yawisa iStolen Vallor Act, eyayenza ibe lulwaphulo-mthetho lokutyhola ukubiza ipendulo yemiseko yemilo yomkhosi. Inkundla ibambe ukuba kwanentetho yobuxoki ikhuselwe, ingena bungqina bokwenzakala okuthe ngqo.

Noko ke, urhulumente angasebenzisa eyakhe intetho ukuphikisa inkcazelo. Amasebe karhulumente, amagosa ezempilo karhulumente, namagosa anyuliweyo anokugxeka iingxelo zobuxoki ngaphandle kokuwahlalutya. Umgca phakathi kokuthetha okuvumelekileyo kukarhulumente nokunyanzelwa okungamkeleki usoloko ulula. Iinkundla kutshanje zithintele amaziko karhulumente kwimigangatho esongelayo yezentlalo-ntle ngokuchasene nemigaqo-nkqubo esemthethweni ukuba akakushenxisi oko kuthethwayo, okuthi oko kunokubangela ukuba ayizifuni ukuba nembono engekho mthethweni.

I-Ofisi ’ Amalungelo

Abafundi abawasebenzisi i-#8220 amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko kwinkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokubonakalisa kwisango lendlu yesikolo, i̵ njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo ivakaliswe ngokudumileyo kwi Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School [[FLT:] [1969]]. Noko ke, izikolo zinendawo enkulu ekwahlulele kuyo ukuphazamisa ukuthethwa okubangela ukungqubana okungundoqo kokusingqongileyo kwemfundo. Ukufika kwemidatha yoluntu olunolwazi lwentlalo luvavanye imida yeli.

Inkundla iMahanoy Areat School District v. B.L. [2021], iNkundla yakhusela umfundi owabohlwaywa ngokuthumela umyalezo ongcolileyo malunga neqela elikhuthazayo lesikolo ngexa lingekho ekholeji. Inkundla yabamba ukuba izikolo zinomdla oncitshisiweyo wokulawula intetho ye-campus kwaye ayinakohlwaya abafundi ngokuthetha okungabangela ukuphazamiseka okuqinileyo. Le sigqibo siqinisekisa umgaqo wokuba urhulumente ̱ amandla okumisela intetho abuthathaka kakhulu xa isithethi singekhona ndlela yokulawula.

Isiphelo

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala lumela ukulungelelana okucwangcisiweyo phakathi kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye nokhuseleko lwezizwe ngezizwe. Urhulumente unegunya lokuthintela ukuthetha kwiimeko ezimxinwa ukukhusela ugonyamelo, ukukhusela abantwana nokugcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke. Kwangaxeshanye, urhulumente umele avume ukukhusela ukuthetha ngokumisela imigaqo-siseko, ngokukhusela imicimbi yezomthetho, nangokugcina izikhundla zikawonke wonke ukuze ziboniswe kwaye ziqhutywe.

Utshintsho olungqalileyo lwala malungelo aluhambelani. Isizukulwana ngasinye sabagwebi, abamisi-mthetho, kunye nabemi kufuneka basebenzise imigaqo yoMgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala kubugcisa obutsha, kwizisongelo ezintsha, nakwimibutho emitsha yentlalo. Ukuqonda imigaqo esemthethweni elawula le mibandela linyathelo lokuqala ekusebenziseni amalungelo akho ngokunempumelelo kwaye kugcine urhulumente emele aphendule kwiimfuno zomgaqo-siseko. Abantu abathenjiweyo nabathenjiweyo bahlala beyinkuselo epheleleyo kwibutho elikhululekileyo.