Uhlaziyo Lokuqala Njengelitye Lenkululeko YaseMerika

UHlaziyo Lokuqala kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lumela isiqinisekiso esinye esibaluleke kakhulu somthetho esingomnye sokulawula umntu ngamnye. Ukuqiniswa kowe-1791 njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, oku kulungisa kumisela inkululeko esisiseko emihlanu edityanisiweyo ebangela ukuba kubekho iimeko zokuzilawula kolawulo lwedemokhrasi, uphando lobugqwili, uphando lobulumko, kunye nokuzilawula. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, nabemi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda umlinganiselo opheleleyo kunye nemidabango yala malungelo kuyimfuneko ekuwasebenziseni ngokufanelekileyo nasekuwakhuseleni ekungeneni.

Isigqibo sifundeka ngokupheleleyo: "IKonret ayiyi kwenza mthetho mayelana nokusekwa konqulo, okanye ukuthintela ukuqheliselwa kwalo ngenkululeko; okanye ukuvalela inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yoondaba-ndaba; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo. La mazwi angamashumi amane anesihlanu abangele ukucaciswa, uphando, nengxoxo kawonke-wonke. Bakwahlala bengumbandela wokungavumelani kwabo ngentsingiselo yokuqala kunye nesicelo sanamhlanje.

Imbali Nentsingiselo

ISihlaziyo Sokuqala asizange siphumele kwizinto ezingenanto. Abathathi-nxaxheba baseMerika babenamava angqalileyo ngokucinezelwa kwentetho, unqulo, kunye nendibano phantsi kolawulo lweBritane. ISedition Act yowe - 1798, eyamiswa kwiminyaka esixhenxe nje emva kokudityaniswa kweminxeba, yabonisa ukuba le migaqo iyakufuna ukuhlala iphaphile. Intengiselwano yayalelwa nguJames Madison, owasebenzisa izithethe zomthetho wamaNgesi, intanda-ntanda-bulumko eCyluni, kunye namava entlalo ange ngentshutshiso yonqulo kunye nokungavunyelwa kokupapashwa.

UMadison ekuqaleni wayekholelwa ukuba irekhodi yamalungelo yayingeyomfuneko kuba urhulumente wezwe yayingomnye wamagunya adwelisweyo kuphela. Noko ke, i Anti-Federalist ukuchasa ukunyanzelwa kwesithembiso sokubuyiselwa. Isiphumo yaba yiseti yothintelo kumandla karhulumente ombuso obesele usetyenziswa kurhulumente kunye noorhulumente abasekuhlaleni ngoMphengululo we 145% ̱ inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-Classistem Claus. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa le mfundiso ukusebenzisa phantse zonke iziGqikelezo zoLawulo Lokuqala kwizenzo zomthetho, ithetha ukuba iibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni, iibhungalo-ofisi zesixeko, kunye nemithetho-mthetho-mthetho kufuneka ihlonele imiqathango ye-Mthethotho-Mthetho ka-Mphathi-Mphathi-siseko ka-Mphathi-Mphathi-Gcimbini owaziwayo ka-A.

Inkululeko Yonqulo: Ukumiselwa Nokuzilolonga Kwamadla - ndlebe KukaClaus

Amagama okuqala alishumi elinesithandathu oMphetho-Mgaqo wokuqala athetha ngonqulo ngamalungiselelo amabini ahlukeneyo kodwa anxulumeneyo. UMthetho ka-Claus uyalela urhulumente ekwenzeni nawuphi na umthetho "ukuhlonipha ukusekwa konqulo," ngelixa i-Free Empraficine Calaus ithintela urhulumente ukuba "aluchazele ukuqheliselwa ngokukhululekileyo kwalo" kunye, la magama abangela oko uThomas Jefferson akubiza ngokuba ngu`udonga lokwahlula phakathi kweCawa noRhulumente."

Ukusungulwa KukaClaus

Ukumiswa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yenze okungaphezulu kunokuthintela ukusungulwa kwecawa karhulumente. Iyakwalela izenzo zikarhulumente ezikhetha olunye unqulo ngaphezu kolunye, ezixhasa unqulo ngaphandle konqulo, okanye ezidibene ngokugqithiseleyo namaziko onqulo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yavelisa iimvavanyo ezininzi zokuvavanya i-Paskadesis, kuquka uvavanyo lweLelm ku- Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971], olubuza enoba umthetho unenjongo yehlabathi, nokuba unegalelo eliphambili okanye uthinte unqulo, nokuba lukhuthaza ukukhokelwa ngurhulumente okugqithisileyo nonqulo.

Kwizifundo, ukumiswa kuka-Claus kubangele ukudityaniswa okubalulekileyo. Umthandazo weSikolo okhutshiweyo, ufundo lweBhayibhile, nokubekwa kweMithetho Elishumi ezikolweni konke kuye kwalahlwa njengokungavumelani nemithetho. Noko ke, abafundi banelungelo lokuthandaza ngokobuqu okanye ngamaqela, ukwenza iiklasi zonqulo ngendlela efanayo namanye amaqela abafundi phantsi koMthetho we-Exct Accomplity, nokuvakalisa iinkolelo zabo zonqulo kwizifundo nangengxoxo, ukuba loo ntetho ayidibani namaqela okanye amaqela angenayo.

Ukuqhelisela UClaus Ngokukhululekileyo Nemilinganiselo Yakho

I-Free Execree Claus ikhusela ilungelo lokugcina iinkolelo zonqulo ngaphandle kokungenelela korhulumente. Ikwakhusela ihambo yonqulo, nangona olu khuseleko lungaphelelanga. INkundla Ephakamileyo yahlula phakathi kweenkolelo zonqulo, ezifumana ukhuseleko olupheleleyo, kunye noqheliselo lonqulo, olunokuthi lulawulwa ngemithetho yobundilele yokungachaphazeki jikelele. Phantsi Empliment Division v. Smith [1990]), iNkubonele ukuba umthetho wobundilele awuwuchazi umgangatho womsebenzi wonqulo we-Free Evision Claus ekhululekileyoecee, nokuba uqheliselwa ngokuditya.

I-Congress yaphendula Smith ngokugqithisa uMthetho weReligious Freerective Reformation Act (RFRA) ngo 1993, owabuyisela uphando olungqongqo lwemithetho karhulumente enzima yokuqhelisela unqulo. IZiko lolwazi lomthetho linika ucaphulo olunegunya lwe-Free Execle jurispurence[[. Amazwe amaninzi aye adlulisa imisebenzi yawo yokulungisa inkululeko yonqulo, edala umsebenzi onzima wokukhusela abaqeqeshi kufuneka bahambe indlela enzima xa behambisa amazwi onqulo.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha: Intambo Yokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi

Inkululeko yokuthetha yeyona nxalenye idityanisiweyo nephikiswayo yoMmiselo Wokuqala. Ikhusela umahluko omkhulu wokuchaza, ukusuka kwintetho yezobupolitika kunye nemisebenzi yobugcisa ukuya kurhwebo nakwihambo yokomfuziselo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba intetho ibalulekile kwidemokhrasi, kwinkululeko yokuzilawula, nakuphanda inyaniso. Njengoko uMgwebi Oliver Wendell Holmes wabhala, "uvavanyo olungcono lwenyaniso ngamandla okucinga ukuba kwamkeleke kukhuphiswano lwentengiso lwentengiso. ”

Ukhuseleko Iindidi Zokuthetha

Intetho emininzi ifumana ukhuseleko oluqinileyo lomgaqo-siseko. Urhulumente akakwazi ukumisela imiqathango esekelwe kwinkcazelo yakhe okanye kwiimbono. Oku kuthetha ukuba intetho echaphazelekayo, engathandwayo, okanye entiyo idla ngokukhuselwa, logama nje ingawelanga kwenye yeendidi ezimxinwa iNkundla egqalwa njengengakhuselekanga. Imiqathango esekelwe kwizinto ezikuko ixhomekeke kwizinto ezithile ifanele ihlolwe ngokungqongqo, umgangatho onzima wohlalutyo lwezomthetho, kwaye awusoloko uxhaswa. Imiqathango esekelwe kwimbono esekelwe kwimbono ethile ikrokrenswa ngakumbi, njengokuba ikhethelwa kwiimbono ezithile kwindawo ekwimibandela ethile.

Iindidi Ezingakhuselwanga Nezingakhuselwanga Kancinci

Ezinye iindidi zentetho azikhuselwa ngaphandle kokhuseleko loMphetho wokuqala okanye zifumane ukhuseleko oluncitshisiweyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo ichaze ezi zilandelayo njengezingakhuselekanga okanye ezingakhuselwanga kakhulu:

  • Ukuhlohlonyelwa kumsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho osondeleyo. Phantsi Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969], intetho ayikhuselekanga ukuba ijoliswe ekukhuthazeni umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni okufuphi kwaye isenokuphumelela. Oku kusesikweni kuthabathel' indawo "flullar kunye nokukhoyo ingozi" kwaye kunikezele ukhuseleko olubanzi lwemfundiso engaqondakaliyo.
  • izisongelo zenyaniso. Iingxelo zokuba umntu osengqiqweni angazichaza njengenkcazelo enzulu yenjongo yokwenza ugonyamelo azikhuselekanga. Isithethi asifuni ngqa ukugqiba ukwenza isisongelo; umgangatho unenjongo.
  • [[NTL:0] amagama alwayo. Kwi Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942), iNkundla yathi amagama athi "ngamazwi abo adala ingozi okanye atyekele ekukhuthazeni ulwahlulo olukhawulezileyo loxolo" alukhuselekanga. Olu didi luye luncincane kakhulu kwaye asetyenziswa ngokunqabileyo namhlanje.
  • [[[NTLT:0] Izinto ezitsala iminqweno ephezulu, zibonisa ukuziphatha ngokwesini ngendlela echaseneyo, kwaye zingenazo iziqendu ezinzulu, ubugcisa, okanye ixabiso lenzululwazi azikhuselekanga. Uvavanyo olusuka ku [[FLT:] Miller v. California[12]
  • Ukukhupha. iintetho zobuxoki zento yokuba ingozi ayikhuselekanga. Noko ke, amanani kawonke-wonke kufuneka angqine ulunya lokwenene, ulwazi lwenkohliso okanye ukungakhathaleli inyaniso, phantsi iNew York Times v. Sullivan [1964]).
  • [[Iimifanekiso engcolileyo yabantwana]. Urhulumente angakwalela ukuboniswa kwemifanekiso ecacileyo ngokwesini yabantwana, nokuba abawufumani umlinganiso wokungcola.
  • Intetho ebanzi. kunye nezinye izibhengezo zorhwebo zifumana uhlalutyo oluphakathi kwaye zinokulawulwa ukuthintela inkohliso okanye zikhuthaze izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke ezifanelekileyo.

Intetho Yomfuziselo Nehambo Ebonakalisa Isidima

IsiHlaliso Sokuqala sikhusela kungekuphela nje ukuthethwa okanye amazwi abhaliweyo kodwa kwakhona ihambo ejoliswe ekudluliseleni umyalezo. Ukutshisa iflegi yaseMelika, ukunxiba amakhamandela, ukuguqa ngexesha loculo lwesizwe, nokubonisa imiqondiso okanye imiqondiso yonke ifaneleke njengendlela yokuchaza. INkundla ePhakamileyo kwi ]. Johnson [1998] [1] [iindlela] ebambelwe ukuba iflegi ikhuselwe ikhuselwe ukuthetha kwezobupolitika. Urhulumente angalawula ukuziphatha okucacileyo phantsi komdla we-o Brien [[FLT]]] uvavanyo [FLT:] .[5][5][BLT][5]] [7]]

Inkululeko Yezintsebenziswano: ISiza Sesine

IPress Clause ikhusela ilungelo lamaphephandaba, abasasazi, abasebenzi be-group, nabanye abavakalisi lokusasaza ulwazi noluvo ngaphandle kolawulo lukarhulumente ngaphambi okanye ulawulo. Umatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo usebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla karhulumente ngokunikela ingxelo ngehambo engafanelekanga esemthethweni, ngokuzisa ingxubusho kawonke-wonke, nokunika ingxubusho yamazwi ahlukeneyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba ushicilelo alunamalungelo akhethekileyo angaphaya kwalawo aqhelekileyo angabantu abathethayo, kodwa indima yomatshini bokushicilela kwidemokhrasi iye yakhokelela kwizinto ezithile eziluncedo.

Ityala elikhokelayo elikuthintelo lwangaphambili yiNew York Times v. United States (1971], ityala lePentagon Papers, apho iNkundla yala ukuvala ukukhutshwa kwamaxwebhu ahlulayo malunga nemfazwe yaseVietnam. Urhulumente uthwele umthwalo onzima kakhulu ukuthethelela nakuphina ukuthintelwa kwangaphambili, okungachanekiyo. Inkundla isebenzise lo mlinganiselo ongqongqo kokubini ugcino-lwazi lwesithethe kunye neentlobo ezintsha zokupapasha, kuquka amaqonga e-intanethi.

Abafundi nabafundisi kufuneka baqonde ukuba inkululeko yokushicilela ifikelela kumaphephandaba esikolo kwiimeko ezininzi. Ngelixesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo igcinwe .Hazelwood School School v. Kuhlmeier (1988) ukuba abalawuli besikolo banokulawula iimpapasho zesikolo eziyinxalenye yofundo, amaphondo amaninzi aye anika imithetho ekhusela iintatheli zabafundi kwi-encwadi ze-cristshipt. iSiko sabafundi soMgaqo-mthetho woMlawuli woMgaqo-ndaba sinika oovimba kunye nenkxaso esemthethweni yabafundi abahambisa le mibalelwano-ndaba .

Ilungelo Lokuhlanganisana Ngoxolo

INdibano kaClaus ikhusela ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ukuze bathethe, bavukele, bavukele, bafumane ilungelo lokulawula imicimbi yentlalo, kwezobupolitika, nakwimiboniso kawonke-wonke. Eli binzana litolikiwe ukukhusela iziganeko ezicwangcisiweyo neembutho ezizenzekelayo, nangona ixesha elifanelekileyo, indawo, kunye nemiqathango yendlela yokukhusela uluntu nolungelelwano.

Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa linxulumene ngokusondeleyo nenkululeko yokuthetha, njengoko iintlobo ezininzi zokuthetha kubandakanya ukuthetha okanye ukubonisa imiyalezo. Noko ke, iNdibano kaClaus ikwakhusela isenzo sokuhlanganisa ngokwayo, kwanaxa kungekho sigidimi sicacileyo. Ukuya kwintlanganiso, kwintlanganiso, okanye kwinkonzo yonqulo kukhuselwe ihambo entle. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba amalungelo endibano anwebela ekutyeleleni, ekutyeleleni, nakweminye imiboniso eshukumayo, kwana neentlanganiso eziqhutywayo.

Urhulumente usenokufuna imvume yokuhlanganisa iintlanganiso ezinkulu ukuze kulawule iitrafiki kunye noovimba babantu, kodwa izicwangciso zokuvumela mazidibaniswe, zilungiswe ngokucuthekileyo, zishiye imijelo evulekileyo elungele ukuboniswa. Urhulumente akanakukwazi ukukhanyela imvume esekelwe kumyalezo olindelekileyo okanye kumntu weqela elifuna ukuhlanganisa. Ukukhanyela ngokungekho mthethweni imvume yokuLawulwa koQonda nokuKhuselwa koMphengululo luka-Celas.

Ilungelo Lokucela Urhulumente

Isicelo sikaClaus siqinisekisa ukuba abantu banelungelo lokukhalaza okanye lokufuna uncedo nakweliphi na isebe okanye kumgangatho karhulumente ngaphandle kokoyika ukohlwaywa. Eli lungelo liquka ukumangalelwa, ukutyikitya izicelo, ukubhalela amagosa anyuliweyo iileta, ukunikela ubungqina ekuchotshelweni kwamapolisa, nokubandakanyeka nakokuphi na okunye ukunxibelelana ngqo nabadlali bakarhulumente. Ilishwa elivela kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi libonisa ukuba abemi bafune ukuphendula izityholo ngaphandle kokuphathwesiswa.

Isicelo sikaClaus sisebenza kuwo onke amasebe amathathu karhulumente kumgangatho karhulumente karhulumente, karhulumente, nakummandla wasekuhlaleni. Asikhuseli nje kuphela izibongozo eziqhelekileyo kodwa sikwakhusela nonxibelelwano olungacwangciswanga, kuquka izikhalazo, izicelo, kunye nezicelo. Ilungelo lokucela alixhomekekanga kwamanye amalungelo oLawulo Lokuqala oluHlayiweyo kwaye linganikela ukhuseleko oluphangaleleyo kwezinye iimeko.

Ukusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kweSibongozo sikaClaus yimfundiso yeNoerr-Pennington, enika ukukhuselwa kwityala lokungaphathi-mthetho kwimigudu yokuphembelela umsebenzi karhulumente. Enye lukhuselo lomsebenzi wokuphembelela, kuquka iileta ezifunwa ngaphambi kwe-ujuit kunye neerejista zenkundla, kwimpindezelo okanye kwityala. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba ilungelo lokucela likhusela isenzo sokumangalela urhulumente, kwanaxa ukumangalelwa kungena mpumelelo, ukuba nje akubangelwanga kukuthathsazelela okanye kuziswa kukholo olubi.

Ukusebenzisa IsiHlomelo Sokuqala Ezikolweni

Izikolo zizisa ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo loMmiselo Wokuqala okhethekileyo kuba kufuneka zilungelelanise amalungelo acacileyo abafundi nabafundisi-mfundo kunye nemfuneko yokugcina ucwangco, ukukhusela abantwana, nokufeza imisebenzi yemfundo. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba abafundi aba "akwathi" bawasebenzisi amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko kwinkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuthetha kwisango lesikolo." Kwangaxeshanye, izikolo zinegunya elisemthethweni lokulawula indlela ephazamisayo, engcolileyo, okanye engqubanayo neenjongo zemfundo.

Ityala Lokufunda Lokuthetha

Izigqibo ezininzi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zichaza ukuhambelana kwamalungelo abafundi. Tinker v. Des Moine Independent School Community [1969], iNkundla yathi abafundi banganxiba iingalo zengalo ukuqhatha imfazwe yaseVietnam ngaphandle kokuba isikolo singabonisa ukuba le ntetho ingenza into ephathekayo nenkxwaleko eninzi. Tinker umgangatho osisiseko wokhuseleko lwentetho yabafundi, nangona amatyala alandelayo enziwe ngaphandle.

  • Intetho eshukumayo. Phantsi IHazelwood, izikolo zingalawula intetho ethwala inkcaso yesikolo, efana namaphephandaba, imidlalo, kunye neencwadi zonyaka, ukuba umthetho unxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nemibandela ye-pidogogi.
  • Intetho egqwethekileyo okanye ethobhliweyo. [ISithili seSikolo seBethel v. Fraser [1986], iNkundla yaxhasa ingqeqesho yentetho equlethe izigengxezo zesini, iqiqa ukuba izikolo zingakwalela ukunxiwa okanye ukuthetha okungcolileyo nokuba akuphazamisani.
  • Intetho enxulumene neziyobisi. Kwi Morse v. Frederick [2007], iNkundla yathi izikolo zingakwalela ukuthethwa kwabafundi okuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okungekho mthethweni, nokuba intetho iyenzeka kwisiganeko esithe gqi.
  • Uthetha-off-campus. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zithetha ngokwandayo ngabafundi abathetha intetho yentlalo-ntle kunye namanye amaqonga amanani angaphandle kweyure zesikolo. Umthetho kulo mmandla uyaqhubeka ukhula, ngeenkundla ezininzi ezisebenzisa i . umgangatho xa ungekho umlomo ubangela ingozi enokwenzeka yokudityaniswa esikolweni.

Intetho Yokufundisa Nenkululeko Yokufundisa

Abafundisi noonjingalwazi kwakhona banamalungelo oMphetho wokuqala kwiimfuno zabo zobuchule, kodwa la malungelo alinganiselwe ngakumbi kunalawo abafundi. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba "ukukhuselwa ngokucokisekileyo kwenkululeko yezomGaqo-siseko kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlaleni kwezikolo zaseMerika". Noko ke, iNkundla iye yathi abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni, kuquka abafundisi, abanaso iso iso isohlwayo somgaqo-siseko sokuthetha abahlaziyiyo kwimisebenzi yabo yaseburhulumente.

Phantsi . . . . . . . . . . . . Intetho ekwimisebenzi yomqeshwa ayikhuselwanga yiSigqibo Sokuqala soHlaziyo. Esi sigqibo siphakamise inkxalabo ngenkululeko yemfundo kumgangatho wekholeji, njengoko ivumela iiyunivesithi ukuba ziqeqeshe abaphathi bezifundo zophando okanye iintetho zeklasi ezithathwa yi-profeskopo njengengafanelekanga. Ezinye iinkundla ziye zahlula [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]] kumome wemfundo, ziqonda ukuba ukufundisa nolwazi lwahlukile kumsebenzi oqhelekileyo. [[FLT:] Imanyano yaseMelika yooperateinston iyaqhubeka ukukhuthaza inkululeko yemfundo [FLT]

Iingxaki Nempikiswano

UMthetho wokuqala Wokwenziwa koMyezo ujongene neengxaki zexesha le-apply. Iiqonga zezentlalo-ntle, intetho ye-intanethi, kunye nolwalamano phakathi kweenkampani zabucala nee-internet zikawonke-wonke ziye zadala ingxoxo enkulu. Ngoxa uLawulo Lokuqala Lokwenziwa Komthetho Lungamele lungabadlali bakarhulumente, amaqonga azimeleyo afana noFacebook, iTwitter, kunye neYouTube isebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo kwintetho yesidlangalala. Umbuzo wokuba ngaba la maqonga afanele athatyathwe njengabadlali borhulumente, iziphathi-mpahla eziqhelekileyo, okanye ii-othekomkhulu awukapheliswanga.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yobungcathu yolwamkelo, ulwandiso lwemithetho-mithetho-yomthetho, nokususwa kwenkcazelo echasiweyo konke kubangele intetho yokuLandlwa koMphengululo wokuqala. INkundla ePhakamileyo inike ingqwalaselo yeCertiori kumatyala enokuba amazwe aya kukwalela amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle ekubandakanyeni ubungcathu obusekelwe kwimbono, kwaye iziphumo zezi meko ziya kubumba ikamva lokuboniswa kwe-intanethi. Abafundi nabafundisi kufuneka balandele ezi zindululo njengoko beza kuchaza ukulungelelanisa ukuma ukuthetha ngokukhululekile kwesizukulwana esilandelayo.

Olunye ucelomngeni oluvelayo lubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kobuchule bokuyila ukuvelisa umlomo. Imibuzo emalunga nokuba umxholo owenziwe ngokusemthethweni ufumana uKhuseleko lokuqala, nokuba ngaba abadali beenkqubo ze-Al bangagcinwa befanelwe yimveliso, nokuba urhulumente angalawula i-Al-generatent ngaphandle kokwaphula uHlaziyo lokuqala ziinkalo ezisebenzayo zophando lobuGcisa noluvo lokwayama. Icandelo loMfungxumi Yokuqala eColumbia [FLT]] kunye noluvo lwamalungelo oMphicotho kunye noluMboniso lunika uhlolo oluqhubekayo lwalawulo lwezi miba.

Intetho yentiyo ikwangummandla okhuphiswano. I-United States ibonakalisa umgangatho ophangaleleyo wokukhusela ukukhululeka kokuthetha, ivumela eyona ntetho yentiyo ukuba ingangeni kwiindidi ezimxinwa zentetho engakhuselekanga. Le ndlela yahlukile ngokuphawulekayo kweyolawulo-lwazi oluzimeleyo olukhululekileyo, uninzi lwalo oluthintela intiyo ngqo. Ukuqonda le ndlela ikhethekileyo yaseMelika igxeka abafundi ababandakanyekene neembono zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngenkululeko yokuthetha.

Ukufundisa Uhlaziyo Lokuqala Ngokunempumelelo

Abafundisi banendima ebalulekileyo ekuncedeni abafundi bangaqondi nje kuphela umbhalo weSihlaziyo Sokuqala kodwa kwanomthetho osebenzayo osebenzayo, imida nentsingiselo. Uqeqesho olusebenzisekayo lucaphula ngentloko inkululeko emihlanu luze lubandakanyeke kwimibuzo enzima ephakamayo xa kungqubana amalungelo, xa ubugcisa obutsha buvavanya iimfundiso ezindala, yaye xa intetho ekhuselekileyo iphazamisa imilinganiselo emidala.

Uqeqesho olusekelwe kwityala lusebenza ngokukhethekileyo ekufundiseni imigaqo yokuHlaziya iMithetho yokuqala. Abafundi bangawahlalutya amatyala okwenene eNkundla Ephakamileyo, basebenzise imigaqo engokomthetho enxulumene neziphumo zokuyila, baphikisane ngeziphumo. Le ndlela iphuhlisa ukucingela amathandabuzo, uvelwano, noxabiso ngentsonkothileyo yokuchazwa komgaqo-siseko. Ootitshala kufuneka bakhuthaze ukungavumelani ngentlonelo kunye nokumiselana ngeengcamango ezikhuselwa yiNkundla yokuHlamlaniso Yokuqala.

Izikolo zikwafanele ziqwalasele intsingiselo yoMphetho wokuqala wemigaqo yazo. Imithetho yokunxiba, imigaqo yezentlalo, ulwalathiso lwezentlalo, ukujonga amaphephandaba abafundi, kunye nemiqathango kwii-midlu yemibutho yabafundi yonke iphakamisa imibuzo engokomGaqo-siseko. Abaphathi abawuqondayo umthetho Wokuqala Wozinziso baxhotyiselwe ngcono ukwenza iinkqubo ezihlonela amalungelo abafundi ngoxa begcina imeko-bume yokufunda enocwangco. Ukucetyiswa ngesiluleko somthetho osemthethweni kunye nohlalutyo lwemeko yesikolo kwi-̱ ulawulo lunganceda ekuthinteleni ukudityaniswa okungeyo okungemfuneko nokukhuselwayo kunye nokukhuselwa koo

Isiphelo

IsiHlanzo soQala sisabaluleke namhlanje njengokuba sasinjalo ngo-1791. Inkululeko yaso emihlanu i̬ unqulo, ukuthetha, ukucofa, indibano, kunye nesibongozo i̬ ukusungula iimeko zokuzilawula ngokwedemokhrasi, ukukhusela isazela somntu ngamnye, kwaye yenza ukhuphiswano loxolo lweengcamango eziqhubela phambili intlalo-ntle. Ukuqonda la malungelo akuyo nje imithambo yemfundo kodwa yimfuno esebenzisekayo kuye nabani na ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kubomi bentlalo-Merika.

Abafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo bafanele bafikelele kwiSiHlanzo sokuQala ngoxabiso ngokhuseleko lwaso nokuqonda imida yaso. Akukho lungelo lipheleleyo, kwaye imida yokukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko iyatshintsha njengoko iinguqu zebutho labantu kwaye iNkundla Ephakamileyo ichaza ukulungiswa kweemeko ezintsha. Umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuchaza nokukhusela le nkululeko uxhomekeke kwisizukulwana ngasinye, kwaye abo baqonda iSihlaziyo sokuqala banokuwusebenzisa ngobulumko kwaye bayikhusele kwabo balandelayo.

Ngokufundisa ngokucokisekileyo, ngokunyanisekileyo, nangako konke ukuntsonkotha kwayo, abafundisi - ntsapho banika abafundi amandla okuba babe ngabemi abanolwazi, abathembileyo nabanembopheleleko.