Imbali Ethetha Ngokulungelelana Kwamandla

Ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kolawulo, urhulumente, kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni aluyonkqubo yale mihla kodwa luyinkqubo eyakhiwe ngenyameko esekelwe kwiinkulungwane zentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika kunye nolingelo olusebenzisekayo. Abakhi bomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States baphenjelelwa kakhulu ziinkcubeko zoKhanyiso njengoJohn Locke, owalwela amalungelo emvelo kunye nokwahlulwa kwamandla okuthintela ubuzwilanisi, kunye nomthetho okhoyo, noBaron de Montesquieu, owaxhasa onke amanye amasebe aziwayo, aphambili, kunye namasebe eejajini. Ezi ngcamango zaye zaveliswa kakhulu yiNgqungqungquthela ye-Mganiso ye-1787, apho abathunywa baphikisanayo ngokufanelekileyo nokusasazwayo ngurhulumente ombindizwe ngurhulumente ombindilise i-mali. [Umqulu ophezulu we-Foplens], umqulu onamandla alawulayo onamandla aphezulu, kodwa umqulu olawulayo wonke wolawulo lwegunyazwe, umqulu olawulayo.[0]

Ukuxakeka okungokwembali phakathi kobukhulu besizwe nolawulo lorhulumente kuxonxe inkqubela yezobupolitika yaseMelika. Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye nokuHlaliswa koMdathiso-mda olandelayo kwandisa igunya lesizwe, ingakumbi ngokuqinisekiswa kwenkqubo ye 14th Amendmenter (iMimiselo yoLawulo yeNkqutyana yeNtshona Koloni) yokuzinzisa nokukhusela okufanayo. Kamva, inkathi entsha ye-Dial yabona urhulumente ethatha indima enkulu kulawulo lwezoqoqosho nentlalo-ntle yoluntu, ngokufuthi ithethelelwa nguMlawuli wezorhwebo luka Claus. Noko ke, uLawulo lweSinyuso-Ngqothu luye lwasoloko lubhenela ekugxininiseni amalungelo ombuso, ukusuka kwiimfazwe zesikolo ezi-desevoluntlukwano zexesha-yokuhlala kuxakeka kwezempilo. Le ngxoxo iyaqhubeka ibonisa ukutshintsha okunamandla kolawulo lwegunya lorhulumente, apho ulungeleniso lwentlalo, ulawulo, i-ligalelo-compuluke, kunye nentetho kawonke.

Umgangatho Womanyano

Kumgangatho wesizwe wesizwe, umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika amagunya akhethekileyo, okanye adweliswe, kurhulumente wesizwe. Ezi ziquka igunya lokunika inkcazo yemali, ukusungula imfazwe, ulawulo lorhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle, ukuseka inkonzo yeposi, nokuphakamisa imikhosi. ISiqendu ISiqendu 8 soMgaqo-siseko sidwelisa la magunya, kodwa siquka kwakhona i-Ceta Calassting, i-Proneasbon, evumela iBhunga leMithetho-siseko ukuba lidlulise imithetho efunekayo neLingeneyo, efunekayo ukuze kuphume imigaqo yemithetho efunekayo yesizwe, iqhuba inkqubo yezorhwebo yesizwe, ilungele ukukhusela i-omele i-omele i-omele i-omele i-omele i-omele i-omele i-omele i-omele i-omele i-Amperensitementment (E) kunye nee-otionaleeeeeeeeeeemental ofisi zeN. [1819] ezingundoqo ze-evi

Umgangatho Karhulumente

Urhulumente uphethe amagunya angagunyaziswanga ngurhulumente wesizwe, njengoko kugcinwa nguMphetho-siseko weSihlaziyo weshumi. Ezi ziquka igunya kwimfundo, ezothutho, impilo kawonke-wonke, ezorhwebo lomtshato, nemithetho yamapolisa ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokhuseleko loluntu, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabantu. Urhulumente ngamnye unemithetho yakhe, ngokufuthi enomgaqo-siseko ongaphezulu kakhulu kuneenkqubo yesizwe, kunye nemithetho yakhe elawulayo, neyamasebe elawulayo. Le nkqubo ivumela ukuba isebenze njengeekhompuyutha zedemokhrasi, ukuzama imigaqo-nkqubo eyahlukeneyo kunye nezindlela zokulawula. Umzekelo, amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa intelekelelo yezonyango yendalo, ngoxa amanye aqhube imigaqo yezezezonyango, ngoxa amanye ajonge iiprojective kunye nokungagunya imigaqo-mthetho efuna ukulawulwa kwemipulmontshona, ingakumbi xa kugunyazwe ngokubanziswa yimeko ye-Asouni enkulu, ingulo ingulo, ingulo enkulu, ingulo enkulu, ingulo, ingulo xa ingulo ityala kakhulu xa

Umphakamo wangaphakathi:

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni (kuquka ulawulo lwezolawulo lolawulo olungqongqo nolawulo olubanzi). Iinkonzo ezilungiselelwe kwindawo yasekuhlaleni ziquka ukugcinwa kwemithetho, ukukhuselwa komlilo, ulawulo, izilwanyana, iindlela zommandla, ii-pario, amathala eencwadi, ukucwangcisa, kunye nokwakha imvume ekhoyo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baqhuba izikolo zikawonke-wonke ngeebhodi ezinyuliweyo zesikolo, kwaye bakwimida yexesha likaxakeka. Imbono yolawulo lwamakhaya ivumela oomasipala abaninzi ukuba bamkele imithetho nemithetho elungiselelwe iimeko zabo ezikhethekileyo, imidangatho yokulondoloza amakhaya, ii-asekongamela, iindlela zokuhlala, ii-pariography, ii-ofisi zemali, ii-labhusayithi, iimfuno zemali ezikhoyo, inkxakelelwa phantsi kwemeko-mali, ingurhulumente yelizwe, ingumzekelo, i-okanye i-plastiki, ibonise izinto eziphambili zelizwe elikhoyo kwimeko yoluntu, ingurhulumente yasekuhlaleni, ingurhulumente yoondla, ingulo yoothe yoothe yoomeli, i

Ucelomngeni Lokulungelelana Kwamandla

Ulwabeko lwamandla kumgangatho karhulumente lunentsingiselo enzulu ngendlela enokwenziwa ngayo imithetho, indlela oovimba babantu abanikwa ngayo, nendlela abemi ababandakanyeka ngayo kurhulumente wabo. Ngokwako, urhulumente uvumela ukuba kubekho iinkqubo ezibonisa iiyantlukwano zengingqi ngoxa kugcinwa umanyano lwesizwe. Oku kunokubangela ukudideka okunzulu, ukungazinzi, nokudideka malunga nokuba ngubani obeke ityala ngokonakaliso. Umzekelo, inkqubo yemfundo ibandakanya onke amanqanaba amathathu: urhulumente umisela imigangatho ebanzi kwaye unika inkxaso, ukukhulisa iinkqubo zesikolo zemfundo kunye neenkqubo zokuphendula imicimbi yesikolo, kwaye ilawula imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yesikolo, kwaye iyakwazi ukuqhuba imicimbi yesikolo yasekuhlaleni. Oku kunokuthi kubangele ukuba kubekho imiqathango yemiqatha okanye imidabalwano efuna ukulalanisa nokulalanisa, ngokufanayo, ukuphendula kwentlekele kwii-ogrobini ephakathi, apho ii-otheracki ye-ovectory esebenzayo kunye nee-odstivesss zolawulo zezo zikarhulumente zolawulo, ezifanelekileyo, eziluncedo ezilungiselelwe urhulumente zezo

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ingumqondiso ongundoqo wolungelelwano lwamandla, osebenza kumanqanaba omabini orhulumente nawamazwe. Kumgangatho wesizwe, isebe lemithetho (Conterent) limisa imithetho, kodwa isebe eliphetheyo (Presidenti) lingayirhoxa, kwaye isebe lenkundla elilawulayo (Inkundla) linokuyivakalisa imigaqo engekho mthethweni. Oku kuthintela naliphi na isebe elinye ekulawuleni. Ngokunjalo liyakwazi ukulawulwa ngurhulumente, apho izikhululi lihlala khona linegunya kwimithetho yowiso-mthetho, kwaye inkundla ephakamileyo iyakwazi ukuthoba ityala elijongela phantsi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba igunya elisetyenziswa liqwalaselwe kwaye amalungelo amancinane akhuselweyo. Noko ke, inkqubo inokukhokela ukuthomalalisa i-dropt, ngokukodwa xa amasebe elawulwa ngamaqela aphikisanayo. Ngaphandle kokuhlola nokukhusela okulawula nokukhusela okulawula okubalulekileyo, imigaqo-mthetho-odrona.

Unxulumano lwamaPhondo

Ulwalamano lwezolawulo luchaza unxibelelwano kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwesizwe, kwesizwe, kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Olu nxulumano ludla ngokumiselwa ngenkxaso, ngezivumelwano, nangemiyalelo. Urhulumente wesizwe unika izimali zokwakha uhola wendlela ngoGawulayo, kodwa amaphondo kufuneka avumelane nemigangatho karhulumente ukuze afumane imali. Ngokunjalo, iinkqubo ezininzi zezentlalo-ntle yabantu, ezifana neSNAP (isitempe) neMdiza, zilawulwa ngamaziko esizwe ajongeneyo. Le mithetho yomanyano ibizwa ngokuba yi "ble communityism"---________blurrurs imigca ephakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente, ukwenza iimbopheleleko ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, inokukhokelela kwintluntlukwano, njengoko amazwe angafuni ukurhoxisana (ukungaphiswa kwemiqatha) kunye nokuxhaswa ngurhulumente ngaphandle koncedo oluqhelekileyo. I-Genethi ye-Adrona i-mo yoncedo oluqhelekileyo, i-odvovoluvo oluqhelekileyo, i-octive, i-oggrn, i-mos

Uhlolisiso Lokulungelelana Kwamandla

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala athile kusikhanyisela ngendlela ulungelelwano lwamandla olusebenza ngayo, lutyhila impumelelo noxinezeleko. Le mizekelo ilandelayo ibalaselisa iinkalo eziphambili zokusebenzisana kwabantu abangoorhulumente.

  • [[FLT: 0] Inkqubo yokufundisa iqhubele phambili: Indima karhulumente kwimfundo iye yakhula ukususela kuMthetho wePhondo kunye noMsebenzi weSixeko wemfundo ka-1965, onika inkxaso-mali kubafundi abasweleyo. Akukho mntwana Osekhohlo (2001) noMfundi Wonke Ophumeleleyo weSikolo uMthetho (2016) obekiweyo, umisela le migaqo, ukumisela imigaqo yokuvavanya nokuphendula. Noko ke, amaphondo agcina ulawulo kuhlelo, i-clate, kunye nenkxaso yesikolo, ekhokelela ekudibaleni okusemgangathweni. Izikolo zasekuhlaleni ziqhuba imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, kodwa kufuneka zivumelane nezimfuneko zombi zomthetho wongameli. Le nkqubo ingunxaphithiso ibangela uxanduvano lwemithetho-orhulumente efuna ukuvavanywa okanye xa uluntu oluseluntlukwano lweklasi. Isiphumo sinegalelo senkqubo somsebenzi somsebenzi owe-Exmampliny
  • UTshintsho lokwandiswa kwemali: UMthetho weAffordcuble Care ACA ka-2010] ka-2010 ubonisa iingxaki zolawulo lwesizwe kwizonyango. Umthetho ufuna ukuba kumiselwe iimfuno ze-inshorensi yempilo, yandise iMedicaid, kwaye ilandele imimiselo karhulumente emalunga nengenelo. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yenza ulwandiso olunganyanzelekani kumazwe, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo: amanye amazwe awandiswayo, ayaliwa, ashiya izigidi ezingakhangelwanga. EMazwe akwaneenza ulungelelaniso lwawo ekulungiseni iintengiso kunye nokulungisa, okuphumela kwimiqathango ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokukhetha. Le meko ibonisa indlela yomthetho-omatshini yokulungisa izinto elungele ukutshintsha ixhomekeke kwindlela yokwahlukana kwemeko.
  • Imithetho ye-Environmental: Umthetho ococekileyo womoya kunye nococole Water Act obekwe yisizwe, kodwa amazwe ajongene noxanduva lokusebenza nokuwafaka. iKhalifoniya, kunye nesixhobo sayo esikhethekileyo sokukhupha igesi kwi-EPA, imisele imigangatho yayo ephezulu yezithuthi, amanye amazwe anokuyithatha. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwiimfazwe, njengaxa ulawulo lwe-Trump lususa isikhuseli seKhalifoni, kuphela kulawulo lweBiden ukuze ibuyiselwe. Inkqubo yemongamaxesha amaninzi ibona ukhuselwa kwemithetho yezokhuselo ezinamandla ngaphezu korhulumente worhulumente, okanye umgaqo oqulukileyo, ukhuthazo oluphakathi kwemithetho yesizwe nenkqululo.
  • Impembelele yezendalo: Iintlekele zendalo ezinjengeSitshingitshane uKatrina (2005) kunye nesaqhwithi esikhulu uSandy (2016) sabhenca ubuthathaka kumanyano lwangaphakathi. Urhulumente wezwe unika ubuncwane nge-FEMA, kodwa urhulumente kufuneka acele uncedo kwaye alawule ulungiso. Iziganeko zakutshanje zisemgceni ongaphambili, ziqhuba izikhuseli kunye nokunika indawo yokuzikhusela. Ukungaphumeleli kunxibelelwano kunye nobuchule bobugosa-gqeba kukhokelela kwiziphumo eziyingozi, njengoko kuboniwe eNew Orleans. Iinstrumentation iphuculation iphuculeo iphuculation, kodwa icandelo loxanduva loxanduva loxanduva luhlala lulu qhutywe. Iziganeko zakutshanje ezifana ne-COFID ezitheneyo, kunye nolawulo oluthe qhutyeniswayo lwemibutho loburhulumente, kunye neenkqubo zempilo oluphikisayo.

Iingxaki Zokuba Negunya

Phezu kwako nje amandla ayo, ulungelelwano lwamandla lujongene nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo olunokudodobalisa ukusebenza nokufaneleka. Olu celomngeni lubangelwa kukungavisisani okungokwemvelo phakathi komgangatho karhulumente kunye nemfuneko yokuqhelanisa neemeko ezigqwethekileyo zentlalo, zoqoqosho, kunye nezobupolitika.

Ufikelelo olungaphezulu lomanyano

Urhulumente uququzelela urhulumente wesizwe xa elawula igunya lezempilo, kunye nemilinganiselo yemeko-bume elawula okanye ephulukana nemali eninzi, ngokufuthi ngenkcazelo ebanzi yeChoode Claus okanye i-Palace. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba oku kuphazamisa ulawulo lukarhulumente kwaye kunciphisa umgaqo karhulumente omncinane. Imizekelo iquka imiyalelo karhulumente ekuvavanyweni kwemfundo, i-inshorensi yezempilo, kunye nemilinganiselo yemeko yemeko yemeko elawulayo emele ukuba ilandele okanye ilahlekelwe yimali. Kwezinye iimeko, amagunya athe aphikisa imiyalelo enjalo enkundleko, ngempumelelo edibekiwe. Ngoko, iNkuNkuNkundla ePhakakhulu iA ephosayo inyanze anyanze avume ukuba alawule iMedimedid ngokusongela zonke iimali zeMedicaid. Ii-Chelderderdernstel anokuthatha isimo sokuzimela imigaqo zomthetho, apho umthetho wemithetho yesizwe ulawulo lwelizwe elilawula okanye ulawulo lwelizwe lorhwebo lwemijezo.

Ukuxhathisa kweRhulumente

Maxa wambi irejista iyakuchasa ukunyanzeliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, ukumiswa kwemigaqo etshitshileyo, okanye ukuvavanywa kwemithetho enzima enkundleni. Oku kuxhathisa kunokusuka kwiingcamango zobupolitika, izithintelo, okanye kwinkolelo yokuba urhulumente wesizwe ungaphaya kwegunya lakhe. Imizekelo ephawulekayo iquka izixeko zengcwele kwaye imisela intsebenziswano nokunyanzeliswa kwemithetho-siseko soluntu, kunye nokubekwa umthetho wokugcinwa komjuxubeko komjuxubeko komjuxuzwano nangona urhulumente engakwazi ukulawulwa yimeko. Ulawulo lwe-Obama lungakhangelwa kwemithetho ye-Rhulumente yamazwe (DA) inkqubo yomthetho ethintelwe ngamazwe amaninzi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho isigqibo esingumthetho osemthethweni olawulayo nomthetho olawula imigaqo-mthetho, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nokulawulwa kwemipuko.

I-Autonomy yangaphakathi

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usoloko efuna ukuzilawula ukuze ahlangabezane neemfuno ezicacileyo zoluntu, kodwa angangqubana nemithetho yezoburhulumente okanye yesizwe. Umzekelo, izixeko ezininzi ziye zadlulisela imithetho yokukhusela abaphambukeli abangaxelwanga, kodwa zijongene nokukhutshwa kwemithetho yowiso-mthetho ethintela imigaqo-mthetho elawulayo. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yokubeka imithetho yendawo ethintela ukukhula kwezindlu ezinokufikeleleka enokuthi zingqubana nemithetho yokuhlala. Ukuchaswa kwemithetho yendlu yengcwele, imilinganiselo yempilo kawonke-wonke (njengomthetho wesigqubuthelo), kwaye umhlaba usebenzisa imimiselo ebalasekileyo phakathi kwemigaqo-mthetho yoluntu negunya eliphezulu. Ngoxa umthetho wasekhaya unika ubuchule, kwakhona ukhokelele ekungeneni okungahlukene okunokubangelwa kulungele ukulawulwa kwemiqatha yemeko-mali. Ukulawulwa kwemeko-oomashishini basekuhlaleni kuyathintelwa yimali, njengoko oomasipalapala abaninzi bexhomekeke kwimeko yoncedo nerhafuthelo, bebeka imigaqo elungele ukulawulwa ngokulungele ukulawulwa kwemithetho esemthethweni.

Ukuxhasa Iingxaki

Ulwalamano lwemali phakathi komgangatho karhulumente lungumthombo oyintloko wenkxalabo. Umanyano kunye norhulumente zinika inkxaso rhoqo kwiimeko eziphembelela uqingqo-mali lwendawo, kunye nezingagunyaziswanga: oorhulumente bafuna iindleko eziphantsi kumgangatho karhulumente. Urhulumente wesizwe ufuna ukuba basebenzisane noMazwe angowona anokuthintelwa okupheleleyo kwemali. Ngokufanayo, imiyalelo yezonyango exhasa inkxaso-mali yesikolo okanye ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke ingabangela iingxaki zemali yemali yengingqi yengingqi. Oku kubangela iingxaki zemali-mali yasekuhlaleni: oorhulumente bafuna oovimba kodwa bayayicaphulela imicimbi edityaniswe yiminxeba esezantsi. Ngokunjalo, irentengo yemali exhobisayo kwimiqatha yemali ephantsi kwemali ekhoyo (iiiiii-Adrogen"5) kodwa azikhokelelwa ngokupheleleyo kwiindleko zee-mali ezifunekayo kwii-mali ezifunekayo kuluntu zasekuhlaleni ezithenwayo.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwesizwe, iphondo, kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni abemi abanolwazi kunye nolawulo olunempumelelo. Iimvelaphi zembali zale nkqubo, iintsingiselo zayo ezisebenzisekayo, kunye neengxaki ezibhekene nayo yonke indlela emiswa ngayo imithetho, oovimba bengingqi banikwa, kwaye iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ziyanikezelwa. Ngokuqonda iindima neembopheleleko ezicacileyo kunye neembopheleleko zesigaba ngasinye, abafundisi nabafundi banokubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo engakumbi kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, ukukhuthaza imigaqo-nkqubo ebonakalisa imilinganiselo yabo ebonakalisa imigaqo engoko isiseko somgaqo-siseko. Ukulungele ukulingana kwemithetho yegunya akuminye into; kuya kuvela ngezenzo zezobupolitika, ukutolika okusemthethweni, nokutshintsha kwezentlalo. Njengoko sihamba ngemeko entle, utshintsho lwezentlalo, kunye nokujikeleza kwezixhobo zezobugcisa, kuya kubandakanywa ngamandla okugqeqeqele.