Isiseko samalungelo nenkululeko kwiRiphabliki

Nakweyiphi na iriphabliki, ukukhusela amalungelo nenkululeko akuyonto nje ekhoyo kodwa litye elincinane elinolawulo olufanelekileyo. Ezi zigunyaziso . /ukusuka ekubonakaliseni inkululeko ukuya kwinkqubo efanelekileyo", veza iimeko zokuba abemi baphile ngesidima, babe nenxaxheba kubomi bukawonke-wonke, kwaye bagcine iinkokeli zabo zinoxanduva. Ngaphandle kolawulo oluqinileyo lwamalungelo, irepublic ibeka ingozi eqalisa kwigunya okanye kwi-oligarchy. Kubafundisi, abaphathi-miyalelo, kunye nabemi abaqhelekileyo, baqonda isizathu sokuba le migaqo-mthetho ibalulekile ibalulekile ekulondolozeni idemokhrasi kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Ingcamango yeriphabliki isekelwe kwingcamango yokuba urhulumente ufumana igunya lakhe ngokuvuma kwabalawulwayo. Noko ke, le mvume inenjongo kuphela xa abantu benenkululeko yokuthetha, yokuhlanganisa, neyokucela iinguqulelo. Amalungelo nenkululeko zizisiqinisekiso esisemthethweni nesokuziphatha esiqinisekisa ukuba le mvume ayinyanzelwa okanye ayikhutshwanga. Basebenza njengomlinganiselo ochaseneyo namandla ombuso, bekhusela inkoliso okanye abambalwa abanamandla ekucinezeleni iqaqo. Ngale ndlela, amalungelo awanikwanga ngurhulumente ngamnye kodwa azalwa ngumntu ngamnye; umsebenzi we-Riphabliki umele ukuba avume kwaye akhusele.

Ukuchaza Amalungelo Nenkululeko: ISicwangciso Sokufumana Inkululeko

Amalungelo nenkululeko zingaqondwa njengentsalela yelungelo kunye nenkululeko efunyanwa ngumntu ngamnye, emele ihlonelwe, ikhuselwe, ifunwe yiyo. Ezi ziquka inkululeko yabemi enjengenkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, yokuhlanganisa, neyobuqu; amalungelo ezobupolitika afana nokuvota nokusebenzisa isikhundla; namalungelo entlalo-ntle kunye nezoqoqosho, anokuqondwa ngokukhula kwiiriphabliki zale mihla, eziquka ukufikelela kwimfundo, ukunyamekela impilo, kunye nenkqubo esesikweni yezomthetho. KwiRiphabliki esebenzayo, la malungelo abekwe kumgaqo-siseko okanye kumthetho wamalungelo obuqu, anika ikhusikhuselo kurhulumente ngokuchasene nokuqhambuka nokufuna ityala.

Umahluko phakathi kwamalungelo angalunganga nawakhayo ufanele ukuqwalaselwa. Amalungelo angalunganga afuna ukuba urhulumente angayi kuphazamisani − umzekelo, hayi ukugada intetho okanye ukukhangela amakhaya ngaphandle kwemvume. Amalungelo afanelekileyo anyanzelisa urhulumente ukuba enze, njengokunika icebiso elisemthethweni kummangalelwa okanye ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela okulinganayo kwibhokisi yebhola yoonogalelo. Zombini ezintlobo ziyimfuneko. Iriphabliki ekhusela amalungelo angalunganga kuphela anokunyamezela ukungalingani okukhulu; enye ebeka amalungelo afanelekileyo ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo inokuba nobundlobongela. Umlinganiselo uyakwazi ukumelana nokungaguquguqukiyo.

Indima Yamalungelo KwiRiphabliki: Iintsika Zempilo Yedemokhrasi

Inkululeko nenkululeko idlala imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo egcina iriphabliki isemagqabini yaye ikwazi ukumelana nayo. Asibobunewunewu kodwa bubunewu bokwakha. Ngaphaya koko kubalulekileyo:

  • [[NTL:0] khusela ukuzilawula nesidima somntu ngamnye. ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sokuba ubuni, iinkolelo, kunye nokhetho luhlonelwa, abemi abanako ukuphuhlisa amandla abo apheleleyo okanye igalelo kwibutho labantu. I-Autonomy ingumthombo wesiseko sobuchule bokwakha kunye nophuhliso.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imali eqinisekisiweyo karhulumente yokuphendula ityala kunye nokubona ngaphaya. Amalungelo afana nenkululeko yolwazi nokucofa anceda iintatheli kunye neenja ezijongileyo ukuba zibhence ukunganyaniseki, inkunkuma, kunye nokuxhatshazwa. Xa abemi benokuzihlolisisa ngokukhululekileyo iinkokeli zabo, ubungozi bokubanjwa kwe-dentiliki buhla kakhulu.
  • Amalungelo athenjiswa ngokusesikweni kunye nokulingana. anika isiseko esisemthethweni solucalulo olusekelwe kwibala, ubufanasini, unqulo, imbonakalo yesondo, okanye ukukhubazeka.
  • [ Ukubophelela uluntu nokuthatha inxaxheba. Ukuxhathisa, ukuxhathisa isikhundla, ukulungiselela amaqela oluntu, nokubongoza urhulumente onke amalungelo aguqulela izikhethelo zabemi kwinkqubo. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kuqinisa ilungelo leriphabliki.

Ukukhusela Umntu Ngamnye

Umntu ngamnye uzilawula umi kwisiseko sentanda-bulumko yerepublic. Xa umntu ekwazi ukuthetha iingqondo zakhe, ukunqula ngokwesazela sakhe, okanye ukunxulumana ngokukhululekileyo nabanye, basebenzisa eyona nto ibalulekileyo yokuzilawula. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States, kwiimeko ezifana iWest Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette[FL:1] [1943], edumileyo ivakaliswe ukuba “akukho mphathi, uphezulu okanye oncinane, onokuthi kumele kumiselwe oko kuya kubakho ngokwezobupolitika, kunqulo, okanye kwezinye imicimbi yembono." Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba imeko ayinakunyanzela ukuba urhulumente avumelane nokungavumelani.

Ukuzilawula kuthetha ukuba ummi unokugxeka urhulumente ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela, aqalise iphephandaba okanye i-log ukuze athethele unobangela othile, okanye athelele ekuvukeleni inkqubo ayifumanisa ingekho sikweni. Ezi zinto zingabonakala ziqhelekile, kodwa ziyioksijini yebutho labantu elikhululekileyo. Imbali ibonisa ukuba xa uzimele-mganyana kuncitshiswe ```aseJamani' okanye kuSoviet Union', i-libribhethi iba liqokobhe, ibe nabemi baphantsi kwemibalawulwa.

Ukuphendula kukarhulumente

Amalungelo nenkululeko zinika izixhobo eziyimfuneko zokubeka amagosa karhulumente etyala ebantwini. Ngokomzekelo, ilungelo lokucela ukubuyiselwa kwezikhalazo, livumela abantu namaqela ukuba bafune ukuba imicimbi yabo iviwe kwaye ichazwe. Inkululeko yamaphephandaba iqinisekisa ukuba iintatheli eziphandayo zinokutyhila ububi ngaphandle kokuvalwa. Ilungelo lokuvota liyindlela yokuphendula epheleleyo: iinkokeli ezingcatsha uluntu zingasuswa ngoxolo kwibhokisi yebhola.

Oku kuphendula akuzenzekeli; kufuna amaziko asebenzayo nazimeleyo. I- International Commission of Jultics ibhale phantsi iimeko ezininzi apho ukurhoxiswa kwala malungelo orhulumente kuvumela ukuba basebenze ngaphandle kolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokuchaseneyo, ii-riphabliki ezigcina uhlolo olunamandla nolungelelwano oluqinileyo . Okufana neNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yeJamani okanye uMzantsi Afrika ezimeleyo ukukhusela amalungelo ngokunempumelelo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Imeko - ngqangi Yamalungelo EeRiphabliki: Ukusuka KwiMagna Carta Ukuya KwiSindululo Sehlabathi Lonke

Indaleko yamalungelo nenkululeko kwiiriphabliki libali lokulwa, inkqubela, nokubuyela umva. Amaxwebhu angundoqo kunye nentshukumo ziye zandisa umlinganiselo wokuba ngubani onelungelo lamalungelo noko kuqukwa ngako. Ngapha koko kuphunyezwe ngokubalulekileyo:

  • IMagna Carta (1215)-edla ngokucatshulwa njengenyathelo lokuqala kurhulumente olinganiselweyo, uMagna Carta waseka ukuba kwanokumkani wayephantsi komthetho. Yaqalisa ingcamango yenkqubo efunekayo kunye nokuvavanywa ngabagwebi, imigaqo eyathi kamva yadityaniswa kwimithetho-siseko yeriphabliki.
  • Isibhengezo senkululeko (1776] – Saziswa ukuba bonke abantu “banikwe nguMdali wabo amalungelo athile angenakususwa, phakathi kwabo buBomi, Inkululeko nokusukela ulonwabo.” Olu xwebhu lweenguqu lusekelwe ekulawuleni kwabalawulwayo kwaye lwanika iplani yokubhukuqa umlawuli.
  • IBhili yamaLungelo (1791) – Iintlawulo zokuqala ezilishumi kwiU.S. umGaqo-siseko ukhusela ngokucacileyo inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokucofa, yendibano, kunye nesicelo, ecaleni kokhuseleko ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuzithethelela. Yaba ngumzekelo kwiiriphabliki ezininzi ezilandelayo.
  • ISibhengezo soMhlaba Samalungelo Abantu (1948) – samkelwa yiNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, olu xwebhu lwamkela uludwe olubanzi lwamalungelo(_icivil, ezopolitiko, ezopolitiko, ezobuntlalo-ntle, kunye nezoqoqosho---ezezoqoqosho . Lwabeka ityala lokukhuthaza “intlonelo kunye nokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko esisiseko."

Nganye kwezi ziganeko zibalulekileyo zandisa isangqa samalungelo abo abhaliswayo. Kodwa olu hambo lukude lugqitywe. Abafazi, abantu abanemibala, abantu bomthonyama, kunye ne-LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye kuye kwafuneka balwe − kwaye bayaqhubeka belwa kunye nezixhobo ezifanayo ezigcinelwe amadoda amhlophe afanelekileyo. Umnqophiso weInternational on Polive and Political Rights [ [19666] kunye nezivumelwano ezilandelayo zimela imigudu eqhubekayo yokwenza amalungelo enyani.

Ucelomngeni Kumalungelo Nenkululeko KwiRiphabliki Yanamhlanje

Nangona kukho inkqubela eqhubekayo, amalungelo nenkululeko kwiiriphabliki zijamelana nezisongelo ezizingisileyo nezizinzileyo. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ukuze zikhuselwe.

  • [[FLT: 0] oonobucukubhede-guqu abalawulayo kunye nokuguquka kwedemokhrasi. Kumazwe amaninzi, iinkokeli ezinyuliweyo ziye zabuthathaka ngokulandelelana, zoyikisa amaphephandaba, zaza zacinezela inkcaso. IHungary, iPoland, neTurkey yimizekelo yangoku apho amaziko eRiphabliki aye akhutshwa khona ngeli xesha egcina imbonakalo yonyulo.
  • Isivumelwano esisikelwe umda inkululeko yabemi egameni lokhuseleko. Emva kwe 9/11, uMthetho we-USA PATRIOT wandisa amandla okuhlola nokucutha kolawulo. Izenzo ezifanayo zenzeka emva kohlaselo lwabagrogrisi eFransi, eUnited Kingdom, naseIndiya. Ngelixesha ukhuseleko luyinkxalabo esemthethweni, ukupheliswa kwamalungelo okomzuzwana kusoloko kuhlala kuhleli.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uphando olunzulu kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi. Oorhulumente namaqumrhu ngoku banamandla okulawula uthungelwano, imibutho, kunye neembutho. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunamandla lwabucala, abemi bangazikhusela, benokoyika ukuba iimbono ezingathandwayo zingasetyenziswa nxamnye nabo.
  • I-Discope kunye nokukhukuliseka kolwazi oluthenjiweyo. Ukusasazeka kolwazi oluphosakeleyo kungaphazamisa ubumi obunolwazi obuxhomekeke kwi-riphabliki. Xa abemi be-Riphabliki bengenakuvumelana ngezibakala ezisisiseko, umhlaba owabelweneyo wokudilika kwengqiqo yedemokhrasi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuhlahlela kunye nokuzichaza kwezobupolitika. ukwahlukana okugqithisileyo kungakhokelela ekuthinteleni amalungelo abachasi. Ukuthetha, ukuhlasela, kunye nogonyamelo kwiqela elincinane kusongela ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwamalungelo kubo bonke.

Ulawulo olugunyazisayo

Ubucukubhede bemithetho yobucukubhedengu abusoloko bufika ngeitanki kunye nokuhlasela phakathi kobusuku. Ngokufuthi, ingena ngeenguqu ezithe qokomnqa, ezisemthethweni: imithetho emitsha ephazamisa ukungavumelani nolwaphulo-mthetho, iinkundla ezibekwe kunye nabaxhasi abanyanisekileyo, iinkqubo zonyulo ezixhotyiswe ukuba zikholeke kwimikhosi yecawa, kunye nezikhuphiswano zonxibelelwano kumajelo eendaba ezithengelwa okanye zithuswe. Irepublic yaseVenezuela, eyayikhe yaba nedemokhrasi, yawa ngamalungelo ayo njengoMongameli uHugosakhe u-Presi u-Nicolás Maduro, kunye nelandela umva wakhe uNicolás Maduro, ingumbindindindindindindindindi wobu kwaye ityumza ihlasela inkxwa. Isiphumo seso sobudlelano kuthelelwa kwizigidi zabantu ababaleka kweli lizwe.

Ukuze zixhathise ukuphamba okunjalo, iiriphabliki azifuni nje kuphela ukukhusela okungokomGaqo-siseko kodwa zifuna nemfundo ephaphileyo yabemi.

Umthetho kunye nokukhulula abemi: Ingxaki Yokhuseleko

Ngamaxesha entlekele ``imfazwe, ubugrogrisi, izifo ezimandundu-ngoorhulumente, zidla ngokumisela amanyathelo ongxamiseko anciphisa amalungelo abantu, athi ayimfuneko ukuze kulungelwe uluntu. Ingxaki kukuba la magunya anikezelweyo, kunqabile ukunyamalala. UMthetho wobuGrogrisi we-United Kingdom wangaphambili wawungabhangi, usoloko usebenza ngezixhobo ezininzi. Ngokufanayo, urhulumente waseFransi wongxamiseko emva kohlaselo lwangonyaka ka-2015 lwaseParis wakhokelela kwienguqu ezisisigxilo kumandla amapolisa, kuquka ukubeka abantu ababanjwa ezindlwini ngaphandle kokuhlola ikomiti.

Le mithetho inokwenza umahluko ombi. Umzekelo, abaxhasi bemekobume kunye neentatheli ezigquma izikhalazo zingazifumana zijoliswe phantsi “kolungelelwano lukawonke-wonke”. Imigaqo yeRiphabliki ifuna ukuba nawuphi na umlinganiselo wamalungelo ube yimfuneko ngokungqongqo, ulungelelwaniso, kwaye uphantsi kokuwuhlola rhoqo. unelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni [, kuquka ukufikelela kumelo olusemthethweni kunye nokukholelwa ukuba umsulwa, makungaze kunikelwe ngegama lokuthethelela.

Indima Yemfundo Ekukhuthazeni Amalungelo Nenkululeko

Imfundo yiyo exhasa ukuzinikela kweriphabliki kumalungelo. Xa abemi bewaqonda amalungelo abo, basenokuwasebenzisa, bawakhusele, baze bafune ukuphendula xa bephulwa. Kwelinye icala, ukungazi ngomGaqo-siseko ukukhusela kunokukhokelela ekungalawuleni ingcinezelo.

Imfundo ebanzi ngamalungelo kufuneka iquke iinkalo eziliqela:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ulwazi lwesiseko somgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho. Abafundi kufuneka bafunde ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo kumgaqo-siseko welizwe labo, indlela iinkundla ezizichaza ngayo, nendlela abantu abaqhelekileyo abanokufikelela ngayo kwezo zikhuseli.
  • [ ubuchule bokucinga. Ubuchule bokuvavanya imithombo, ukuqaphela iingcamango, nokwahlula phakathi kwenyaniso noluvo kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Iinkqubo zokufunda nokubhala ezimadisi zibalulekile ngakumbi ngexesha lokungangeni ulwazi.
  • [ Ukuqonda okungokobunzululwazi. Ukuqonda ukulwela amalungelo", umbutho wokuphelisa, amaphulo amalungelo abantu, ukulwa ulawulo lomthonyama, kunika abafundi uluvo lokuba ezi mpumelelo zinokungabi nakufezeka kangakanani kwaye kungakanani na umsebenzi oseleyo.
  • Indima esebenzayo. Imfundo ye-COPL ayifanele ukuba yingcamango. Imfaniso yeentlanganiso zeholo yedolophu, iimvavanyo zentengiso, kunye nonyulo lwesikolo zinceda abafundi baqhelisele ukuganana. Imisebenzi yokufundisa inkonzo idibanisa ulwazi lweklasi noloqobo lwehlabathi.
  • Imfundo ebalaselisa iminikelo namava amaqela agwetyelweyo iphikisana nekhethe eliphelisa amalungelo.

Amazwe afaka imali kwimfundo esekelwe kumalungelo afumana iingenelo ezinde. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zokufundisa ngamalungelo abantu eziphuhlisiwe liBhunga laseYurophu kumazwe amaninzi angamalungu, anceda abafundi ukuba babe ngabemi abakhutheleyo nabanoxanduva. Ngokufanayo, uqeqesho lwasemva kwe-apardid lugxininisa amaxabiso omgaqo-siseko kunye nokulungisa okusesikweni.

Isiphelo: Ukukhusela Amalungelo Njengembopheleleko Engapheliyo

Ukubaluleka kwamalungelo nenkululeko kwiriphabliki akunakuchazwa ngokugqithileyo. Zizinto ezidibanisa isidima somntu ngamnye, ityala likarhulumente, kunye nokusesikweni kwentlalo. Ngaphandle kwazo, iriphabliki ligama nje elisemthethweni elichaza oko, okuqheliselwayo, ubuzwilakhe obuninzi okanye ubuzwilakhe obukhethiweyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yezobuzwilakhe ngokwembali. Ukusuka kumaMagna Carta ukuya kwiSindululo Sendalo Indalo iphela (*) kubonisa ukuba amalungelo anokunwenwa, kodwa kwakhona anokuthenjiswa. Inkulungwane yama-21 sele ibone ukurhoxiswa kwenkululeko yedemokhrasi, kunye nezinye iintlanga eziyekelelayo kwigunya lobuzwilakhe ngoxa ezinye zizama ukulinganisela ukhuseleko nenkululeko.

Kubemi nabafundisi, umsebenzi ucacile: kufuneka siwaqonde ngokunzulu amalungelo, siwakhusele ngamandla, size siwafundise ngokuthembeka. Oku kuthetha ukungathathi nxaxheba kwinkululeko. Kuthetha ukuthetha xa usomashishini esongela amaphephandaba, ekubhikisheni xa ilungelo lokuhlanganisa lithintelwa, nokuvota iinkokeli ezixhasa imigaqo-siseko. Kukwathetha ukuvuma ukuba amalungelo afikelwa ziimbopheleleko, ukuhlonela amalungelo abanye, ukuba nenxaxheba kubomi be-soburhulumente, nokubambelela kwimiqathango yezobulungisa, nokuzigcina thina kunye namaziko ethu sibambelele kwimilinganiselo ephakamileyo yemithetho esesikweni.

Le republic asingomatshini ozimeleyo. Sisitiya esifuna ukunyanyekelwa ngokuqhubekayo. Amalungelo nenkululeko yimhlaba, amanzi, kunye nokukhanya kwelanga okuwenza uphumelele. Masiwahlakulele ngononophelo oluwafaneleyo, siqinisekise ukuba izizukulwana zexesha elizayo ziyalidla ilifa ibutho labantu apho inkululeko nokulingana kungelogama nje kodwa lizinto eziphilayo.