Phendla kunye noKhuseleko lwamalungelo: Isikhokelo esingunobangela

Uphando kunye nokuqhwaywa kwamalungelo kusisixhobo sokhuseleko lobuqu nenkululeko eUnited States. La magunya asemthethweni alawula indlela naxa amagosa karhulumente enokufumana ngayo umntu wakho, ikhaya lakho, impahla, kunye nogcino-lwazi lwamanani. Kubafundi, abafundisi-mayela, kunye nabemi bemihla ngemihla, ukuqonda la malungelo kubalulekile ekudibaneni nomthetho onyanzelekileyo, ukukhusela inkululeko yoluntu, nokuba nenxaxheba kwintetho yoluntu enolwazi.

Ukuqonda IsiHlomelo Sesine

UHlaliso lweSine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lusikhusela kakhulu ekuphandweni nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni.

"Ilungelo labantu lokukhusela abantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, nxamnye nophengululo olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula, aliyi kuphulwa, kwaye akukho nanye ekwayantlukwano eya kuphuma, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, ixhaswe yi-Oath okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ichaza ngokukhethekileyo indawo eza kuphendwa, nabantu okanye izinto eziza kuthinjwa.”

Oku kulungiswa kwayintsabelo engqalileyo kuqheliselo lwamaBritane lokusebenzisa imvume jikelele kunye nee-grit zoncedo, ezavumela amagosa ukuba aphengulule amakhaya namashishini ngaphandle kwesizathu okanye umlinganiselo othile. Abasebenzi bazama ukukhusela ukuxhatshazwa okunjalo ngokufuna ukuba ukuphengulula kube nokusengqiqweni kwaye imvume isekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo, ekhutshwe ngumphathi-cawa ongathathi cala-cala, kwaye elinganiselwe ngokupheleleyo. [[FLT: 0]] imfundiso yokwahlula-hlula-hlula-mthetho [ ye 144, uLawulo lwesine loMdathisombululo lusebenza kurhulumente kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, hayi kuphela abameli borhulumente.

Asikuko konke ukuphengulula okanye ukuxhuzula okungekho mthethweni, qha ezo ezingekho ngqiqweni ezaphula umGaqo-siseko. Oko kukuthi kuxhomekeke kumongo, ubuqatha bongenelelo, nomdla karhulumente. Iinkundla zivelise iqumrhu elintsonkothileyo lokulungisa imicimbi yecala ngokudibanisa umthetho ngamnye ngokuchasene neemfuno zomthetho osemthethweni.

Iingcinga Ezingundoqo: Unobangela Ofanelekileyo, Abaphumeleli, Nomthetho Oncomekayo

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo

Unobangela ofanelekileyo ngumgangatho osemthethweni ofunekayo kuphando oluninzi nokubanjwa. Kukho xa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunezibakala kunye neemeko ezaneleyo ukukhokelela umntu onolwazelelelo ekukholelweni ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa okanye ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho bukho kwindawo ethile. Unobangela onokuba negalelo asiyondlela eqinileyo; iinkundla zisebenzisa umlinganiselo weemeko [, uvavanyo olukhoyo, njengoko lumiselwe ku ii-Illinois v. [1] [1983]]. Oku kuvumela ukuqwalaselwa kwencam, uluvo, uluvo, kunye nobunye ubungqina.

Imisebenzi Yokufuna

Isiqinisekiso sokuphendla ngumyalelo wenkundla ogunyazisa ukunyanzelisa ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba uqhube uphando. Ukufumana isiqinisekiso, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka banikezele i-affidavit ebonisa undoqo olindelekileyo kunye nokuchaza nge [[FLT: 0]] umgangatho wegolide wokukhangela ngenxa yokuba banikela uphando lwangaphambi kokuba bafune ulawulo. Kodwa, uphengululo oluninzi luyenzeka ngaphandle kogunyaziso phantsi komgwebi ongaziwayo.

Umthetho Osisiphendu

Umthetho wokwahlulwa komthetho lunyango lwejaji olwenziweyo oluthintela uphando olungekho mthethweni olufunyanwayo olungasetyenziswayo enkundleni. Okokuqala lusetyenziswa kumatyala karhulumente kwi Weeks v. United States (14) kwaye lunyuselwe kumazwe Mapp v. Ohio[ [1961]), umthetho udimaza impatho engafanelekanga yamapolisa ngokususa ukhuphiso olungekho mthethweni.

  • Umahluko wokholo olulungileyo: Ukuba abaphathi baxhomekeke ngokufanelekileyo kwisiqinisekiso esifunyanwe singasebenzi kamva, ubungqina busenokungasetyenziswa ( United States v. Leon, 1984]).
  • [[FLT: 0] Ubhaqo olungenakubhaqiswa: Ubungqina obuzakufunyanwa ngokusemthethweni bungavunywa (Nix v. Williams, 1984]).
  • [[FLT: 0] Udibaniso: ukuba uqhagamshelwano phakathi kokukhangela okungekho mthethweni kunye nobungqina buba buthathaka kakhulu, ubungqina bungavunyelwa (Hudson v. Michigan, 2006).
  • Umthombo ozimeleyo: Ubungqina obufunyenwe kumthombo ozimeleyo wokukhangela okungekho mthethweni abunakusetyenziswa ( Morray v. United States, 1988).

Ukuqonda le ngxaki kubalulekile kuba kwanokuba iphule amalungelo akho, ubungqina busenokusetyenziswa kuwe.

Iindidi Zokuphanda Ngaphandle Kwendlela Engaqhelekanga

Iinkundla ziye zavuma ukuba kukho umahluko ongaphezulu kweshumi elinesibini kwimfuneko yogunyaziso. Ezona ziqhelekileyo nezibalulekileyo zichazwe ngezantsi.

Ukukhangela Okusemthethweni

Ukuba umntu uyavuma ngokuzithandela ekufuneni, abaphathi-mikhosi bangaqhubeka ngaphandle kwemvume. Imvume kufuneka inikwe ngokukhululekileyo nangobuchule, inganyanzelwanga zisongelo okanye uxinzelelo. Amapolisa akanyanzelekanga ukukwazisa ukuba unelungelo lokungavumi, nangona ikhefu lingathethi ukuba uyavuma. Imvume yesithathu iyasebenza ukuba umntu unegunya elifanayo kwimpahla (umz., umhlobo ohlala kunye neendawo eziqhelekileyo) okanye ukuba umphathi ukholelwa ukuba umntu unegunya elinjalo ([[FLT:] .[FLT] v[FLT], uyakwazi ukulimisela imiqathango okanye izinto ezithile, kwaye unokulivala naliphi na ixesha.

Khangelani Into Enokuninceda Nibanjwe

Xa umthetho uqinisekisa ukubanjwa ngokusemthethweni, bangaphengulula umntu kunye nendawo ekufuphi apho befikelela khona − eyaziwa njengomgama okhuselekileyo nokulondoloza ubungqina. Kodwa, kwizixhobo okanye kubungqina obunokutshatyalaliswa. Oku kushicilelwe kwi [ . California [1] [1969], ukhusela igosa eliphetheyo kunye nokulondoloza ubungqina. Noko ke, u-Arizona v. [[FLT] IGOLT] [[5]] [209], iNkuphendla okuthelweyo okuthengiweyo ukuba kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungileyo] [iiiiiimeko], iNkukhangela isiganeko esithe ngqo sokubanjwa: emva kokuba ikhonjiwe kwaye ikhuselwe, i-ofisi banokukhangela ikhonkxwel-offrensiegs okanye ukuba ikhonjiwe.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Ingxamiseko efuna isenzo esikhawulezileyo ingathethelela ukuphengululwa okungekho semthethweni. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka ukusukela ngokushushu umkrokreli obalekayo, umngcipheko wokutshatyalaliswa okukhawulezileyo kobungqina, ingozi kubomi bomntu, kunye nongxamiseko olunjengomlilo. Abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka babe nesizathu esilindelekileyo kwaye babonise ukuba imeko ayishiyeki xesha lokufumana isiqinisekiso. Iinkundla zihlolisisa ezi ngxelo ngocoselelo ukunqanda ukuxhatshazwa.

Imbono Ecacileyo

Ukuba umphathi-mikhosi ukho ngokusemthethweni kwindawo kwaye ubona into engamkelekanga okanye ubungqina kwimboniselo ecacileyo, akukho gunya lifunekayo ukuyibamba. Iimfuno zezo: (1) umphathi kufuneka abe nelungelo elisemthethweni lokuba kwingingqi; (2) ukwenziwa kwento kufuneka icace ngokukhawuleza; kwaye (3) igosa kufuneka libe nesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba into bubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho ( ihorton v. California, 1990).

Isinxaxhi senqwelo - mafutha ezizenzekelayo

I-Vhicles inokulindela okusezantsi kobucala kuba zihamba-hamba kwaye zisoloko zigunyazisiwe. Phantsi umahluko ozenzekelayo wenqwelo-moya , abaphathi-majoni bangaphengulula inqwelo-mafutha ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba banosizathu esinokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuba ine bungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho. Eli gunya liquka iibhokisi ezivaliweyo ezinokuthi zibambe ubungqina (] Carll v. United States, 1925; [[FLT:]]] iKlavium.[Acedo] v[FLT], 1991, ngokungafaniyo ukuphendla oku, akufuni ukuba inqwelo-mafutha isetyenziswe okanye i-moto isetyenziswe.

UTerry Stops NoFrisks

Phantsi Terry v.O. (1968), amapolisa angabamba umntu okwethutyana esekelwe ku ukukrokrela okusengqiqweni [ komsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho, umgangatho osezantsi kunonobangela olindelekileyo. Ngexesha lokuyeka okunjalo, ukuba igosa linesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba umntu uxhobile kwaye uyingozi, umngxubelo oqingqiweyo wezixhobo (a fratk) uvumelekile. Umlinganiselo weflisk uthintelwe kwimpahla engaphandle nokufunyanwa kwezixhobo, hayi ubungqina. Ukuba ngaba ukhona umqhaphumo okanye ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngengqiqo yokuchukumisa [FLT:] [FLD] [5] uluvo olupheleleyo]

Ukukhangela Umda

Kwimida yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezinto ezisebenzayo ezilinganayo (njengezikhundla zenqwelo-moya), urhulumente unegunya elibanzi lokukhangela abantu kunye nempahla ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso okanye isizathu esilindelekileyo. Ukuphengulula umda we-Routine kuthathwa njengokusengqiqweni ngendalo yabo kwaye akufuni kukrokrazwa ngabantu ngabanye. Noko ke, uphengululo olungekho mthethweni [ olungekho mthethweni [[FLT]]] olufanayo].

Ubalo

Xa amapolisa ekhupha imoto, angenza uphengululo lokudwelisa izinto ezikuqulethweyo ukwenzela iimfanelo kunye nezizathu zokhuseleko. Uphengululo olunjalo kufuneka lulandele iinkqubo ezisemgangathweni kwaye alunakusetyenziswa njengebbetho ukukhangela ubungqina ngaphandle konobangela olindelekileyo (] South Dakotal v. Opperman, 1976).

Ukuphanda Ngabafundi Ezikolweni

Amagosa esikolo sikawonke-wonke awabotshelelwanga yimfuneko yemvume kodwa kufuneka ahlangabezane nomgangatho we- ukukrokrela okusengqiqweni [ ukukhangela ubuso okanye impahla yomfundi. Lo mgangatho, obekwe kwi-New Jersey v. T.L. [85], ufuna ukuba ukuphendla kuthethelelwe ekuqaleni kwayo kwaye kulungelelene. Ukukhangela kwemikhono kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezingqongqo ([[FLT:]]] SAFFDford Districtry Victive School v.[FLT: 5,]], 2009). Abafundi bagcina amalungelo obuqu, kodwa loo malungelo alungelelaniswe nxamnye nomdla kwimfundo.

Izixhobo zombane Nemfihlo Yamanani

Izigqibo eziphambili zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziyaqonda ukuba ubugcisa bezi mini bunokutyhila okungakumbi ngobomi bethu bobuqu kunobuphanda ngokwasemzimbeni.

  • ICarplate v. United States (2017]): Urhulumente usoloko efuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana iingxelo zembali zeseli-ndawo, ngenxa yokuba ukufikelela kwiiveki okanye iinyanga zogcino-lwazi lwendawo kubumba uphendlo phantsi koMbembo wesine. Lo mthetho ulahla imfundiso yecandelo lesithathu kumo wogcino-manani olude lwexesha.
  • .Riley v. California (2014: Amapolisa asenokungaphengululi ugcino-lwazi kwiselfowuni yombanjwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso, kwanesiganeko sokubanjwa. INkundla yaqiqa ngelithi icell phone inenkcukacha ezininzi zabucala kwaye ayisebenzi kwibhokisi eziphathekayo.
  • United States v. Jones (202): Ukudibanisa umthumeli weGPS kwisithuthi nokuhlola intshukumo yayo iintsuku ezingama-28 yayikukuphengulula kuba iphanda ngenxa yokuba iphakamile kwimpahla yabucala. Ityala lakwacingela ukuba ukujongwa okude ngaphandle kwetyala kuphule ukulindela okusengqiqweni kobucala.

Imimiselo efunyanisiweyo efana noMthetho woNxibelelwano oluNgafihliyo [ECPA] kunye noMthetho woNxibelelwano oluDlulisayo ulawula unikezelo lukarhulumente kunxibelelwano lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki neengxelo. Amazwe amaninzi aye agqithisa imithetho yawo yangasese yamanani efuna imvume yokubekwa kwe-indawo kunye nokuqulungwa kwe-imeyili. Njengoko ubugcisa buqhubeka buthethana ngengxoxo yoMnyuselo wesi-5 kwi-elektroniki.

Uphawu lwetyala lokufuna nokungawufumani umthetho

Ukwazi ezi meko ziphambili kukunceda uqonde indlela umthetho oye wavela ngayo nendlela oya kusinge ngayo.

  • Katz v. United States (1967): yaseka “uvavanyo olusengqiqweni lwe-special lwe-sbet". INkundla yathi umntu unokhuseleko loMphengululo wesine nakweyiphi indawo okanye imeko apho alindele ukuba ubuqu kunye nebutho labantu liqonde ukuba elo themba lisengqiqweni. Oku kwabangela ukuqwalaselwa ukusuka kwityala lomzimba ukuya kwindawo yobuqu.
  • Ilinois v. Amasango (19983): Wamkela uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwemiqathango yemeko elindelekileyo, ukrwada uvavanyo oluqinileyo lweprogs ezimbini zokwazisa.
  • Mapp v.Ohio (1961): Wasebenzisa umthetho wokuzikhulula kumazwe, ufuna iinkundla zikarhulumente ukuba zingabufaki ubungqina obufunyenweyo bokwaphulwa koMphetho-mda wesine.
  • Terry v.Oo (1968): i-stop- kunye-frisk ebhalwe ngokusekelwe ekukrokreleni okusengqiqweni, idala ithala elisezantsi lovavanyo lwesine Sonyuso-Mpanzi.
  • .Chimel v. California [1969] kunye Arizona v. Gant (2009]): Ichaza kwaye ilinganisela umlinganiselo wesiganeko sokukhangela ukubanjwa.
  • Caroll v. United States (1925): ukuseka umahluko wemoto.
  • [[FLT: 0] United States v. Leon (19984): Yadala umahluko wokholo kumthetho osusiweyo.

La matyala afumaneka kwii-database ezisemthethweni ezigunyazisiweyo ezinjenge- Cornell Law Information’s Legal Institute kunye no-'Oyez', ezinika ushwankathelo oluneenkcukacha kunye nokushicilelwe kwesandi seengxoxo zomlomo.

Iindlela Zokuhlaziywa Kwesine

Ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuchasene nokuphanda kwakho namalungelo okuxhuzula, kusenokufumaneka amayeza amaninzi:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukucinezela: Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, igqwetha lakho lingacela inkundla ukuba ingabufaki ngaphaya kobungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Ukuba intshukumo iphumelele, umtshutshisi angaphulukana namandla akhe okungqina eli tyala.
  • I-Civil Lawsuit (Uthumo 1983): Ungamangalela abaphathi okanye urhulumente ngenxa yomonakalo ongaphantsi kwama-42 U.S.C. . . . 1983 ngenxa yokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko. Kufuneka ubonise ukuba umphathi waphulwa ngokucacileyo ngumthetho omiselweyo. `oku kwaziwa ngokuba [ ukhuseleko olunempumelelo [, olunokuba ngumqobo obalulekileyo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izikhalo ze-internal: Ungafaka isikhalazo kwicandelo lomthetho lonyanzelo logcino-mthetho lwemicimbi yangaphakathi okanye ibhodi yongameli.
  • Ukutshutshiswa okungagqibekanga: Kwimeko ezinqabileyo apho amagosa enza ngabom nangenjongo elungileyo, abatshutshisi besizwe okanye besizwe bangazizisa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Phawula ukuba umthetho owehlulayo awusebenzi kwiinkqubo zasekuhlaleni ezifana nokuchotshelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, ukuva iindlebe ngokucokisekileyo, okanye ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, nangona ezinye izinto zingabandakanyeki.

Icebiso Elisebenzisekayo Kubemi

Ukwazi amalungelo akho linyathelo lokuqala lokuwakhusela. Nalu ukhokelo olusebenzayo lokunxibelelana nomthetho:

  1. [[UMTL: 0] Buza ukuba ukhululekile ukuba uyahamba. Ukuba awubanjwanga, unelungelo lokuhamba. Ukuba umphathi-mikhosi uthi uyabanjwa, kufuneka uthobele kodwa uqhubeke uqinisa amalungelo akho.
  2. Musa ukuvuma ukuphendla. utsho ngokucacileyo, “Andivumi ukuphendla.” Ukuba awuvumi, igosa kufuneka libe nesiqinisekiso okanye umahluko omawuqhubeke. Nokuba uyala, umphathi angaphendla kodwa ``aaawe' ulondoloza amalungelo akho kucelomngeni lwamva olusemthethweni.
  3. [[FLT: 0] Ungathuli. Unelungelo lokuthetha into ngaphandle kwegama lakho. Musa ukuphendula imibuzo ngezenzo zakho okanye ulwazi.
  4. [[UMTL: 0] Cela igqwetha. Ukuba ubanjiwe, cela igqwetha ngoko nangoko kwaye ungaphenduli imibuzo de igqwetha lakho libe likhona.
  5. [[FLT: 0] Ungaxhathi ngokwenyama nokuba ukholelwa ukuba ukukhangela akuvumelekanga. Ukuxhathisa kungakhokelela kwityala elongezelelweyo. Bhala isiganeko endaweni yoko.
  6. Ikhutshelwe ungquzulwano ukuba kuyenzeka. Amazwe amaninzi avumela abemi ukuba babhale amapolisa phambi kwabantu. Khangela imithetho yasekuhlaleni, kodwa ukushicilela kunokuba bubungqina obubalulekileyo.
  7. Yazi ukuba imithetho yesizwe inganika ukhuseleko olungaphezulu [ kunoMphetho-mda wesine wezwe. Amanye amazwe afuna imvume yokuhlola, ukuqulunqwa komyalezo weposi, okanye uphengululo lwesikolo. Ziqhelanise nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe sakho nemimiselo.

I ACLU’s Yazi Amalungelo Akho[[FLT: 1] iphepha leweb inikeza ulwazi olucacileyo lukarhulumente kunye namakhadi ashicilelweyo onokuwaphatha.

Isiphelo

Uphando kunye namalungelo okuxhuzula asingomthetho osemthethweni ongowona usisiseko owenzelwe ukukhusela urhulumente ophathwe kakubi. Ukusukela kumadabi okulwa ne-ronera ngokuchasene nemiyalelo yale mihla ye-data yeselfowuni kunye nokulandelela iGPS, uLawulo lwesine lokuLandlwa kweMpawulo luyaqhubeka luqhelanisa nezisongelo ezintsha kwimfihlo. Oothisha nabafundi ngokufanayo bayangenelwa ekuqondeni ezi khuseleko, njengombandela wemfundo yoluntu kunye nokhuseleko olusebenzisekayo lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ngokuhlala usazi kakuhle nangokuwasebenzisa ngentlonelo amalungelo akho, unegalelo ekuqhubekeni kulawulo lomgaqo-siseko.

[[UMTL: 0] Ukuqhubeka ufunda, khangela ushwankathelo lweSebe lokukhangela nokuxhuzula umthetho kunye nongeno lweSine seSimintho .