Table of Contents
Isiqalo Sombono Osisiseko
Ukuqalisa komGaqo-siseko waseUnited States kungaphezulu kakhulu kunento yokuqalisa kwesithethe. Enziwe ngo1787 yiMhlangano yezomGaqo-siseko, la magama angamashumi amahlanu anesibini asebenza njengekhampasi yokuziphatha nentanda-bulumko yovavanyo lwaseMerika. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ubeka ngaphandle koomatshini bakarhulumente, iPregesa ivakalisa injongo yaloo rhulumente, ichaza amaxabiso ahlukeneyo adibanisa uhlanga. Lingxelo lenjongo, isivumelwano sentlalo phakathi kolawulo norhulumente wawo, kunye noxwebhu oluphilayo oluqhubeka lubumba igama lobupolitika baseMerika.
Ukuqonda indlela iPregagery ebonisa ngayo imilinganiselo yaseMerika kufuneka bahlolisise umongo wayo wembali kunye nokubaluleka kwayo okuqhubekayo. Abasebenzi babeqonda ukuba babedala into engazange ibonwe ngaphambili: iriphabliki engekho kwi-parkithe yegazi okanye ilungelo lobuthixo, kodwa ngokuvumelana kwabantu abaqhelekileyo. Ulwimi abalukhethayo (ukuzingca, umnqweno, kunye nokutshayela) lwalucetyelwe ukuqokelela amazwe ahlukeneyo kuhlanga olumanyeneyo. Namhlanje, isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sijongene nombuzo wokuba uhlanga luphila ngokweenjongo ezichazwe kwiPreging.
Imvelaphi Nemeko Yembali
I-Preggy yabhaliswa ngexesha lengxoxo enkulu kunye nolalanisa. Emva kokusilela kweManqaku eKhontraka, eyavelisa urhulumente obuthathaka ophakathi ongakwaziyo ukusingatha iingxaki zezoqoqosho, iimfazwe eziphakathi kwelizwe, kunye nezisongelo zamanye amazwe, abathunywa abavela kumazwe alishumi elinesibini badibana ePhiladelphia. Ugcino-Malike lwamazwe luthi amanqaku afunwa ngamandla ngabantu ukuseka urhulumente onokuthi athethe intlonelo nokulondoloza inkululeko. UPregatoring wayephakathi kwamacandelo abhalwe yiKomiti yeTreyinti, ebekwe nguGouverne Morris, owaguqula udweliso olubi kwiplagi entle esiyaziyo namhlanje.
Ibinzana " Thina bantu" sasikukushiya okutshintshayo kumaxwebhu angaphambili. Yathatha indawo "Thina mazwe," ibonakalisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko wafumana igunya lawo ngqo kubemi ngabanye, hayi kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho. Oku kwabonisa ixabiso elingundoqo lolawulo oluqhelekileyo lwaseMerika.
Isiphelo Esithandathu Sikarhulumente: Uhlolisiso Olunzulu
Isiqalo sibala iinjongo ezintandathu umGaqo-siseko owawucelelwe ukufikelela kuzo. Injongo nganye iquka ixabiso elahlukileyo lamaMelika, kwaye kunye yenza iplani yebutho elinobulungisa nelizinzileyo. Makhe sihlolisise nganye ngobunzulu.
Ukubumba Umanyano Olugqibeleleyo
Injongo yokuqala echaziweyo kukwenza umanyano olugqibeleleyo oluyi " olugqibeke kakhulu " kunokuqala kwalo. Oku kusetyenziswa kwamaplastiki kubonisa iinjongo ezimbini ezingundoqo zaseMelika: unyuselo oluqhubekekayo nomanyano. Abalawuli abathi bakha inkqubo egqibeleleyo; bavuma imfuneko yokulungisa okuqhubekayo. Ibinzana liphinda ligxininise ukubaluleka kolawulo lwesizwe ("umlinganiselo) phakathi kwegunya lohlanga nombuso. Ngokubiza "umbutho ogqibeleleyo", uDalulo olupheleleyo lukhuthaza ingcamango yokuba uhlanga olwahluleleneyo lungenakuphumelela, kwaye maxa wambi iziququ ezilungileyo zifuna ukunikezela ngezilangazelelo zomdla.
Le njongo ihlala ifanelekile kwiingxoxo zamalungelo, amalungelo asekuhlaleni, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ixabiso lomanyano lwaseMelika alithethi ukufana; lithetha ukugcina inkqubo eyahluleleneyo yomgaqo-siseko ngexa kuthelekiswa nomahluko. Iziko lomGaqo-siseko wesizwe ligxininisa [ ukuba ibinzana elithi "umanyano olugqibeleleyo olugqibeleleyo" likhutshelwe ngabagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, oomongameli, kunye nemibutho yentlalo njengesicelo sokwandisa isithembiso somGaqo-siseko kubo bonke abantu baseMerika.
2. Zimisele Okusesikweni
I- Justice ingumqondiso ophambili wentanda-bulumko yaseMelika engokwasemthethweni neyokuziphatha. Isaziso sivakalisa ukuba enye yeenjongo eziphambili zikarhulumente kukuseka okusesikweni.
Amaxabiso alinganayo enkqubo efanelekileyo, ukhuseleko oluphantsi komthetho, nelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni konke okuvela kulo mmiselo. Kodwa ingxelo yembali ibonisa ukuba okusesikweni kusoloko kufezekiswa ngokungefezekanga .Kusukela kwisithathu se-ftith kulalanisa kuJim Crow ukuya kukwahlulwa kwemithetho yangoku kwinkqubo yobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho. Isibizo sokuqala solu xwebhu siso sobabini “ukumisela okusesikweni” ngoko ngumgaqo wokuseka kunye neprojekthi engagqitywanga.
Ukukhuthuza
Abaxhasi baphila kwiBhunga likaShays kunye nezinye imvukelo ezazisongela ucwangco lukawonke-wonke. Babeqonda ukuba ibutho labantu elizinzileyo lifuna urhulumente ukuba agcine uxolo kwimida yalo. I-Domestistic the cometicty [[ ayithethi nje ukungabikho kogonyamelo, kodwa nobukho bomanyano lwentlalo apho iingxabano zingaconjululwa ngeendlela ezisemthethweni neziseluxolweni. Oku kubonisa inkolelo yamaMerika yokuba urhulumente unembopheleleko yokukhusela abemi bakhe kwizisongelo zangaphakathi, ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, okanye izibheno zoburhulumente.
Namhlanje, ixabiso loxolo lwasekhaya lichaza yonke into ukusuka kulawulo lwamapolisa nolongxamiseko ukuya kumgaqo wokuqhayisa nokugcinwa kwezibonelelo zikawonke-wonke. Sisikhumbuzo sokuba ukufaneleka kukarhulumente kuxhomekeke kumandla akhe okulungiselela ukhuseleko nocwangco ngaphandle kokunyanzela inkululeko. Ukulungelelana phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko kukuxinezeleka okungapheliyo kobomi baseMerika, kwaye iDaquary inika isiseko saloo ngxoxo.
4. Ukulungiselela Ukhuselo Oluqhelekileyo
[[FLT: 0] I-Common yokhuselo ibonakalisa ukuzinikela kweMelika kukhuseleko lwesizwe nakukhuseleko olumanyeneyo. Isiqalo siyavuma ukuba uhlanga alunakusinda ukuba alukwazi ukuzikhusela ngokwalo kuhlaselo lwamanye amazwe. Eli xabiso lisekelwe ekumisweni komkhosi omileyo, umkhosi wamanzi, kwaye kamva umkhosi womoya, amaziko obulumko, kunye nezivumelwano ezifana ne-NATO. Ibinzana elithi "Ukulungelela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo" ngempoxo ukugxininisa ukuba ukhuseleko luxanduva olwahlukeneyo, hayi umthwalo welizwe elinye okanye ummandla.
Le njongo ikwaqinisa inkolelo yamaMelika kurhulumente onamandla wesizwe okwaziyo ukuqokelela ubuncwane bokhuseleko lwesizwe. Kwangaxeshanye, abaseki babeyijongile imikhosi emileyo; babequka ukuvavanya ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni lomkhosi kunye noqingqo-mali lweminyaka emibini yomkhosi. Ngaloo ndlela iPreggency ixhasa inkqubo yokuzikhusela eqinileyo ekwakunokuphenduliswa ebantwini.
5. Ukukhuthaza Ulonwabo
Ibinzana " lichaza intlalo-ntle jikelele" lelinye lawona magama axoxwa kakhulu kumthetho womgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Alithethi ukuba urhulumente kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba wonke ummi uqhuba kakuhle, kodwa kunoko kufuneka abangele iimeko ezifanelekileyo kwinkqubela phambili yentlalo-ntle. Eli xabiso liquka ubuninzi bemisebenzi karhulumente: ukwakhiwa kweendlela neebhulorho, ukulawula urhwebo, ukukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke, nokuxhasa ithuba lezoqoqosho.
Igalelo eliqhelekileyo lentlalo-ntle lichaziwe ukuthethelela yonke into esuka kwiNtlalo-ntle ukuya kuMthetho we-Affordble Care. Abahlalutyi bathi ingasetyenziswa ukwandisa amandla karhulumente ngaphaya kwemida yayo ecetyiweyo. Kodwa iPreggy icacisa ukuba injongo karhulumente ayithethi nto iphosakeleyo nje (ukulawula ukuziphatha okubi) kodwa ikwanentsingiselo elungileyo (ukukhuthaza ibutho labantu). Imbono yaseMerika yokuba sonke sinoxanduva olungcono xa sifaka izibonelelo ngokweziqubo-$]
6. Sikhusele Kwiintsikelelo Zenkululeko Yethu Nendlela Esiziphethe Ngayo
Injongo yokugqibela yamaqhina okungena kunye onke: kukuqinisekisa iintsikelelo zenkululeko" kwisizukulwana sangoku kunye nesangoku. Inkululeko lixabiso elipheleleyo laseMerika. Inkolelo yokuba abantu abanamalungelo emfuza karhulumente amele akhuseleke. IPregageg ichaza inkululeko njenge "engancediyo," icebisa ukuba zombini zisisipho nembopheleleko. Asinto enokuthathwa njengenye into evumelekileyo; kufuneka igcinwe kwaye idluliswe.
Ibinzana elithi "kuthi ngokwethu kunye nesizukulwana sethu" lichaza umgaqo wexesha: umGaqo-siseko awungowokusekwa nje kuphela kodwa wesizwe sonke esilandelayo. Oku kubonisa ixabiso le-Merika lokuphatha/ingcamango yokuba sikholose ngamalungelo ethu kunye neriphabliki yethu ngabantwana nabazukulwana bethu. Kwakhona lithetha umsebenzi wokuyilungisa nokuyikhusela ngokuqhubekayo imigaqo-siseko ekukhukulisweni.
Indlela Ikhorithi Yokuqala Yonyango Lwezithonga
Ulongamo Oluthandwayo
Njengoko kuphawuliwe, amagama okuvula " Thina bantu ```TRAFT''] senza umgaqo wolawulo oqhelekileyo osisiseko sorhulumente waseMerika. Oku kufanelekileyo kugatya ingcamango yokuba amandla asuka kukumkani okanye kumlawuli ophezulu. Endaweni yoko, abantu bangumthombo wegunya lezobupolitika. Nabani na urhulumente osemthethweni makafumane amandla akhe ngokuvumela kwabalawulwa, okubonakaliswa ngonyulo, ngamaziko abameli, kunye neenkqubo zomgaqo-siseko.
Isakhiwo sePregedge sigxininisa oku ngokubeka umxholo othi “Thina bantu” phambi kokuba“simisele kwaye simisele lo mGaqo-siseko.” Abantu bangabacuphi, urhulumente sisixhobo. Oku kukushiya umgaqo-siseko wangaphambili, owaqala ngokubhengeza igunya okanye iimbekiselo kuThixo. Kule Merika, isenzo sokumisela umgaqo-siseko sisenzo solawulo oluqhelekileyo.
Urhulumente Olinganiselweyo Nomthetho
Ngokudwelisa iinjongo ezicacileyo urhulumente azenzele zona, iPreggeing ithetha ukuba amandla karhulumente alinganiselwe kwezo njongo. Asiyo-check engenanto; ngugunya elibotshelelweyo. Oku kuhambelana nentsingiselo yeMelika karhulumente omfutshane .----(inkolelo yokuba urhulumente kufuneka abe nawo kuphela amandla anikwe wona ngabantu, kwaye loo magunya kufuneka asetyenziswe kwisiseko semithetho esebenza ngokufanayo kubalawuli kwaye alawule.
Umthetho ugxininiswa ngakumbi kukwahlula amagunya, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, kunye neBhili yamaLungelo. Isaziso sibeka intsingiselo: urhulumente ukho ukuze ancede abantu, hayi enye indlela. Nakuphi na ulwandiso okanye ukudityaniswa kwamandla karhulumente kungavavanywa nxamnye neenjongo ezichaziweyo zePregagery.
Umgangatho Namalungelo Angenakususwa
Ngoxa isiqalo singathethi ngokuphandle ukulingana okanye amalungelo, imbekiselo yenkululeko nokusesikweni, okubonisa ukulingana phantsi komthetho. Isibhengezo senkululeko, esibhalwe kwiminyaka eli-11 ngaphambi komGaqo-siseko, sasisele sivakalise ukuba bonke abantu badalwa ngokulinganayo kwaye banamalungelo angenakuphambukiswa. Isiqalo masifundwe kule meko. UmGaqo-siseko lilungiselelo lokukhusela loo malungelo ngorhulumente osemthethweni.
Imbono yokulingana yaseMelika iye yanda ngokuhamba kwexesha — ukusuka ekukhetheni amabhinqa, abantu abakhotyokisiweyo, nabanikazi abangengobasemthethweni ukuya kudibanisa ngokuthe ngcembe bonke abemi ngokulungisa umgaqo-siseko nangemithetho yamalungelo abantu. Ulwimi olubanzi loDawula luvumela olu lwandiso; lumisela iinjongo ezinokuchazwa ngokutsha sisizukulwana ngasinye ukuze sicingele ngakumbi umbono webutho labantu elinobulungisa.
Isidima Somntu Othile Nembopheleleko Yokusabelana
Kwakhona isaziso sibonisa ixabiso lesidima soluntu, ``Ingcaciso'''.' Ingcamango yokuba abemi banemisebenzi kunye namalungelo. Ngokuvakalisa ukuba abantu bamisela umGaqo-siseko kwaye bazimisele ukukhusela iintsikelelo kwisizukulwana esizayo, isiqalo sithetha ukuba ukuzilawula kufuna ukusebenza, ulwazi, kunye nokuthenjiswa kwabemi. Inkululeko asiso isipho esilula esifumana; ngumsebenzi omele usetyenziswe ngokuvota, umsebenzi wabachopheli-tyala, inkonzo yasemkhosini, intetho yesidlangalala, kunye nokubandakanyeka kwabemi.
Oku kubonakalisa isithethe samandulo serepublic esabaphembelela abasunguli. Babekholelwa ukuba iriphabliki ayinakusinda ukuba abemi bayo abanamdla kwintsebenziswano yoluntu. Ukusetyenziswa kweqela “Thina” kusikhumbuza ukuba umGaqo-siseko umanyano phakathi kwabemi, hayi umthetho onikwe phezulu.
Uthelekiso Olunye Uxwebhu Olufunyenweyo
Imixholo yepregageing iphuma kwaye inzulu nezo zifunyenwe kwisiseko semibhalo. Ukubhengezwa kwenkululeko (776) ngokudumileyo ingqina ukuba oorhulumente bafumana amandla abo okusesikweni ngokuvuma kolawulo olusesikweni kwaye bamiselwa ukukhusela amalungelo angenakususwa. Udweliso luguqulela le migaqo ecacileyo kwiinjongo zikarhulumente eziqinileyo: ukwenza umbutho, ukuseka okusesikweni, ukuqinisekisa uxolo, ukulungiselela ukhuseleko, ukukhuthaza ulawulo lwentlalo ntle, nokukhusela inkululeko. Ngexa isindululo simisela uvukelo nxamnye nobuzwi, isibhengezo sinika iplani yokwakha isikhuselo, urhulumente osemthethweni.
I IArticles zoNxulumaniso [1] yaba nesandisiso esahlukileyo: “Kubo bonke abakhoyo abaza kuza... thina bathunywa abacwangcisiweyo base-United... sivumelana namanqaku athile eConfederation kunye neMinion ehlala ikhona... oluguqulelo lutyikitywa ngabameli besizwe, hayi“ abantu.” Luswele amandla okucacisa umbono wesizwe. UmGaqo-siseko ukhankanya oku ngokuthetha ngokuthe ngqo kubo bonke abantu nangokuchaza iinjongo ze-Union kulwimi olubalasele phezulu, olubalalekayo.
Amaxwebhu alandelayo afana ne akhusela amalungelo (1791) kunye Idilesi yeGotysburg [ (1883]) ezoba kwimixholo yenginginya. IBhili yamaLungelo ikhusela inkululeko ekhethekileyo, izalisekisa isiqinisekiso sokukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko. Idilesi kaLincoln ibizazisa “ukuzalwa okutsha kwenkululeko” norhulumente“ wabantu, ngabantu, kubantu,” bephinda baphinda ngqo umbono wePregiontion wolawulo oluqhelekileyo kunye nomanyano.
Isiqalo Seengxoxo Zanamhlanje
Isiqalo asiyonto nje engokwembali; iyaqhubeka ikwazisa intetho yezopolitiko kunye neyomthetho yanamhlanje. Abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, abamisi-mthetho, kunye nabaxhasi bomthetho basoloko belucela ulwimi lwayo. Umzekelo, United States v. Curtiss-Wright Transport Corp. [1936], uMahluleli Sutherland wacaphula inkqumrhu lokuphikisa amagunya abanzi orhulumente kwimicimbi yamazwe angaphandle, echaza ukuba “umthetho” owenziwe ngurhulumente wesizwe ngolongamo lwemveli. Ngokuphikisanayo, abo bakhuthaza amalungelo karhulumente okanye abalinganiselweyo bajonga kuludwe lweziphelo lwenjongo ezithile zokuphikisa ukuba igunya lorhulumente alifanele landise mithetho ehlalo.
Kwiingxoxo eziphathelele ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo, ukufuduka, inkqubo yezoqoqosho, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe, ibinzana elithi “ukufundisa intlalo-ntle eqhelekileyo” lisoloko licelwa ngamacala omabini. Abaxhasi beenkqubo zoluntu ezandisiweyo babonisa ukuba lisekelwe kumGaqo-siseko wesenzo sikarhulumente; abachasi baphikisa ngokuthi kufuneka ifundwe kancinci, ngokunxulumene namagunya adwelisweyo eQumrhu I. IPregedge ayiyisombululi le mbambano, kodwa inika ulwimi olufanayo kunye nengo enye yokuchaza indima efanelekileyo karhulumente.
Imibutho yanamhlanje yasekuhlaleni — ukusuka kumalungelo oluntu ukuya kukwenza imozulu − idla ngokuzimisela usukelo lwayo ngokweenjongo zoMhlohli. Baphikisa ngelithi ukuba umanyano luza kufezeka ngakumbi,” kufuneka loyise ukungabikho kokusesikweni okucwangcisiweyo, lufumane ukulingana kokwenyaniso, kwaye lukhuseleke kubo bonke. I-Pregeggence isebenza njengesiseko sembali kunye nobizo oluphilayo lokusebenza.
Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Nesibonelelo
Ukuqonda isiqalo semfundo yezentlalo eUnited States. Abantwana bezikolo bafundiswa ukuyibamba ngentloko, kwaye kubonakala kuyinto ephambili kwimibhiyozo yendalo kubemi abatsha. Ixabiso layo likwi-sshrines (ukukongamela okuthandwayo, okusesikweni, uxolo, intlalo-ntle, kunye nenkululeko () isekelwe kwimpucuko yezobupolitika yaseMerika. Irekhodi yamaZibonelelo esizwe [[] yenye yamaxwebhu ajongwa kakhulu kwimbali yaseMelika.
Kwakhona iPregedge ikhuthaza ukubonakalisa ulawulo lobuzwe. Ayikubhiyozeli ukoyisa emfazweni okanye uzuko lomlawuli; igxininisa kwiinjongo ezimele zifezeke ngokuqhubekayo. Oku kuzisa ngokwahlukileyo kumazwe aseMerika asekelwe kwizizwe okanye kwimida. Ukuba ngumMerika kukuxhasa imigaqo yeSihloko, kwanokuba ubani ugxeka ukusilela kwelizwe ukuphila ngokuvisisana nazo.
Isiphelo
Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States singqinelana nemilinganiselo neenjongo zobuchule zaseMerika. Kwisivakalisi esinye nje, sivakalisa ulongamo lwabantu, sichaza iinjongo ezintandathu ezibalulekileyo zikarhulumente, kwaye sinikela uhlanga ekuphuthumeni inkululeko nokusesikweni okuqhubekayo. Ngasinye sezicatshulwa zalo sibonisa izibophelelo ezinzulu zentanda-bulumko eziye zabumba imbali yaseMerika: ulawulo oluqhelekileyo, urhulumente olinganiselweyo, isidima soluntu, kunye nenkolelo eqhubekayo.
Isiqalo asiyonto isetyenziswayo kodwa sisikhokelo esinamandla. Silucelomngeni kwisizukulwana ngasinye ukwenza umanyano olugqibeleleyo, ukuseka okusesikweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuba luncedo lwasekhaya, ukulungiselela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza intlalo-ntle jikelele, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko. Ezi zinjongo zelixa eliphezulu, kwaye uhlanga lusoloko lusilela. Kodwa isiqalo sisikhumbuza ukuba uvavanyo lwamaMelika alukufikeleli ukufezeka, kodwa ngokuzama ukukufikelela. Logama umGaqo-siseko usaqhubeka, amazwi oMgaqo-siseko aya kuhlala eqinile ekuqinisekisiweni ukuba singubani nako esikunqwenelayo.