Isakhiwo Somthetho we-Indiya

IPalamente yaseIndiya, eyamiselwa phantsi kweGatya 79 loMgaqo-siseko, sisiko le-bidaral eliquka iLok Sabhaha (Indlu Yabantu) kunye neRajeya Sabha (Indlu YaseUnited States). Esi sakhiwo sendlu yesibini sayilwa ngabom yiNgqungquthela yamaConstitututis ukumisela ulungelelanisa umelo oluqhelekileyo nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente. Ngoxa zombini izindlu zinenxaxheba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, amandla, kunye nemiqathango eyahlukileyo yendlela esenziwe ngayo imithetho, impikiswano, kunye nomthetho. Ukuqonda ukudlala phakathi kwezi ndawo zombini kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela ulawulo-lawulo-melo lwaseIndiya oluza kuguqulela ngayo izilangazelelo zomthetho-mthetho.

I-Badameralism eIndiya yayingengokhetho oluzenzekelayo. Abaxhasi bomGaqo-siseko bafunda iinkqubo ezinika ingcinga yesibini kwiUnited Kingdom, i-United States, ne-Australia phambi kokuba bahlale kwimodeli ezakuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo loninzi kunye nomelo lwengingqi luya kusebenza. I-Lok Sabha imela ukuthanda kwabantu okukhawulezileyo, ngelixesha iRajiya Sabhaha esebenza njengegumbi elilungisayo elinika ingcinga enzulu yesibini. Eli lungiselelo lithintela umthetho ongxamisekileyo lize liqinisekise ukuba linelizwi kwimicimbi yesizwe. Ulwalamano phakathi kwezindlu ezimbini lulawulwa ngu-109 ukuya kwi-1222, nto leyo echaza umgaqo-mthetho, isikhundla semali, nenkqubo yokulungisa iindleko zemali, kunye nenkqubo yokuphelisa iintambo ezifileyo.

Ukwakhiwa Kwamacandelo: Isiseko Sendlu Nganye

ILok Sabha: Ulawulo - melo Oluthe Tye

ILok Sabha, enamandla amakhulu angama-552 (530 ukusuka kumaphondo, ama-20 ukusuka kumacandelo, kunye nama-2 athatyathwe kwi-Anglo-Indiya), yigumbi lokumela eliqhelekileyo. Amalungu anyulwa nge-suffge ehlabathi lonke kwimiqathango yelungu elinye elisebenzisa inkqubo yokuqala yesiphelo somthetheli. Unyuso luqhutywa yiKhomishini ye-Ecostation yase-Indiya kwiminyaka emihlanu nganye ngaphandle kokuba indlu itsha. ULok Sabha's ufumana igama elikwiminyaka emihlanu emiselweyo, kodwa uMongameli uyakwazi ukuyityhala kwicebiso lomphathi-mikhosi, elikhokelela kunyulo olutsha.

ILok Sabha inegunya kwimimandla emininzi enzima. IBhunga labaPhathiswa, elikhokelwa ngumPhathiswa oPhakamileyo, libonke lijongene neLok Sabba. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente kufuneka axhamle intembelo yeLok Sabba ukuze ahlale ekwisikhundla. Ivoti yokungathembani, ukuba idluliswe ngabantu abaqhelekileyo, ingenza urhulumente athotywe. Oku kwenza iLok Sabba ibala ibala elisembindini ukuze iphendulele ngokwezobupolitika kunye nolawulo oluphezulu. USithethi seLok Sabha, onyulwe phakathi kwamalungu ayo, unegunya elibalulekileyo ekuchazeni imithetho yepalamente kwaye ugcine ulungelelaniso.

IRaje Sabra: ICandelo Lomanyano

IRaje Sabba, enamandla amakhulu angama-250 amalungu anyulwe ziindibano zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kunye neshumi elinesibini etyunjwe nguMongameli ngenxa yobuchule bawo kuncwadi, inzululwazi, ubugcisa, okanye inkonzo yentlalo), imela ulawulo lwezwe le-Indiya Union. Amalungu akhonza ngokuxhuzulayo amabinzana eminyaka emithandathu, kunye ne-3-mhlala phantsi nyaka ngamnye. Oku kuqhubeka kuthetha ukuba uRajya Sabha uyindlu esisigxina engenakuchitha. Umongameli waseIndiya ukhonza njenge-oudio - Usihlalo we-Rajiya Sabha, ngoxa uSeptahman enyulwa phakathi kwamalungu ayo.

Unyulo olungangqalanga lwamalungu eRajeya Sabba kwiindibano zikarhulumente luqinisekisa ukuba lilizwi elikumthetho wesizwe olungelelaniswa nabemi bawo. Amalungu atyunjwe ngumthetho azisa ulwazi olukhethekileyo kwiingxoxo zepalamente. Imeko kaRajiya Sabba inika inkumbulo kunye nozinzo olusisigxina, ukuthintela ukuguquka okupheleleyo kobuchule bomthetho owenziwa eLok Sabba emva konyulo ngalunye. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba iRapya Sabhaha ayithabathi nxaxheba kwimiba yempatho yokuthembeka, inezinto ezithe kralibayo kunye nophawu oluncinane lobugractaciji kwimicimbi ethile.

Imigaqo: ISicwangciso Sokwenza Imithetho

Ukwazisa Nokufunda Okokuqala

Imali ingaveliswa kwindlu yePalamente, ngaphandle kwemali ehlawulwayo kunye namatyala athile emali, amele avele kwiLok Sabha. Iqonga lentshayelelo, elibizwa ngokuba kukufundwa kokuqala, libandakanya ilungu eliphetheyo lemali efuna imvume yokuyichaza. Isihloko semali siyafundwa, kwaye kumiselwe umhla wokupapashwa kwayo kwiGazette yaseIndiya. Kule nqanaba, akukho ngxoxo ngenzuzo yemali. Isiqalo ngokwaso sinokuchasana kwimiqathango yokuba ityala liphumele ngaphandle komqathango wendlu.

Ukufunda Okwesibini: Umlinganiselo Wobunkunkqele

Ufundo lwesibini lolona qondo lisezantsi lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Lo mthetho uvavanywa ngolwahlulo, kwaye amalungu angacebisa ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho. Eli qonga libandakanya amanyathelo amathathu: okokuqala, ingxubusho eqhelekileyo ngemigaqo yetyala; eyesibini, ityala libhekiswa kwikomiti ekhethiweyo, ikomiti edityanisiweyo yezo zombini izindlu, okanye isasazelwe uluvo lukawonke-wonke; kwaye eyesithathu, ityala lithathwa njengebinzana elithathwa ngokwesivakalisi-risho. Isigaba sibaluleke kakhulu, njengoko sivumela ukuvavanywa ngokweenkcukacha ngamalungu anolwazi olukhethekileyo. Iingxelo zeKomiti ngokufuthi zikhokelele ekuphuculweni okubalulekileyo komsebenzi womthetho.

Ukufunda Okwesithathu Nokudlulisela

Emva kokufunda kwesibini, ityala liqhubekeka ukuya kufundo lwesithathu, apho kuvunyelwa khona kuphela ukubuyiselwa okusemthethweni okanye okuthethwa ngamazwi. Ingxoxo ibophelelekile ekubeni ityala lidluliselwe okanye likhatyiwe. Ukuba uninzi lwamalungu akhoyo kwaye avote axhasa ityala, lithathwa njengelidlulisiweyo yiloo ndlu. Imali idluliselwa kwenye indlu ukuze iqwalaselwe kwakhona. Imali edluliselwe kuzo zombini izindlu inikezelwa kuMongameli ngenxa yokuvunyelwa phantsi kwemigaqo 111. UMongameli anganika imvume, angamvota, okanye abuyisele ityala lokuphinda aphinde aphinde acinge (ngaphandle kwemali). Ukuba zombini izindlu ziphinde ziphinde zidlule izibhengezo-mali, umongameli kufuneka azithumele njengemvume.

UMthetho wezemali: I-Lok Sabha''s Dominence

Umthetho wezemali utyhila ulwalamano lwamandla phakathi kwezi zindlu zimbini. Inqaku le-110 lichaza imali njengemali ephathelele ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu, ukuboleka kukarhulumente, iNgxowa-mali eHlanganisiweyo yaseIndiya, okanye ukudityaniswa kwemali kwiNgxowa-mali eQondisiweyo. USithethi weLok Sabba unegunya lokugqibela lokuqinisekisa ukuba imali yimali. Imali ingaziswa kuphela kwiLok Sabba. Emva kokuba iLok Sabha idlulise, imali ithunyelwe kwiRajaya Sabha, emele ibuyiselwe ngeentsuku ezili-14 ezithiye ziqengqekelelwe okanye zinganconyelelwanga. ISikha isenokulwa okanye yalamkelwe okanye isiphi na esona sobugqhinga. Ukuba i-Sabra i-Sabra ithe yabuya kwingxelo yemali, kuxelwe kwizindlu zozibi zozibi ezithiweyo.

Le ndima ilinganiselweyo yeRajiya Sabba kwimicimbi yemali ibonisa umgaqo-siseko wokuba irhafu nenkcitho ifanele ilawulwe yigumbi elinyuliweyo ngqo. Uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le, oluquka iBhili yeMali kunye neBhili yoMgunyaziso, lulandela le nkqubo. IRajiya Sabha ayinakuyilungisa ityala lemali, nangona ingakwazi ukuxubusha kwaye yenza ingcebiso ezingagunyaziswanga. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba izicelo zemali zikarhulumente azinakuthintelwa okanye zitshintshwe ngokusisiseko yigumbi elinganyulwanga.

Kwizibonelelo zemali ezingezotyala lemali, njengazo ziphathelele inkcitho kwiNgxowa-mali eManyano engagqunywanga yiGatya 110, iRajiya Sabha inamagunya alinganayo. La matyala alandela inkqubo eqhelekileyo yemithetho-mthetho, kwaye iRajiya Sabra iyakwazi ukulandula okanye ukuwalungisa. Noko ke, ukuqhelisela, umthetho wemali omninzi usungulwe njengemali ehlawulwayo ukuqinisekisa ukudlula ngokugudileyo kwiLokSaha.

IziHlanziso zoMgaqo-siseko: Indima ekhethekileyo kwiRajiya Sabba

Ukubuyiselwa komGaqo-siseko phantsi kweGatya 368 kudinga ubuNtloko obukhethekileyo kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ukwenziwa kwemiqathango yowiso-mthetho. Apha, iRajiya Sabha inamagunya alinganayo neLok Sabha. Isivumelwano sokulungisa somgaqo-siseko singaziswa kwindlu nganye kwaye kufuneka sidluliswe ngobuninzi bamalungu apheleleyo endlu nganye kwaye ngoninzi lwamalungu amalunga amabini akhoyo kunye novota. Ukuba uRajiya Saha walwa umthetho wemithetho esemthethweni, akunakuba ngumthetho, nokokuba iLok Sab Swah iwudlulisa kwakhona. Oku kunika uRapya Sabba umva onamandla okwindawo ephezulu kutshintsho umgaqo-siseko.

Le ndima ilinganayo ibonisa injongo yomseki yokuba ukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko kufuneka kufune uvumelano oluphangaleleyo ngaphaya komthetho omninzi. IRajeya Sabha, nophawu lwayo lorhulumente kunye namalungu axengaxengayo, inika uzinzo kwaye ithintele iintloko-zobupolitika ezidlulayo ekuguquleni isiseko somgaqo-siseko. Ukulungisa okufuna ukwenziwa kwemiqathango yesizwe (njengokuba kuchaphazela unikezelo lwamandla phakathi komanyano kunye namazwe), noko isiqingatha sezindlu zowiso-mthetho kufuneka zivumelane ngesigqibo. Le nkqubo idipotimenti ezininzi iqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko luyinjongo yenjongo yenjongo yomthetho-mthetho-siseko lusebenza ngokomgalelo kwaye lubonisa umanyano.

Ukungavisisani: Umatshini weSiqendu odityanisiweyo

Xa ezi zindlu zimbini zingavumelaniyo nomthetho oqhelekileyo, Inqaku le-108 lilungiselela ukuba kuhlale izihlanganisi zombini izindlu ukuze kulungiswe ibhedi. UMongameli angabiza intlanganiso edityanisiweyo ukuba ityala lidluliswe yinye indlu, okanye ukuba izindlu azivumelani, okanye ukuba ngaphezu kweenyanga ezintandathu kudlule indlu efumanayo ingadluliswanga mvume. Intlanganiso edityanisiweyo ilawulwa nguMthethi weLok Sabha, kwaye izigqibo zithathwa liqela elipheleleyo lamalungu ezindlu zombini ezikhoyo nezivotiweyo.

Inikwe umgangatho ophezulu weLok Sabha (543 amalungu adityaniswe nama-2 e-Anglo - Indiya, ngokuchasene no-245 yamalungu e-Rajiya Sabha), i-Lok Sabhaha ixhaswe kwintlanganiso ezidibeneyo. Le nkqubo isetyenziswe izihlandlo ezithathu kuphela kwimbali yepalamente yaseIndiya: ukwenzela iDowry Probition Act (1961), iBhanki Commission Repeal Bill (1988), kunye nokuthintelwa kobuGriba (2002), kunye nokuthintelwa koMthetho wobugrogrisi (2002). Umthetho wemihlathi odibanisiweyo ubonisa ukuba ukungavumelani imigaqo emininzi isonjululwe ngokuhambelana kwale nqanaba. Isisongelo sentlanganiso esidityanisiweyo sikhuthaza i-Rajiyaha ukuba ifikelele uklukelo olwamkele kunokuba inyane.

IiBhili zamalungu afihlakeleyo: Ithuba lokubelana

Zombini izindlu zinika amalungu azimeleyo (amalungu angengobefundisi) amathuba okuzisa umthetho. Iyure yokugqibela yosuku ngalunye lokuhlala igcinelwe ishishini lamalungu azimeleyo. Ngoxa iindleko ezininzi zangasese zingabi ngumthetho, zisebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo ngokutsala ingqalelo kwimibandela urhulumente asenokuba akahoyi. Ukunikela inxaxheba ngqo kumthetho, kuphela iindleko zamalungu azimeleyo ezili-14 emiselwe umthetho, eyona isandul'ukuba yiNkundla Ephakamileyo (inkulu yeCProvistate Juriction) Act (inkulu yeNkundla ye-Criminaltaistia). Ngaphandle koku kusetyenziswa kwesi silinganiselo sempumelelo, inkqubo ivumela amalungu ngamanye ukuba abe nenxaxheba ekwenza umthetho kunye nokuphakamisa imicimbi kawonke.

IRaje Sabba ibone ngokungokobunzululwazi ukuba nenxaxheba okungakumbi kumthetho wamalungu azimeleyo kuba amalungu ayo, angajongani noxinzelelo olukhawulezileyo lonyulo, angajolisa kwimiba yenkqubo yexesha elide. Ukusithelekisa kukaRajiya Sabba kukwathetha ukuba bangasukela amanyathelo emithetho equlunqa iintlanganiso ezininzi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka konyulo. Iindleko eziphambili zamalungu azimeleyo ezifumene ingqalelo engakumbi ziquka ezo kukhuselwa kwenkululeko yasekuhlaleni, umgaqo wemekobume, kunye nemithetho esesikweni.

Indima yeeKomiti zePalamente

Zombini izindlu zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiikomiti zepalamente ukuhlolisisa umthetho, ukuhlolisisa uqingqo-mali, kunye nokuphatha umsebenzi wolawulo. Iikomiti ezikhoyo, ezikhetha iikomiti, neekomiti ezimanyeneyo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. ISebe leSebe eliLayishelweyo lePalamente elizimeleyo (i-DRSCs), elimiselwe ngowe-1993, ligubungela zonke iinkonzo zecawa zenkonzo lize lihlole amatyala azo. Le komiti iqulathe amalungu azo zombini izindlu, ngokungqinelana kwamalungu akwizindlu zowiso

Iikomiti zinika iprojekthi yokuhlola okunenkcukacha okunzima kumgangatho wendlu. Zingabiza amangqina, amaxwebhu okucela, kunye nokuva ubungqina obungochwepheshe. Inkqubo yeekomiti iphucule ngokuphawulekayo ubunjani bomthetho wamaIndiya ngokuvumela ukungabikho kwe-partistan, uvavanyo lobuchule. Isivumelwano esibhekiswe kwikomiti siphengululwa ngokucokisekileyo kunesinye esiqhutyelwana kuphela kumgangatho. Iikomiti zingacebisa ukuba kulungiswe izinto eziqinileyo, kwaye zinconyelwe ukuba zibe nobunzima, nangona zingabopheleleli kurhulumente. Inkqubo yeekomiti ikwanceda ekulawuleni umsebenzi we-crogistration, njengoko iimvota ezininzi zinokuhloliswa ngexesha elinye.

Umthetho Oqhelekileyo Nxamnye NeeBhili Zemali: Umahluko Obalulekileyo

Ukwahlulwa kwamatyala njengetyala lemali bekungumthombo wempikiswano yomgaqo-siseko. Ukuncitshiswa korhulumente kwindlela yemali yokuhambisa umthetho obalulekileyo kuye kwacelwwa kwiinkundla. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, uMthetho weAadhaar (2016) kunye nemisebenzi ethile yemali etshintshiweyo yadluliselwa njengemali ehlawulwayo, isithintela indima yeRajya Sabba's. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ihlole enoba isiqinisekiso semali semali njengemali elula, kwaye iNkuNkundla ibonise ukuba loo mithetho i-credice izakuhlaziywa ukuze ifeze i-mfakelo.

Le nkupho ibalaselisa uxinezeleko phakathi komnqweno karhulumente wokwenza umthetho ofanelekileyo kunye ne-Rajeya Sabha indima yomgaqo-siseko njengegumbi lokulungisa. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukusebenzisa indlela yokudlulisela imali ukudlula kwimithetho ye-bigationalsmss kululaza ubungangamsha bomthetho-mthetho kwaye kunciphisa ubunjani bokuhlolwa kwemithetho-siseko somthetho. Ingxoxo ngemiqathango yemali iyaqhubeka iguquka, kunye neziphumo zokulungelelanisa amandla phakathi kwezindlu ezimbini.

I-Ordinance: I-Byling Eqhelekileyo yoMthetho

Inqaku le-123 linika uMongameli amandla okuququzelela imithetho yequmrhu xa iPalamente ingekho kwintlanganiso ukuba iimeko zifuna isenzo esikhawulezileyo. Umthetho unonyanzelo olufanayo noMthetho wePalamente kodwa kufuneka uvunywe zizo zombini izindlu kwisithuba seeveki ezintandathu sokuphinda kumiselwe iPalamente. Ukuba naziphi na izindlu ziyawugatya lo mthetho, awusebenzi. Eli lungiselelo livumela umphathi ukuba athathe inyathelo lokwenza izinto ngexesha likaxakeka, kodwa linokusetyenziswa kakubi ukudlula kuphalamente.

Indima kaRaje Sabra ekuhloleni imimiselo ibaluleke kakhulu kuba inika uvavanyo kwisenzo esiphezulu esithatyathwa ngexesha lekhefu lepalamente. IRajiya Sabha ingasichasa isiko, inyanzelisa urhulumente ukuba alilahle okanye alizise njengemithetho eqhelekileyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, indlela yemithetho iye yasetyenziswa rhoqo, iphakamisa inkxalabo ngokukhukuliseka kolawulo lwemithetho. IRajiya Sabba ithetha ukuba ingaphinda imisele naxa iLok Sabha ithe yapheliswa, inika ulawulo oluqhubekayo.

Izinto Ezisebenzisekayo: Intsebenziswano Nengxabano

Ulwalamano olusebenzayo phakathi kweLok Sabha ne Rajiya Sabha lubunjwe ziimeko zobupolitika. Xa iqela elinye okanye umbutho ulawula zombini izindlu, ishishini lemithetho lihamba kakuhle. Noko ke, xa amaqela ahlukeneyo elawula izindlu ezimbini, iRajiya Sabhaha idla ngokuba yindawo echasene nomthetho karhulumente. Oku kunokuthi kukhokelele ekuwiseni umthetho, ekulibaziseni, nakwiityholo zokuthintela. Ubuchule bukarhulumente bokucwangcisa iintlanganiso ezidityanisiweyo kunye namandla obuchule bokucwangcisa i-procedrom yeJajiya Sabra ingumntu obalulekileyo kwiimeko ezinjalo.

Indima yeRajiya Sabba njengegumbi lokulungisa isebenza kakhulu xa inika ulungiso olwakhayo kunokuba ivuselele inkcaso. Ekuhambeni kweminyaka, iRajiya Sabhaha iye yenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kumthetho wokukhusela indalo, amalungelo abantu, kunye nemiba karhulumente. Inkqubo yayo yekomiti ivelise iingxelo ezivelise inkqubo emileyo ngaphaya kwetyala ngalinye. Unyulo oludidayo lweRapya Sabhaha luthetha ukuba ukwenziwa kwendlu kutshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe, kunika uzinzo kunye nokuthintela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kumandla owiso-Rhulumente.

Isiphelo: Ixabiso Elihlala Lihleli Lokungalawulwa Kwabantu

Unxulumano phakathi kweLok Sabba neRajiya Sabha luyilo oluyilwe kakuhle lokwakhiwa komGaqo-siseko waseIndiya. ILok Sabha inika igunya ledemokhrasi ngonyulo oluthe ngqo kwaye ilawula umphathi onegunya ngevoti yokuthembeka. IRajiya Sabra inika umelo lwesizwe, inkqubela-phambili, kunye neqonga lokuvavanya imigaqo-mthetho. Zizonke ziqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yenziwe ngenkxaso ethandwayo nengqwalasela enzulu.

Ukusebenza kwale nkqubo kuxhomekeke kuzo zombini izindlu eziqinisekisa indima zazo zomGaqo-siseko ngeli xesha zibhekiselele kwimida emiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko. Isikhundla esiphambili se-Lok Sabba kwimicimbi yemali kunye neevoti zokuthembeka silungelelaniswe yiRajiya Sabba indima efanayo kwimimiselo yomgaqo-siseko kunye nemisebenzi yayo yokulungisa. Umatshini weseshini unika i-valve yokhuseleko ekucombululeni iingcinga-mthetho ngaphandle kokuphazamisa inkqubo yomthetho-mthetho. Njengoko idemokhrasi ye-demokhrasi ikhula, ulwalamano phakathi kwamagumbi ayo amabini epalamente luza kuqhubeka luguquka, luminywe ngemigciphelo yezopolitiko, ukutolika, nokusetyenziswa kwentlalo yentlalo.

  • I-Direct vs. Unyulo olungangqalanga: I-Lok Sabha inyulwe ngqo ngabantu, lo gama i Rajiya Sabba inyulwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, inika iintlobo ezahlukileyo zobugunya bedemokhrasi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla ngokwezimali: amatyala emali avela kuphela kwi Lok Sabha, kwaye iRajiya Sabba inexesha elilinganiselweyo (ientsuku eziyi14) ukwenza ingcebiso ezingabopheleliyo.
  • IziHlalisi-zibonelelo: zombini ezi zindlu zinamandla alinganayo, zifuna izakhiwo ezingundoqo ezikhethekileyo kwindlu nganye, zinika iRajiya Sabba iveto kutshintsho lomgaqo-siseko.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isigqibo somvo odityanisiweyo: Intlanganiso ezidityanisiweyo phantsi kwenqaku 108 zisombulula ukungavisisani kumthetho oqhelekileyo, neLok Sabba exhaphakileyo ngenxa yobungangamsha bamanani.
  • I- i-Permanence: I-Rajiya Sabha iyindlu esisigxina enonyulo olushukumayo, iqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka, ngelixesha iLok Sabha ixhomekeke ekushwatyweni rhoqo kwiminyaka emihlanu.
  • Ingxelo ephumezekayo: Kuphela iLok Sabha ayinakudlula iintshukumo ezizinzileyo kwaye igcina urhulumente ephendulwe ngokusinda kwayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkqubo yeCommittee: iikomiti zepalamente ezidityanisiweyo ezinamalungu avela kuzo zombini izindlu zinika uphando oluneenkcukacha lomthetho kunye nenkqubo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Impinda: Zombini izindlu kufuneka zivumele amasiko kwisithuba seeveki ezintandathu zokwaliwa; imo yeRajiya Sabha esisigxina ivumela ukuba ihlole imithetho ngexesha le Lok Sabhaha udityaniso.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya komgaqo-siseko we-bidaralism eIndiya, jonga i-website yePalamente , i- Constitution of India[, kwaye uhlaziyo lwe- PRS [RGIS] Ligislative Research[[ kwiinkqubo zepalamente.