Imbali Yokubandakanyeka Korhwebo EJapan

Imigaqo-nkqubo yale mihla yorhwebo yaphunyezwe kulwakhiwo lwehlabathi emva kwemfazwe II. Phantsi komsebenzi weMelika kunye nolawulo lwamva, iTokyo yalandela ulwando oluthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ijoyina i-General Account on Tariffs and Trade (GATTT) ngo-19555. Oku kwakuba sisesona sinyuko sokudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho eJapan, ivumela icandelo layo lokuvelisa izixhobo zokusebenza kunye nezombane (zeziqinisi ) zanwe ngokukhawuleza. Ngeminyaka yee1960 kunye nee1970, iJapan yagcina i-General Active Activessssssss (interology) irvectory Organization (WTO) ngo1995) ivule ukuzinikela kwayo kwimithetho yezorhwebo eninzi, nangona iimpikiswano ezingapheliyo zokuthengisa kunye nee-ontarativenti zahlala.

Ngowama 2000, iJapan yajamelana neengcinezelo ezintsha: ukunyuka kweTshayina, ukungqubana ekhaya, nokungaphumeleli koMjikelezo weDoha. Oku kwaqhubela iTokyo kushishino lweziko lebhilatha kunye noloshishino lwengingqi. Umhlaba wezobupolitika, olawulwa yiLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) enoorhulumente abaxhotyiswe ngamaxesha athile, baqalisa ukutshona ngamandla kwisantya kunye nomlinganiselo worhwebo. Ukuqonda ezi zimo zeqela ziyimfuneko ekuqondeni ukuqhubana norhwebo oludibanisa iJapan.

Imicimbi Engundoqo Yezobupolitika Nemithetho Yayo Yorhwebo

Iqela leDemocratic Committee (LDP)

I-LDP, i-LDP, i-Japane elawulayo yoninzi lwexesha lasemva kwemfazwe, isoloko ixhasa urhwebo olukhululekileyo njengomqhubi wokwanda kwezoqoqosho. Iphiko layo leprojekthi, elixhaswe Keidan [i-[IISivumelwano se-Japani] [i-Busing Syricani], ijonga izivumelwano zezentengiso zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe njengebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni iimarikentengiso nokutsala utyalo lwamazwe angaphandle. I-LDPPP yayingumandla aqhuba iJapan ekungeneni [[FLTP] [[FLTP]] [2] i-ANTPP] ecwangciswe ngokwemithetho ephezulu yentengiso, kunye ne-Pinter, i-ethenti yorhwebo, i-Japan, i-FLP-eventsting.[FFF] emva kwe-Fodreachdmist travement

Noko ke, iLDP ayingolohlobo lobunyani. Amalungu ayo asemaphandleni, axhomekeke kwi-constutienciation yezolimo, ngokufuthi aye axhathisa ukuncitshiswa kwemveliso echukumisiweyo njengelayisi, ingqolowa, kunye nobisi. Iqela lilawula olu xinezeleko lwangaphakathi ngemilinganiselo ye-complatation , imiqathango yecandelo, kunye nesigaba eside sesigaba. I-LDP ikwayenziwa ngokudityaniswa kwe-i-intengiso i-Japan-U Ezoqoqosho Isivumelwano se-[, esisusa i-macariverytiestingss ezizinga ezizingange zi- 97% zezorhwebo, umbizawo worhwebo, ulawulo olusebenza kwiqela elithelekisa iqela lokusebenza elithenjiweyo njengemo ye-engile ye-engile ye-EXPPP, njengoko kuxhaswa isivumelwano esiyimfuneko kwisivumelwano sokusebenza kwe-CPPP.

IQela leDemocratic yeJapan (CDP)

ICDP, iqela elikhulu lenkcaso eJapan, lithatha indlela yobulumko. Igxininisa [[FLT: 0] ukurhweba nge-asel'endle kunokuba ihlawule urhwebo. ICDP iphikisa ukuba izivumelwano zorhwebo ziquka ukhuseleko oluqinileyo kubasebenzi, abathengi, nendawo engqongileyo. Kwiingxoxo zepalamente, amalungu eCDP agxeka i-LDP ngokungxama ukuqhuba okuyingenelo kwimibutho emikhulu ngelixa kushiya abalimi abancinane nabenzi bengi basekuhlaleni bechanaba ngaphandle kwentengiso ephantsi. Iqela likhuthaza ukusetyenziswa “kwezikomfashoni ezingabantu”, ngokufuthi libiza imilinganiselo ebophekileyo yomsebenzi kunye nokulunga kokulawula inzala kawonke wonke.

Ngexesha lengxoxo ye-RCEP, iCDP yaphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokungabikho kwamalungiselelo okuzimela ngokwamanani kunye nokunyuka koxhomekeko kumatyathanga anikezelwa ngamaTshayina. Iqela laqhubela phambili uvavanyo olunamandla lwendlela yokuzikhusela izibonelelo ezithe ngqo ukukhusela izibonelelo eziphambili. Nangona i-CDP ingakuchasi ngokusisiseko ukuthelekisa, inyanzelisa inkqubo ethe xhaphake ngakumbi yokuhlola. Ukuma kwayo kukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa komsebenzi, abaxhasi bemekobume bemekobume, kunye noqoqosho olubangela ukoyika ukupheza kwentengiselwano.

Komeito

Njengeqabane elincinane le-LDP elingumbutho omncinci ukususela ngo-19, iKomeito (Iqela loRhulumente Elicocekileyo) isoloko isebenza njengegunya elingunobangela. Isiseko sikaKomeito siquka iSoka Gakakakai, umbutho osisiseko wamaBhuda, ogxininisa uxolo, intlalo-ntle, kunye nemvisiswano. Urhwebo, iKomeito usoloko exhasa izivumelwano eziquka imilinganiselo eqinileyo nemithetho elawula indalo. Iye yasetyenziswa ekutyhaleleni iimpahla zoncedo kubalimi ezichatshayelwe ngenteko yorhwebo kunye nemibutho ekhusela imicimbi yenkcubeko. IKomeito iqinisekisa ukuba impembelelo yentlalo ayifuni ukukhuselwa ngogonyamelo kwiindleko zozinziko zozinzo zasekhaya.

IQela lamaKomanisi laseJapan (JCP) noReiwa Shinsengumi

I-JCP yeyona igxekwa ithethayo ye-pacts zorhwebo ezidibeneyo. Iyalwamkela izivumelwano ezifana neCPTP ne-RCEP, iphikisa ngelithi zimisa ingeniso ekhoyo yezizwe ngezizwe kulawulo lwesizwe[. I-JCP ifuna inkqubo yorhwebo ekhusela ukhuseleko lokutya, ivala utshintsho lwejikelezojiko-jiko-jiko, kunye nemkhethe yoluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Reiwa Shinsengumi, iqela elisekhohlo lepopu, livakalisa imixholo efanayo kodwa ngokugxininisa amalungelo abathengi kunye nokulondolozwa kwemekobume. Ngeliqela alilo linempembelelo enkulu, intetho yabo kawonke-wonke, ingakumbi phakathi kwabatsha abavotiyo abafuna ukuchana.

Nipton Ishin no Kai (Iqela leJapan Lokulungisa Ingxaki)

Isekelwe kakhulu eOsaka nasentshona yeJapan, iQela leNkulumbuso laseJapan lithatha ucwangciso oluthe ngqo, lokulungisa. Ixhasa ukurhweba njengenxalenye yokukhutshwa komthetho-mthetho notshintsho lolawulo. Ishin iphikisa ngelithi ishishini lasekhaya laseJapan kufuneka libe nokhuphiswano emhlabeni wonke kwaye elo khuselo lilibazise ukuphinda lilungiswe. Iqela lisoloko libuyisa ucwangciso lorhwebo lwe-LDP kodwa liqhubela phambili kwiinguqu ezinzima zezenziwa ekhaya, njengemiqathango yerhafu yerhafu kunye nolungelelwano lweshishini lokuthengisa, ukunyusa inzuzo yemarike.

Izivumelwano ezingundoqo zorhwebo nezikhundla zeQela

Isivumelwano esingqinelanayo nesoqhubekekayo sobudlelane obugqithisiweyo (CPTPP)

I-CPTP, yatyikitywa ngo-2018, yaqalisa ukusebenza eJapan ngoDisemba 2018. Yakhupha i-staffs kwimfuno ezingaphezu kwama-90% kumazwe akwi-11 ePasifiki Rim. I-LDP yayincoma njengoloyiso lorhwebo olusekelwe kulawulo, ngelixesha iCDP ivakalisa inkxalabo malunga noxinzelelo olunokwenzeka kwintsebenziswano yezolimo yaseJapan kunye nokunqongophala komsebenzi onyanzelelwayo kumazwe athile. I-JCP ivota ngokuchasene nokusetyenziswa kwe-ratiation, isithi ingavula iJapan ukuba ingeniso ephantsi, engalinganiyo. iKomeito yanceda ukunxibelelana uqingqo-mali ukuze ixhase umbane woncedo lokuxhasa ubisi kunye nolwano, ungqumano oluqhelekileyo oluqhelekileyo.

Isivumelwano seSebe sezezoqoqosho saseJapan-EU (EPA)

I-EU EPA, esebenzayo ngoFebruwari 2019, yadala eyona ndawo inkulu yorhwebo lwehlabathi olukhululekileyo ngelo xesha. I-LDP yagxininisa indima yesivumelwano ekumiseleni imigangatho ephezulu ye-ecommerce, impahla yenkcubeko, kunye nemiqondiso yelizwe enika iziphumo ezithe ngqo njenge-Japanese whisky. ICDP yaphakamisa inkxalabo ngokuthelekisa umbutho wengiselwano wemali (ISDS), isithi i-EU ivumela iinkampani ze-EU zinyuse eJapan ukuze zifumane imigaqo yempilo kawonke. I-JCPP inyuse inkciswe inkcaso imilinganiselo yokukhusela ukutya. Noko ke, isivumelwano sadlula ne-LDPmotime. Uninzi lwazivosalwayo kunokuba lubonise ukhuthulo, lubonisa ukungavumelani kwemiqatha.

ISebe lezeNkcubeko lezeMali (RCEP)

I-RCEP, eyatyikitywa ngo-202020 kwaye yafakwa ngamandla ngo-2022, yi-mega-e-ased edibanisa iJapan ne-Tshayina, uMzantsi Korea, i-Australia, iNew Zealand, kunye namazwe akwi-ASION. I-CDP, i-RCEP yayiyimfuneko ecwangcisiweyo yokugcina umanyano lwezoqoqosho neTshayina phakathi kwemizwano ye-Chopine. Noko ke, iqela lajongana nogxeko-mthetho othe kratya ngokuvumelana kwemvelaphi encinci kunye nemithetho encinci encinci yokusebenza ethelekiswa ne-CPPP. I-CDP yahlasela urhulumente ngenxa yokusilela isahluko kurhwebo lwamanani nokuvumela ukubumbana kwesivumelwano sombuso kwimibutho. I-JCPcov, ibiza ngokuchasene noncedo oluncinci kumaTshayina. I-Koto ixhasa i-'ibologosasi emva kwemiqatha yeminye yemiba yemisebenzi e-minye ye-CS (iemine).

Isivumelwano soTshenxiso lwase-US-Japan (209)

NgoSeptemba 2019, iJapan yasayina urhwebo olulinganiselweyo nolwaseUnited States, inciphisa ii-afriji ezixabisa ii-$7 zezigidi ezingamawaka asixhenxe zezigidi zemali yemali e-U.S. kunye ne-R4 bhiliyoni yemveliso yoshishino lwamaJapan. Esi sivumelwano sasikukushenxiswa kobuso emva kwe-U. i-TP. i-LDP yayibonisa njengendlela yokuphepha nangaphezulu kwemida ye-R34 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi ze-R34. Isivumelwano sabalase i-CDP sisithi iJapan yenze izivumelwano ezininzi kwezolimo zemakhamakha ngaphandle kokukhusela izivumelwano ze-ongizimuni ukususa i-omgalelo. IJCPP yachaza ulwano olunobumbayo “lulolunye olululonke" kunye noluphawu lwezinzo lwamayela eJapan kwi-United States. Isivumelwano sabalasemngeni eqhubekayo: ukudibaniselwa kwe-US kunye nemali e-eavel-ease-eactive

Iingxaki Zasekhaya Neengxoxo

Ukulima Namakhaya

Abalimi abancinane baseJapan, abaninzi abalupheleyo nabasebenza kwiincam ezisezantsi, bajamelana nempembelelo ecacileyo ekungeniseni ngesisa. Amaqela ezobupolitika aphendule ngemilinganiselo ye-compariation: i-LDP neKomeito axhase inkxaso-mali ekhoyo yemali-mali-mali-mali-nga-mali"[ kubalimi abafaka okanye abamkela imisebenzi eqinisekisiweyo. I-CDP ifuna ukuba ezi nkxaso zibotshwe kwimiqathango yemekobume. I-JCP ifuna ukuba iJapan igcine i-taffrigins kumgangatho oqinisekisa ukuphumelela kokwayo ngaphezu kwama-50%, iphikisa into yokuba ukuthengwa kwesizwe kubeka ukhuseleko. Uxinezeleko lukhulu kakhulu ngenxa ye-malayisi, apho urhulumente agcina i-asitata efumaneka ngendlela encinane, kodwa inqandayo, iyanqanda ukusetyenziswa, kodwa iyathinteka, ukukhusela.

Amalungelo Abasebenzi Namathuba Okukhusela Abasebenzi

Izivumelwano zezorhwebo ziye zaba yindawo ephambili kwimicimbi yemisebenzi. ICDP ne-JCP ziphikisa ngelithi urhwebo lwesisa luye lwafak ’ isandla kwi "urhwebo oluphambili” lwabasebenzi bexesha elithile kunye nesivumelwano sentsebenzi, njengoko iinkampani ziqhubela phambili imveliso kwelinye ilizwe. Zibiza uthengiso ukuze ziquke iinkcitho ezinyanzelisa iimbopheleleko ezinyanzelekileyo zokuthelekisa uthelekelelo kunye nemali encinane. I-LDP ingunobatha engcono yokukhusela abasebenzi ngokukhula kwezoqoqosho, nto leyo isebenza kwizivumelwano zorhwebo. Noko ke, phakathi kwe-LDP, kukho ingqalelo olukhulayo kwinkqubo yolungiso loncedo lorhwebo olufuduselwa abasebenzi abagxothwayo ngenxa yezorhwebo. Icandelo le-RCEP liba liba lixhoba eliphantsi lokugxekwayo kwimisebenzi nakumaqela asekhohlo.

Imilinganiselo Yokusingqongileyo Nezibophelelo Zemekobume

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ii-NAGO ziye zacinezela amaqela aqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano zorhwebo aziyithobeli injongo ye-carbon ye-Japan ngo-2050. I-CDP ne-JCP zixhasa ukuqukwa kwezivumelwano zokuthengiselana, njengokuvalwa kwelahle yelahleko yemfuza nokukhuthaza ubugcisa obuluhlaza. I-LDP ilumkile, ibonise ukoyika ukuba iimeko zemeko-bume ezinamandla zinokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokukhusela amanye amazwe. Nangona kunjalo, i-CPPPPP iquka amalungiselelo athile okusingqongileyo, kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwe-afstiki kuncedo lwe-FOLT [FT:0] kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthunyelwa kwe-Proxina kwe-P. i-FGUS kubonakalisa ukuxhasa ukudibana nokuphathana kwe-fhoxina.

Ulawulo lorhwebo lwamanani nogcino-lwazi

IJapan ingumxhasi onamandla we-[[FLT: 0] isebenzisa ugcino-lwazi oluphathisiweyo” kwizivumelwano zorhwebo, ixhasa ingcamango ye-“Data Free Flow kunye noTrust” (DFFT). Noko ke, amaqela ayahluka kwindlela yokuphatha imfihlo nokhuseleko. Ingxoxo iyakhula ngexesha le-RCEP, apho ukuma kogcino-lwazi lwemida kudluliswa ngemiqathango encinane, izibona zibalulekile kushishino lwamanani. ICDP ne JCP ifuna imithetho engqongqo ye-mfihlekomfanta kanye nogcino-lwazi lwengingqini ukukhusela abemi baseJapan kwiinkampani nakurhulumente basemzini. Ingxoxo ye-CPP ikhula ngexesha lokusebenza kwe-CCEPP.

Indima Yeembono Zabantu Namaqela Anomdla

Uluvo lukawonke wonke lunendima engabonakaliyo kodwa ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni imeko yeqela lorhwebo. Iingqungquthela zibonisa rhoqo ukuba abemi baseJapan baxhasa urhwebo olukhululekileyo ngomgaqo, kodwa inkcaso inyuka xa imizi-mveliso ethile − njengempunga okanye i-edoba elincinci(ii-roboss) ezigqalwa njengezisongelwa. Iigumbi zorhwebo kunye neentsebenziswano zefama zasekuhlaleni zitsala ngamandla ngamandla kwisiseko sasemaphandleni. Okwangoku, amaqela anjenge-[FLD:0] Jahian Codictives (Iqela le-jaQumrhu) asebenzisa impembelelo enkulu, ngokufuthi axhasa abaqhubi be-LDP ukuze bakhuseleke.

Amaqela athengisela athe thaa ngokufuna imilinganiselo yokubonisana nokubeka amagama okutya okuvela kwamanye amazwe, inkxalabo kwi-CDP kunye ne-JCP. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaqela ajongene nokusingqongileyo kunye nezixhobo ze-atmon aye asebenzisa ukuva ukukhankanya ukuphikisana phakathi kozibopho zemozulu yaseJapan kunye nokungeniswa kwayo kwegesi yendalo enyibilikayo (LNG) kunye namalahle. Ezi zixinzelelo ziye zayityhalela kude i-LDP ukuqokelela ubugcisa obuluhlaza kunye nokuqwalasela iindlela zokulungisa umda we-carbonbon, nangona iqela lihlala licophile ngemiqathango yemiba engenakuzinziwa.

Imouse Yexesha Elizayo

Inkqubo yorhwebo yeJapan iza kuqhubeka ibunjwa kukusetyenziswa kwamaqela ezobupolitika, imfuno yezoqoqosho, kunye nenkqubo yomhlaba wonke. I-LDP, enokuba ihlale ilawula kufuphi negama, izakulandela indlela ephindiweyo: ukunyusa iCPTPP kunye nokufuna ukungenelela ngamalungu amatsha (njengeTshayina, iTaiwan, okanye i-United Kingdom), ngexesha idityaniswa kwecandelo lolwakhiwo (umz., urhwebo lwamanani neThailand neVietnam). ICDP iza kunyanzela ukukhuthaza amalungiselelo omeleleyo oluntu kunye nemekobume kwezi zivumelwano, mhlawumbi ukuzuza umhlaba ukuba abantu abangana kulwa nokwanda kwemozulu. IKome izakuqhubeka iqinisekisa ukuba imibutho ejongeneyo inikela ingqalelo kumaqela axhaphazelekileyo.

Ukhuphiswano lwemeko-bume . Ingakumbi phakathi kwe-US neTshayina, izakunyanzela iJapan ukuba ihambe kakuhle. Izakuba nengxoxo yobungakanani bezivumelwano zorhwebo ezimele zisetyenziswe njengezixhobo zokulungelelanisa. Ingcamango ye-LDP ye- Inkululeko ne-Open Indo-Pacificial[[FLL:]]” sele inxibelelanisa urhwebo nozinzo lwe-geometic, lo gama iCDP ne-JCP ilumkisa ngokujika ukutshintsha urhwebo lube sisixhobo songquzulwano. Okwangoku, utshintsho lwezintluvo oluluhlaza luza kudala imiba miba mitsha: ikharbon, ugcino-data, kunye nokunikezela kwetyani. Indlela amaqela aseJapan azakukwazi ngayo ukuqhelanisa ikamva lelizwe kodwa nendima yawo kwimithetho yezo yezorhwebo yehlabathi elandelayo.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, jonga uBungameli beMicimbi yorhwebo lwangaphandle [, iConucil kuhlaziyo lweeMany Relations[, kunye nenkcazo ye Japhani.[FLT]]