Amaphulo ezobupolitika anzima axhomekeke kwizixhobo ezininzi ukubumba imiyalezo, abavoti abajoliswe ekurhoxeni, kwaye ekugqibeleni bakhusele iimpumelelo. Phakathi kwezi zixhobo, ukunyanzela kuthatha indawo eyodwa kwaye ngokufuthi kungaqondwa kakuhle. Ngoxa igama layo licebisa uhlolisiso olusezantsi, ukunyanzelisa kusisixhobo sonxibelelwano esingundoqo esilungiselelwe ukuphembelela iimbono zabavoti phantsi kophando. Ukuqonda indlela amaqela ezobupolitika aqhubela ngayo uvavanyo lokucokisa ukucoceka kwawo kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda ubuqhetselene bephulo lalephu lalethwe. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iimvavanyo, iingxoxo, iingxoxo zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kunye nempembelelo yokwenene yelizwe lokukhuthulula uphando, linika imbono ebanzi yendima yawo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Yintoni Ukruthakruthwano Lokurhwaphiliza?

Uphando olunyanzelisayo luye lwenziwe ngokuzama ukuqokelela ulwazi olungenanjongo kodwa ukubumba iimbono zomntu ophendulayo. Ngokungafaniyo noluvo olusemthethweni, olusebenzisa uphando oluchaphazelekayo olunobucala, olusebenzisa umlinganiselo wendlela yokuphendula amagama athethwayo kunye novavanyo oluqhelekileyo lokuvavanya iimvakalelo zikawonke wonke, ukunyanzela uphando olusetyenziswa ukulayisha, ukukhokela, okanye imibuzo echuliweyo elungiselelwe ukuvelisa iingcamango ezithile. Umzekelo, uphando olunyanzelekileyo lungabuza, "Unokuba unokuba unokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba uvote u-Addiated quea, ukuba wazi ukuba bagxekwe ngerhafuthelo? Umbuzo ngokwawo uzisa ulwazi oluyingozi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lungachaphaze okanye ubuchule bawo bokuzingcakaza. I-Melikanteting Association Association ichaza uphando njengobuchule apho umqhubi ezama ukuphembele ulwazi, isebenzisa imibuzo esoloko ikhuthaza uhlaselo oluchukele okanye uhlaselo oluchachachachane ngokufanelekileyo.

Imbali Nemvelaphi

Imvelaphi yokunyanzela ukuphanda i-evolution yezobupolitika yabuyela emva kwinguqulelo yoqhagamshelwano lwezopolitiko ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Ngeli xesha amaphulo angaphambili esebenzisa ucango ukuya kwindlu ukuya kwindlu yomnye, ixesha lemfonomfono livunyelwe ukuba libe luxinzelele, lingabi nakukwaziwa. Enye yezingxinano ezibhaliweyo zakudala ezinyanzelisayo zenzeka ngexesha lomongameli werejistal Primeriaries, apho umphetho ongaziwayo uBhob Dole ujongene notho lwemincili efuna unxulumano oluqinileyo ukuba ingaba lungamxhasi ukuba anokufumana iziphumo ezithelekelelwayo. Igama ngokwalo ngokwalo lafumana udumo kwimilo yowe-1990 i-1990a. Ngoko, ukuphembelela ukhuphiso lwemizwano oluphambili kwimizwano yemizwano yesizwe, ingakumbi eU.S.

Iimpawu Ezingundoqo Zongcoliso Lodubelo

  • Imibuzo edityanisiweyo: Iquka iziphumo zexabiso okanye izibakala ezicacisiweyo, ezifana "Ukholelwa ukuba indlela ka-X yokuma kukhathalelo lwempilo inamandla kakhulu?
  • Iisampuli ezingamelanga: uvotelo loshishino lusoloko lujolise kuphela kwikhethelo elinokwenzeka, kodwa isampuli ingajongwa kwinani labantu elifuna ukutshintsha, kunokuba ibe yicandelo elinqumla ngamaxesha athile.
  • Umthamo ophezulu wonxulumano: Inkamzamlo zingenza amawaka onxulumano ngokukhawuleza ukugcwalisa isithili, ukujolisa ukuzoba phambi kokuba uvo lufumane utshintsho.
  • Akukho nkcazelo yemali: Uhlolo lweLegita oluchaphazelekayo luchaza umbutho oxhasayo; ukutyhala uvo olusoloko lufihla okanye lugqwethe imvelaphi ukunqanda ukuphazanyiswa.

Ezi mpawu zimisela uphando olunyanzelayo oluchaseneyo nolubonisayo, iindlela zokuvota zenzululwazi ezisetyenziswa yimibutho enjengePew Research Center okanye Gallup. Ngelixesha uphando olusemthethweni lutheth'e enyanisweni kwindlela engqongqo yokunciphisa ikhethe, ukunyanzela uphando lwenziwe ukulwandisa.

Indlela Imikhosi Yezobupolitika Esebenzisa Ngayo Iingcamango Zokurhwebelana Ukuze Kulandelwe Iziganeko Zokuthomalalisa

Amaqela ezobupolitika anxibelelana ngokunyanzela uphando kwizixhobo zawo zemfazwe ukucombulula iindlela zawo zonxibelelwano. Injongo yokuqala asikokufumana inyaniso kodwa kukufumana impembelelo kunye nokuvavanya. Ngokuyila ngenyameko ulandelelwano lwemibuzo, abaphengululi bephulo bangahlola ukuba yiyiphi imiyalezo evakala kakhulu ngeecandelo elithile labavoti kwaye banike ubuncwane ngokoko. Uphando loqhagamshelwano lusebenza ngokukhethekileyo kumaqondo okuqala ephulo, kuba bavumela iphulo ukuba livavanyeze ngengxelo ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle kokuzithengela izinto ezibiza imali eninzi.

Umyalezo Odlulisela- Kwindawo Efanelekileyo

Ukusetyenziswa okuphambili kothotho lokunyanzela kukubhala imiyalezo elungileyo ngokulinganisa amandla athe kratya eentetho ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, iphulo lingavavanya iziqu ezibini ezikhuphisanayo okanye iifom zokhuphiswano. Ulandelelwano oluqhelekileyo luza kufundeka: "Ukuba i-Candidete A ithembisa ukuthoba irhafu kwiintsapho eziphakathi, ingakwenza ufune ukuvota? Ikwenze ukuba ukhethe imiyalezo enyanzelekileyo ngezintlukwano zazo, i-TV, kunye nokurhoxiwa kwamanani.

Isitshixo kule nkqubo kukusetyenziswa kwe uqinisekiso lwenkcazelo ecacileyo ngokungathi ithandwa ngokubanzi. kunye [[FLT]] no nyakatho-ok ’ uhlolo olusekelwe kukoyika [. Urhuqo ludla ngokuquka amabinzana akhokelayo afana "abanye abathi" okanye "ingxelo" ukuzisa ulwazi olungacacanga ngokungathi lwamkelekileyo. Umzekelo, ngexesha le-U.S. iphulo lomongameli, uJohn McCain ujongene nokuphosa izicelo eMzantsi Caroline ebuza uvoti ukuba banokungafumani nkxaso encinane ukuba bafunde ukuba intombi yakhe yamkelwe ngokwenene yayingumntwana omnyama ukusuka kwi-enoni. Lo myalezo wawububuxoki, kodwa umbuzo ngokwawo owandisiweyo. Oku kubonisa indlela elisetyenziswa ngayo iphulo losasazo ngaphandle kwempembelelo esebenzayo kwimpembelelo eyingozi kwi-octiventier.

Ukuvavanya Imiba Yephulo Engafanelekanga Nelifanelekileyo

Uphando locotho lubaluleke ngokulinganayo ekuvavanyeni ukuhlasela kunye nonyuselo. Ikampathiso zidala iindlela ezimbini ezinxulunyaniswayo: enye evavanya ulwazi olubiyo malunga nabachasi, kunye nenye evavanya iimpawu ezintle zomvoti wabo. Imibuzo yenkcaso inceda kufumanise ukuba zeziphi imixholo evelisa impembelelo ephakamileyo yemvakalelo. Umzekelo, umbuzo ungathi: "INqaqokazi Smith iyodwa ukusika ukuxhasa imfundo kwizikolo zasemaphandleni, ngelixa iCongressman Jones ivota ukuyinyusa. Ingaba oku kukwenza ube nokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuxhasa uJones? Iphulo liyakwazi ukulinganisela ukuphumelela okunxulumene kwemiqathango engalunganga.

Ukutyhalela imida esekelwe kwimida yohlaselo olusekelwe kuphawu kuqhelekile. Imibuzo efana ne "Ngaba ubungayi kukhetha ka-Y kwi-Candidate Y ukuba uyazi ukuba banembali yoshishino oluthandabuzekayo? Ayiyilelwanga ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi kodwa ifake imanyano. Xa idityaniswe namanani akhululekileyo okanye izikripti ezizenzekelayo, ezi mnxeba zingafikelela kumashumi amawaka eentsapho kwimpelaveki. Imposiso ingqongqo: iziphumo zonxulumano zikhutshelwe ngexesha lokwenene, ukuvumela abaphathi bephulo ukuba balungise izibhengezo zabo zikamabonwakude okanye iposi engqalileyo ngoko nangoko.

Ukwazi Izinto Eziza Kuqala Neenkqubo Zokubhala

Ngaphandle kokuvavanya imiyalezo, ukunyanzela amaphulo okufak ’ isandla ekuncedeni aqonde ukuba yiyiphi imiba eninzi echaphazela amacandelo ahlukeneyo abavoti. Ngokubuza imibuzo ngendlela ekhokelayo, amaphulo angachaza imixholo ebangela ukusabela okunamandla. Umzekelo, uhlolo lokunyanzelisa lungabonisa uluhlu lwempumelelo yenkqubo enokwenzeka kwaye kubuze abaphengululi ukuba babhale phantsi ngokubalulekileyo kwifomati enyanzelekileyo: "Ngukwenza ukuba uxhase umndiswano: ukuphucula impilo okanye ukunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho? Iziphumo ziqwalaselwe zizihluzi ezikhoyo njengeminyaka, ingeniso, okanye i-jolo. Le data ithelela ibangela ukuba amaphulo aqhutyelwe ngokulula kwi-gxa-gxa eliqhelekileyo, okanye amatsha anokufumana ukuba ukhuseleko olukhuselweyo lwezo lwezo lwezokhuseleko lokhuseleko lobuGeneljini.

Ubuchule Bokubhudla

Ukuqonda indlela uphando olunyanzelwa ngayo lukhanyisa ubuchule balo. Uphando oluninzi lokunyanzelisa lusenziwa ngee-roocalls ezizenzekelayo okanye ngodliwano-ndlebe olukhoyo emnxebeni, nangona umyalezo kunye neenguqulelo ze-intanethi ziyanda. Olu hlolisiso ludla ngokuhlala phakathi kwemizuzu emithathu ukuya kwemihla emihlanu, enemibuzo emalunga ne-12 ukuya kwengama-20. Olu vavanyo alusoloko luthengwa kubacuphi ababhali bexhoba, abavoti ababhalisweyo, okanye ababhaliswe kwakhona. Imibhiyo ingahlasela nakwiindawo ezithile zomhlaba, njenge-collionnion ekwisithi okanye ingi yengi.

Ulungelelwano lombuzo lubalulekile. Ukuvula imibuzo kudla ngokuba kobundilele ukuqinisekisa ukuthenjwa, njengokubuza ngokubaluleka kwemibandela jikelele. Njengoko uphando luqhubeka, imibuzo iya ikhula ngokukhokelela nokuphikisa. Isakhiwo esiqhelekileyo siquka:

  1. Imibuzo ye-Demographic kunye nomkhuphi weskrini (umz., "Ungumvoti obhalisiweyo?")
  2. Umbuzo "wemood" malunga nolawulo lwelizwe
  3. Ingxaki ekhokelela kwimibuzo (umz. "Iingxelo zibonisa ukuba iChokoda A igxekwe ngokusilela ukuhlawula amashishini amancinane ngexesha. Ingaba oko kungachaphazela ukhetho lwakho?")
  4. Ukuthelekisa imibuzo enyanzela ukuba kukhethwe phakathi kwelungu elilungileyo kunye nokulwa nokungachani
  5. Imibuzo yonwelelo oluthe ngqo (umz., "Ungavota i-Candidate B ukuba uyazi ukuba banecebo lokwakha imisebenzi?)

Ugcino-lwazi oluqokelelweyo alusebenzi ngokwesiko kuba umlinganiselo uphahliwe kwaye imibuzo yenzelwe ukukhupha impendulo enqwenelekayo. Noko ke, iphulo alifuni buchule benzululwazi (ukufuna ukuncedwa. ixabiso lokwenene likwinani labantu abatshintsha indawo yabo ngexesha lonxulumano, okuya kuphenjelelwa ngemikhondo ngeziphumo zokuncedwa. Ukuba uthotho luquka 5% yabavoti abafuna ukunyuselwa, oko kungenza ukuba bagqibele kuhlanga olukufuphi.

Uhlolisiso Lorhuqa Ungcoliso Olusetyenziswayo

Unyulo oluninzi lunika ubungqina bokunyanzelisa impembelelo yokuvota. Olunye lwemizekelo engalunganga yenzeka ebudeni bonyaka ka-199 Alberta, Canada, unyulo lwephondo, apho uLaurence Decore umvoti weLiberal Party wajongana nohlolo olunyanzelisayo lokufuna ukunyanzeliswa ukuba angalahlekelwa yinkxaso ukuba ngaba uvoti babeza kufumana umfazi wakhe "wolunye uhlanga" (wayengowomfono). Uphando lwaye lwafunyaniswa kwiqela leSizwana esineentloko. Umbuzo wabhekiswa kufuphi neUnited States, i- 2000 South Carolinan Republican inyanzeleka ukuqhutyelwa noJohn McCain ityala lencwadi. Umphetho wabiza uRhunyulo-W Burton ukuba ucela uRhulumente ukuba ungaba nguno okanye uthanda ukuvota u-John McCain ukuba wazi ukuba uzala umntwana omnyama?

Kutshanje, kutshanje, kudla ngokusetyenziswa uphando olunyanzelisayo kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni, olufana noluhlu lwemida yoomatiloshe kunye nokhuphiswano lwezikolo, apho uphando lwezosasazo lusezantsi khona. Ngexesha lama-2022, abaqhubi bezolawulo-moya abaninzi abakwizithili ezisetyenziswayo banyanzela ukuvavanya imiyalelo emalunga namalungelo okuqhomfa emva kwesigqibo sobuDobbs. Olunye uphando luye lwabuza abaphengululi: "Ukunikwa imithetho egqithisileyo echasene nolawulo lomntu ohlala emkhosini, ubuya kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba uxhase ukuxhasa i-Didemocramsmation famsting, kwaye iziphumo zinceda ukugqiba kakhulu ekususeni isisuso. Ngokuchasene nokuncitshiswa kwe-Riphabliki, ukuvavanywa kwemizwa kwe-Riphabliki kusetyenziswa ukuvavanywa ulwaphulo-mali kuvavanywa kuvavanywa kufana "Ukuba uyakwazi ukuchola ukurhola i-XdFrain?"

Ukuqwalaselwa Okusemthethweni

Ukusetyenziswa kophando olunyanzelisayo kuphakamisa inkxalabo ephawulekayo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kuba kuzenza ngathi kukuphanda ngelinye ixesha ngoxa bekhohlisa okanye beqhatha. Abahlalutyi bathi ukunyanzela ukuncitshiswa kwendlela yokusebenza kwedemokhrasi ngokusasaza inkohliso phantsi kobundilele. I-American Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR) iyakugxeka ngokucacileyo ukunyanzelisa, ichaza ukuba "akukho kuphandwa okusemthethweni" kwaye ijongela phantsi imilinganiselo yenzululwazi yophando. Enyanisweni, ukunyanzela ukuphengululwa akuvumelekanga kumazwe aliqela aseYurophu, kuquka nolo manyano, apho lunokuthathwa njengendlela yokuhlasela kwezobupolitika.

Inkohliso Nenkohliso

Eyona ngxaki yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ikhawulezileyo kukukhohlisa. Abathathi-nxaxheba bakholelwa ukuba banenxaxheba kuphando lobundilele, xa ngokwenene bechanabeke kwisigidimi esiphembelelayo. Oku kuchasene nomgaqo wemvume yolwazi. Ngaphezu koko, ukutyhala uphando kunganyusa amarhe okanye iinyaniso ezithi ziphinde zibonakale kwimiba ebhaliweyo, njengokuba i-McCain. Isiphumo sexesha elide sikukukhetha okungaqinisekiyo okuthi naluphi ucingo lungaqinisekiyo ukuba lunguvavanyo, lwenza kube nzima kubaphengululi ukuba baqokelele ulwazi oluchanekileyo. Imiba yokuphonononga ekutyhale umngcipheko wobucala xa kufunyanisiwe, kodwa ingeniso emfutshane yexesha elifutshane idla ngokuba yimali edumile kwiingqondo zabanyulu.

Umhlaba wolawulo

EUnited States, uphando olunyanzelisayo ludla ngokusemthethweni, kodwa luphantsi kweminye imimiselo. IKhomishini yoNxibelelwano yoNxibelelwano lweNkxaso (FCC) ifuna ukuba unxulumano oluzenzekelayo (unxulumano) lutyhile igama kunye nolwazi lokuqhagamshelana lombutho oxhasayo ekuqaleni komnxeba. Noko ke, uphando oluninzi olunyanzelekileyo olusetyenziswayo lusetyenziswayo luhlala lungabuza ngokukhawuleza imibuzo ngaphandle kokutyhilwa ngokupheleleyo, lungawulandeli umthetho. IKhomishini yeFederal Ecompution (FEC) inemithetho elinganiselwe `=-pish') ayiqwalaselwanga zinkcitho zemali ngaphandle kokuba ilungelelaniswa ngokucacileyo nomvo okanye iqela. Kumgangatho wezwe, kumazwe ambalwa awenza imithetho efuna ukutyhilwa komvolo lwemali, njengoluvolo lwe-Hampre, njengoko kusenziwa ngokushwa kwe-Envreding, kwaye kunzima.

EKhanada, uphando lokunyanzela luye phantsi koMthetho weEvotions, olwalela ukwenza iingxelo zobuxoki ngabathathi-nxaxheba. IKhadinan Radio-telec kunye ne-TeTRAGE Commission (CRTC) ikwalawula ushishino lwe-tekthi kwaye ingalunika uhlawulo-hlengiso lwemikhwa yokulahlekisa. Ihlabathi lonke, i-European Union's Theological Protection Regatemplifiction (GPR) ibeka imithetho engqongqo ekuqhubekeni nogcino-data lobuqu ukwenzela ukuthengisa, nto leyo enokumisela umda ukusetyenziswa okunganyaniseki kokurhoxisa irhatya kwamanye amazwe angamalungu e-EU.

Indlela Yokubona Intsapho Engcoliswe Ngabantu

Abavoti banokuvuma uhlolisiso olunyanzelisayo lungabanceda baphephe ukusetyenziswa. Iiflegi ezibomvu eziliqela zibonisa uhlolisiso lokunyanzeliswa kunokuba lube luhlolisiso olusemthethweni:

  • Ngokuqhelekileyo unxulumano olude: Uphando lweLegitimate lwe-avareji yemizuzu 5-10; ukutyhala uvo lwemivwana kusoloko kusebenza ixesha elide njengoko zisebenza kwimibuzo emininzi ekhokelayo.
  • Imibuzo efakwe amagama ombuzo: Imibuzo equka imigwebo engalunganga okanye esebenzayo (umz., "engakhange," "i-ampasa" irhanelwa.
  • Akukho nkcazelo yabaxhasi: Ukuba umfoti akavumi ukuchonga ukuba ngubani oxhasa imali kuphando, kunokwenzeka ukuba ngumboniso otyhalela phambili.
  • Ukuphosa kwisiphelo: Abavoteli-zincwadi babuza imibuzo yobundilele; ukunyanzela ukuphengulula kuzama ukukhokela iimpendulo zakho ngeenkcukacha zobuntamo-lukhuni.
  • [[Ubuninzi obuphezulu: 0] ukuba ufumana unxulumano oluphinda-phindiweyo olusuka "uvulo" malunga nabaqhubi abafanayo, mhlawumbi ngumboniso otyhalela phezulu.

Abavumi abarhanela ukunyanzelelwa kovotelo bangaxhoma baze baxele inani kwiKhomishoni yeFederal Trade (FTC) okanye iofisi yonyulo karhulumente. Musa ukubandakanyeka kule mibuzo, njengokuba ukuphendula kunokukwandisa amandla ephulo lokusabela kwimikhwa.

Isiphelo

Uphando lophulo-hlolo luyisixhobo esinempembelelo ecacileyo kwizixhobo zeli xesha zezopolitiko. Ngoxa zizimilisa njengophando, injongo yabo yokwenyaniso kukuphembelela imiyalezo, ukubumba iimbono, nokuchonga imixholo esebenzayo yonxibelelwano olubanzi. Amaqela ezobupolitika asebenzisa ukunyanzela uphando ukuze alungise intetho yawo ngokuchane ngokuchaneyo, avavanya iingxelo ezikhuthazayo nezingalunganga kwicandelo elivotiweyo. Noko ke, eli qhinga lifiphaza umgca phakathi kwephulo elifanelekileyo nelokusetyenziswa, liphakamisa inkxalabo enzulu ngenkohliso yovoti kunye nengqibelelo yedemokhrasi. Njengoko amaphulo ebangela ukuba ulwazi-avy nokukhanya okungacacangacacanga, kufuneka ahlale ephakalile. Ukuqaphela iimpawu zokuphosa nokuqonda umsebenzi wawo kwiinkqubo zokhetho lokuzirhoqonono-okisa, ukuvavanyanisa ulwazi oluqinileyo, kuxhomekeke kwingxoxo elungileyo neyo.