Kwezokwakha zedemokhrasi yaseMerika, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngaphaya kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo kwayilwa ukukhusela ubuzwilakhe, kodwa kwadala ucelomngeni oluhlala luhleli: ukuqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye lisebenza ngaphakathi kwemida yalo yomgaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa njengeecheke- kunye nolungelelwaniso, isebenza ngokujongelanisa. Ukulawula kubandakanya iindlela apho amaziko karhulumente ajonga, ahlola, aphinda anyanzelele izenzo zamasebe amanye, kunye nolawulo oluphezulu. Ngaphandle kolawulo oluqinileyo, ukwahlula amagunya kuba yinto nje engabonakaliyo, kwaye ubungozi bokuchuku, ukugqeba kwe-gqwele, ukulawula, okanye ukuphakama kwemithetho elawulayo kuyaqhubeka. Oku kulungiselela uhlolisiso olubanzi lwendlela yokusebenza kolawulo, i-grobist, kunye namasebe eecuntlukwano, ukuthelekisa iinkqubo zawo alungelelanisa ulawulo oluphezulu lweMelika.

Isiseko esibukhali: Ingxaki yeAgent eyintloko kunye nemodeli ezinamandla

Ukuqonda ukuvelela ulawulo lukarhulumente kufuna ukuba ifikelele kucelomngeni olusisiseko lokucingisiswayo: ingxaki eyintloko yegosa. Kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, uwonke-wonke (intloko) ukhetha amagosa kunye nothumelo lwawo. La magosa, ngokulandelayo, anika amagunya amakhulu amasebe olawulo. Uxinezeleko lukukuba i-arhente (i-bureaucrat okanye umphathi-mikhosi onegunya) inolwazi oluninzi ngezenzo zawo (uMongameli, okanye uluntu). Olu lwazi lwazi lwe-asmmetry luvelisa amathuba "ishing" okanye "ifing," apho imisebenzi ye-agcifithi, apho isuka kwiinjongo zentloko. Ngaphezulu cwangciso lwendlela zilungiselelwe kulo meyawulu, ukuvanyanisa nokubonisa ukuvala.

Izazinzulu zezobupolitika uMatew McCubbins noThomas Schwartz abaziwayo bongamela ngokusemthethweni kwiintlobo ezimbini ezifanelekileyo. "Police-patrol" ukujonga kusembindini, kuyasebenza, kwaye ngqo. Kubandakanya ukujonga okuqhelekileyo, ukuphicotha, uphando, kunye nohlolo olucwangcisiweyo, olufana negosa lamapolisa elihlola isibham. Imizekelo iquka i-ofisi ye-Akhawuntatheli kaRhulumente (GAO) eqhuba ii-uphicostate rhoqo yamaziko orhulumente okanye abasebenzi bekomiti eqeqeshiweyo abahlola iingxelo zemali. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukujonganalo lwezibonelo, ulawulo lwezikohlolo-mthetho oluchanekileyo, imigaqo ecwangcisiweyo. Intloko emisela imithetho, iinkqubo zolawulo, kunye nonikezelo oluvumela amaqela amathathu, amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela agcina-alamu, isandi xa ehluza i-alamulelo okanye i-alamu yoopropatitimente ezifanelekileyo.

Isebe elinomthetho: Ingqungquthela njenge-odog eyintloko

IKhomishini yeNkqutyana inika izixhobo ezithe kratya zokuphatha isebe lesizwe, limisela njengesebe eliyintloko lokuphanda. Eli gunya lisuka kwimithetho yalo, izicelo, kunye namandla ayo okungaquququzeli. INkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ukuba amandla eNkundla eqhuba uphando "ayimfuneko kwaye afanelekileyo kumsebenzi womthetho." iBhunga lolawulo lifeza iinjongo eziliqela: lityhila inkunkuma kunye nobuqhophololo, liqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza njengoko kucetyiwe, liqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yexesha elizayo, lize libeke ityala ekuhleni amagosa abaphathi-ofisi abaphetheyo.

Amandla Okuthenga

Izixhobo zolawulo ezinamandla zeBhunga leKhomishini zilawulwa yiyo. Akukho mali inokukhutshwa kwiNgxowa-mali ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa komthetho. Ngomgaqo-nkqubo wonyaka woqingqo-mali kunye nocalucalulo, iBhunga lingaxhasa, ikhutshwe, okanye ibeke iimeko kwiinyathelo zesebe elilawulayo. Iikomiti zesebe kunye neekomiti ezibotshelelayo zibambe iindlebe ezininzi, ezifuna iintloko zoorhulumente ukuthethelela izicelo zabo zokuchitha imali. Bangabeka abakhweli kwimali ebhankini ekusebenziseni izibonelelo ezithintelayo kwimisebenzi ethile ethile. Eli "gunya lesi sikhwa semali" linika isigqeqesho esikhulu sobume bemeko yempatho ephetheyo kunye nokukhupha ulwazi. Umthetho wolawulo lwe-Congrestelemental Active lwamagement yonyaka- 1974 olukhuthazweyo oluziswe ngokumisela loHofisi ye-Rhovisi ye-BC.

Inkqubo yeKomiti kunye namandla ophando

Inkqubo yekomiti emileyo yinjini yolawulo lobungangamsha. Ikomiti nganye ilawula iindawo ezithile zenkqubo kunye namaqumrhu aphetheyo. IiKomiti zibamba ukuva, ukukhupha ityala elingaphantsi ukuze kubhenwe amaxwebhu kunye nobungqina, kunye namangqina. Inkqubo yophando inokuba semthethweni, ifana nokuvavanywa, okanye ngokungacwangciswanga, ibandakanya ukushwankathelwa kwemida kunye nezicelo zoxwebhu. Ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala kusoloko kuthatha ingqalelo kawonke-wonke-wonke, kusebenza njengesixhobo esinamandla sokubhenca impatho epho. Umzekelo, uphando lweKomiti yeCandelo iWatergate lolawulo lweNixon lubonise amandla eMbutho wokubamba umongameli wezopolitiko nowomthetho osemthethweni. Amandla okunyanzela ubungqina noxwebhu luneencwadi oluphumayo, nangona lungalawulwa ngokwemithetho-mthetho, nangona lungalawulwa ngokwezinziswa njengelungelo elinjalo lokuzinziswa kwegunya elingu-Gene-Genegalelo lolawulo lolawulo lwe-Genestrimi.

Inkxaso yequmrhu kunye nenkcubeko yeziko

Ukuphikisana nolwazi lwezolawulo lweli phondo langoku, iBhunga leNkqutyana liye layila amasebe akhethekileyo okuxhasa. I-ofisi yoLuntu yoLuntu (GAO), esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi-Congregational Accounting, iqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nophando lweenkqubo zikarhulumente zeKhomishini yeNgqungquthela. Iingxelo zalo azinaparati yaye azihlonelwa kakhulu, zinika uhlolisiso oluneenkcukacha lweziko lobuzwe kunye nobuGawula. IBhunga leNkqumrhu linikela uphando oluqhubekayo lwezentengiselwano (CRS) olunika amalungu nekomiti uphatho lwemiqatha, liwanceda aqonde imibandela enzima kunye nomthetho ngaphandle kokuthembela kulwazi oluphezulu lwesebe. Ezi zinto zingundoqo zizezona zinkulu ekukhombiseni "police-patrol", ukulungiselela okuqhubekayo, ukujongwa kwengcamjinga-okrwe okuqhubekayo.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: ukuphendula kwangaphakathi kunye nokuziphendulela

Isebe elilawulayo alingomsebenzi wolawulo nje kuphela; ligcina iindlela zolawulo zangaphakathi ezomeleleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokusebenzisana. Ezi nkqubo zangaphakathi zingumgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela nxamnye nehambo embi kunye nokuphatha kakubi, zisebenza rhoqo kunokuba zisebenze ngokufanelekileyo. UMongameli, njengentloko yesebe eliphetheyo, unomsebenzi osemthethweni "Ukujonga ukuba iMithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka," obonisa uxanduva lokulawula nokulungisa izenzo zabaphathi abangaphantsi.

Abahloli Jikelele: IAgency Guardians

Umthetho we-InsteenerGeneral ka-1978 osungulwe ngokuzimeleyo kwisebe lesizwe. I-Inspecter General (IGs) isebenza ngokuqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nophando ukuze ithintele kwaye ibone ukuqhatha, ukusetyenziswa kwenkunkuma, kunye nokungaphathwa kakuhle. Banegunya elibanzi lokukhupha amaxwebhu namaxwebhu, kwaye banikela ingxelo ekwandiseni, kwaye banikela ingxelo kuzo zombini kwicandelo kunye nemithetho-Bhunga. Iimfuno-mali ezidityani zingundoqo kwimpembelelo yazo esebenzayo; zidala inkqubo "yomlilo" enxulumene ngqo nesebe le-Rogractial. IGUs inika ingxelo eshwankani yokushwada umsebenzi wabo, kwaye iingxelo zabo zenziwa ngokubanziwa ngokubanziswa kwabantu. Nangona besebenza kwisebe eliphetheyo, ukukhusela ukuzilawula kwimpembelelo engafanelekanga, kwaye uMongameli wayo akanakuyisusa ngaphandle kweBhunga lobuGenejinga. I-GIGegoversethi yeN Trence kwimigaqo yobuGementaltive (ementalp Trection

I-Ofisi yolawulo noHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali (OMB)

I-OMB sisixhobo esiyintloko soMongameli sokulawula isebe eliphetheyo kunye nolawulo lombutho. Iqhelisela ulawulo olusembindini ngeendlela ezininzi. Okokuqala, ihlola zonke iimfuno zoqingqo-mali zolawulo lweziko lomongameli nokuququlunqa uqingqo-mali, idibanisa iziko lokusebenzisa izinto eziphambili zobumongameli neenjongo zobumongameli. Okwesibini, nge-Ofisi yeMicimbi yoLwazi kunye neNjongo yoLawulo (OIRA), ihlola imimiselo ecetyikisiweyo ecwangcisiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana nemigaqo yomongameli kunye nemigaqo yesebe elisembindingqi ukuze zithethelele iindleko zazo. Le nkqubo yokuhlola inguqululo inguqulungela imigaqo yolawulo ikhusela iindleko ezikhoyo kunye nemigaqo-ogralitive. Le nkqubo yesebe idityani ephakathi ichasene nemigaqo-odenti ye-odeli ekhusela iimfune.

Ilungelo Elilawulayo Nokungahambelani

Ukulawula kwesebe elilawulayo kunyanzeliswe yimfundiso yezomGaqo-siseko yelungelo eliphakamileyo. Eli lungelo, elisekelwe kukwahlulwa kwamagunya, likhusela ukugcinwa kwelungelo lonxibelelwano lomongameli kunye nokwenza izigqibo. Aliphelelanga; iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi -United States v. Nixon [ukugatya ilungelo elipheleleyo nokusekwa kokuchasa amaxwebhu angaphakathi, ukuchaza ukuba ijudiza i-judiacara ingahlola ilungelo elifanelekileyo xa ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo ngokuchasene nemfuneko ekwahlulelene nayo. Kumongo wobuphathi bobuphathiswa besaveli, ilungelo eliphezulu lidla ngokuba liyindawo yokungquzula phakathi kwemfazwe. Abalawuli bangaqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchasa amaxwebhu angaphakathi, ukuchaza iimfuno zokhuseleko ezi ntlalo zesizwe.

Isebe lezeejaji: Igalelo lobuGaqo-siseko nomthetho

Isebe lejaji liqhelisela ulawulo ngelebhulane elahlukileyo. Ngoxa iBhunga liphanda kunye nolawulo oluphezulu, iinkundla ezigwebayo. Ukujongana kwezomthetho kubuye kulandele ityala kwaye kucace, kusebenzisa imigaqo esemthethweni kwimpikiswano ethile. Amandla eenkundla ukuhlola izenzo zamasebe amanye ukuvumelana nomgaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho. Le nkundla ikholelwa ukuba "lilungu lephondo nesebe lephondo elilawulayo ukuchaza umthetho." Lo mgaqo wokuhlola inkundla yezomthetho awugunyaziswanga ngokuphandle kwinkundla yenkundla yezomthetho . [FLT: 0].Mandy -183]. Inkundla yathi "ligxininisa ngokuqatha kwaye ugunyazwe lomthetho ugunya lokugweba ugunyazisa imigaqo-mthetho." Lomgaqo wokwenza imigaqo-mthetho ulungele ukuthoba imigaqo-mthetho."

Ingqwalasela yezeejaji yeNkcubeko

Iinkundla ziqhelisela ukuvelela kwisebe lemithetho ngokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwalo ngokuvumelana nommiselo womgaqo-siseko. Ukuba umthetho uphula amalungelo omntu ngamnye, ugqitha amagunya adwelisiweyo, okanye uphule imigaqo yesakhiwo efana nolawulo lorhulumente, inkundla ingayibetha phantsi. Umzekelo, iSebe lezorhwebo lokugqibela. New York [2029], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ihlolisisa isigqibo solawulo lweTrump sokwandisa ubumi. Inkundla yakholelwa ukuba ingqinela phambili kobalo, ukubukelelwa kwazo zombini izenzo zolawulo kunye negunya phantsi kwemithetho esemthethweni. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho odluliselweyo umgaqo-mthetho uhleli ngaphakathi, ukwenza oko kusekuvavanywa kumthetho omkhulu xa kuvavanywa ummiselo.

UMthetho wolawulo: Inyathelo lokuhlola

Uninzi lolawulo lolawulo oluphezulu lwesebe lolawulo lwenzeka phantsi komthetho olawulayo. Ngaphantsi koMthetho (APA), inkundla ihlola izenzo zomasebe ukuqinisekisa ukuba azikho "ezingacacisiweyo, ezingaqhelekanga, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kobuchule, okanye kungenjalo ngokuhambelana nomthetho. Oku "kukhangela" kufuna amaziko anokucaciswa kakhulu, ukuqwalasela zonke izinto ezinxulumeneyo, nokucacisa unxulumano olucacileyo phakathi kwamangqina afunyenweyo kunye nokhetho. Iinkundla zikwahlola ukuchazwa kwemigaqo egunyaziphetheyo. [[F2] Izingangendlela ezithelekelelayo ezifuna ukuchazwa kweziko-mali ezingundoqo zeziko kuthethwano. [kuninzi kwegunyazagunyaziwe], kuba kulandele ukuphicothelelwa kwengxelo. [kugunya elilawulayo] [kunye]

Iimfundiso ezisesikweni: Ukuzilawula

Iinkundla zimisela imida engqongqo kumandla azo ukungenela ulawulo. Iimfundiso zokuma, ukuvuthwa, ubuqhawe, kunye nemfundiso yezopolitiko iqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla zisebenza kwingqungquthela yazo efanelekileyo. Ukuma kufuna ummangalelwa ocacileyo ukubonisa ikonkrithi, ingozi ekhethekileyo elandelelwayo kwihambo yemkhokeli kwaye mhlawumbi ibuyiselwe ngokusemthethweni ngemithetho elungileyo. Oku kuthintela iinkundla ekuphumezeni iimbono zetyala okanye ukucombulula izikhalazo ezithe ngqo ezifanele amasebe ezobupolitika. Imfundiso yezopolitiki igcina imibandela ethile, njengehambo yemithetho yangaphandle okanye iinkqubo zenkqubo zokungaquququzeli, inikwe igunya lezobupolitika, ixhomekeke kwimigaqo yezobugqwenga elilawulayo kwaye imele ukugwetywa. Le migaqo yemithetho yezopolitime.

Uhlalutyo lwentelekelelo: Uxinzelelo, ukuxinana, kunye nokujika kujongwa phambili

Ukuthelekisa imisebenzi yolwalathiso ngaphaya kwamasebe amathathu kutyhila inkqubo ebomvu, ejikelezayo, nesoloko ijikeleza. Akukho sebe linye linganyanzela abanye ngokupheleleyo; endaweni yoko, ulwalathiso lusebenza ngokusebenzisana okunamandla kwezihlomelo, izibonelelo, kunye negunya lomgaqo-siseko. Utshintsho lobuveleli luxhomekeke ekubeni liliphi isebe eliliqalisayo, umxholo wezopolitiko, kunye nommandla othile wenkqubo ekhoyo.

Ukuphendula ngokusemthethweni kwemithetho yezobupolitika

IBhunga elilawulayo kunye nolawulo oluphezulu ziinkqubo zobupolitika eziqhutywa kakhulu, ziqhutywa ziintshukumisa zokhetho, iimpembelelo zoorhulumente, kunye nengqalelo yamajelo eendaba. Uphando lwengqungquthela olulawula iindaba zentsontelo yentsimbi lunokuba nempembelelo enamandla kwezobupolitika, lonakalise ukuthembana kwabantu nokunyanzela ukuyeka okanye ukutshintsha inkqubo, kwanokuba lungaphumeleli kumthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni. Ulawulo lwezomthetho lunganyanzeli lungalawulwa ngokusisiseko kwaye lungalawulwa ngokuphandle, kwaye lungalawulwa yinkqubo yezo ezopolitiki ephambili, apho uninzi lusebenzisa amandla alo angaphantsi kwe-pona enkqu ukuhlasela ulawulo okanye ukuchaza iinjongo zezobupolitika. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuphatha komthetho kusemthethweni kusemthethweni kwaye kulawulwa ngokucothayo. Kodwa ukuphendula okuqhelekileyo, inkundla yezomthetho isenokusetyenziswa kwimigaqo-mthetho, kodwa ixhomekeke kwimigaqo-mthetho ephambili, kwaye ingabikho. Kodwa inyathelo elingokwasemthethweni.

Ukuguquka Kwamapolisa Phakathi KwePatrol Nesithukuthezi Somlilo

Ukuxutywa kwe "police-patrol" kunye "nomlilo" ukuphatha kuyahluka ngesebe. IBhunga lixhomekeke kakhulu kulawulo lomlilo ngenxa yokuba amalungu alo ajongene nemfuno ephezulu kwixesha lawo kunye nezixhobo ezisikelwe umda. Ukuphendula kwizikhalazo ze-mpemper, izityhilo, okanye ukubhenca kolu nxibelelwano kuyindlela esebenzayo yokwandisa izinto zobugocigocigoci. Noko ke, ukwanda kwabasebenzi bekomiti kunye namaziko axhasayo afana neGO ivumela iiKhontelekiso ukuba ziqhube inkqubela, isebe eliphetheyo liziphethe nge-patrol. Isebe eliphetheyo, nge-IGs ne-OMB, lisebenzisa isalathisi solawulo esicwangciiiii. Isebe lenkundla lisebenza ngokucothayo.

Urhulumente owahluleleneyo nolawulo

Ubunzulu bolawulo oluphakathi koophatho luxhaphake kakhulu, kwaye amasebe angomnye alawulayo nalawulayo. Ngamaxesha karhulumente owahlulekileyo, xa umongameli kunye noko kumnye wegumbi leBhunga lilawulwa ngamaqela aphikisanayo, ukujongana okuphawulekayo. Uphando lweBhunga lweziko luxhaphakileyo luxhaphake kakhulu, ii-subpoenas ziqheleke kakhulu, kwaye izithintelo zezobupolitika ziphezulu. Isisongelo sokungaquququzeli somthetho sibonakala sikhulu. Kumaxesha karhulumente omanyeneyo, ulawulo ludla ngokudangambisa njengoko amalungu amaninzi edidelwa ukuphanda umongameli kwiqela lawo. Noko ke, urhulumente olungelelanisiweyo unokukhokelela ekujongeni ngogonyamelo ngemithetho-siseko solawulo olufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa ngokuthembeka kwemiqatha kwemiqatha. Ulawulo lwe-Ovilitial zenzakalviorgentiant ngenxa yokuba iinkundla zeegestment zizimele ngokwahlukeneyo, kodwa zicelwe ngokumiswa ngabagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abalungeleneyo abagwebi aba

Iingxaki Nenkqubo Yemvelo Yokuvelela

Inkqubo yokuvelela phakathi koomatiloshe, ngeli xesha yomeleleyo, ijongene nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo olusongela ukusebenza kwalo. Ukukhula korhulumente wolawulo kubangele isebe elikhulu, elintsonkothileyo elinzima ukuba libe ligosa. Ulwazi lwe-asmmetry luyingxaki engapheliyo. Isebe eliphetheyo lineengenelo ezinkulu zolwazi ngenxa yobukhulu nobunzulu balo. IBhunga lisoloko lizama ukukhuphisana, phezu kwanokuba lixhaswa lilo. Ingxaki eqatha; inani labasebenzi bombutho abasebenza ngokujongelwa abaphathi alikhange liqhubekelene nesantya sobungalo borhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente.

Abaqhubi benqwelo-moya badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqiniseni lo msantsa wolwazi. Basebenza njengendawo yangaphakathi "izilumkiso zomlilo" ngokuxela inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwesebe eliphetheyo. Ukukhusela iimpempendulu ekuziphindezeleni kubalulekile kwimpumelelo yenkqubo yolawulo. Noko ke, abaqhubi bempempe basoloko bejongene neengozi zobuqu kunye nobuchule, kwaye ukhuseleko olusemthethweni olukhoyo kubo aluphelelanganako kwaye lungacothanga ukunyanzelisa. Uluntu, ngokukodwa, luneenkqubo zomdlalindo lwangaphakathi oluye lwangqinela impikiswano, njengoko kukukhalazamlo okukhokelela kwinkxalabo yokuqala ephambili kuMongameli uCruster Trump. Ukusebenza kokhuseleko lwe-pilling kuhlala kungumgaqo wokuqinisekisa ulawulo.

Ukubekwa kweliso kolawulo lobungangamsha ngolunye ucelomngeni olukhulu. Kwixesha lokubekwa kweliso elinzima, izixhobo ezilungiselelwe ukuphendula ityala zingasetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokufumana inzuzo yezobupolitika. Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezingaphantsi kwe-topoenas, ukudelelwa kweenkqubo zeBhunga, kunye nokungathotyelwa kwezobukhosi ukuze kuveliswe imixholo eyingozi kunokuqhuba uphando olulungileyo lokholo lungaphelisa ukuthemba uluntu kwimibutho yolawulo ngokwayo. Xa ulawulo lwawo wonke umntu njengesixhobo nje esilawulayo, amandla awo okugcina amagosa ethembekile ayancipha. Ukugcina ukuthembeka kobuphathi kufuna isibopho sophando olucacileyo, i-bhistariancansho apho kunokwenzeka khona, kunye nokuhlonelwa kwemigaqo yomthetho. Phezu kwayo le nkqubo yamaMerika eyahlukeneyo, kunye nenkqubo yayo yokulawula, ihlala ikho, namandla ayo onke alawulayo, ihlala ikho