Isiseko Sikarhulumente Olinganiselweyo

UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States umele inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo elungiselelwe ngocoselelo ukunqanda ukuxinaniswa kwamandla kulo naliphi na isebe okanye umgangatho karhulumente. Esi sakhiwo, esizalwa kunxunguphalo olunzulu lwabaseki begunya elingalawulwayo, simisela imida ecacileyo kumandla orhulumente olawulayo ngeli lixa ugcina ukuzimela okubalulekileyo kumazwe. Kubafundi baseMerika, ukuqonda le mida yesiseko yemithetho-siseko akuyo nje kuphela eyimfuneko njengendlela yokusebenzisa imfundo, kodwa njengesixhobo esisebenzayo sokuvavanyanisa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngomgangatho ofanelekileyo wegunya likarhulumente kwiindawo ezisukela kwimiqathango yempilo ukuya kumgaqo wemekobume.

Abayili bomGaqo-siseko bafumana ngokuthe ngqo kumava abo nolawulo lobukumkani baseBritane nokufundwa kwabo izithandi zobulumko ezikhanyiselweyo ezinjengeMontesquieu, owathi inkululeko ifuna ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Isiphumo yaba luxwebhu olunika urhulumente wesizwe amandla ngexesha elinye ukuba enze ngempumelelo kwimicimbi yenkxalabo efanayo ngeli lixa lusithintela ukungenelela inkululeko nolawulo lorhulumente ngamnye. Olu lungelelwaniso luhlala lusengundoqo kumthetho-mgaqo-siseko waseMerika.

Ukwakhiwa Kwebutho LobuProtestanti

Umanyano lwamazwe eUnited States asiyongcamango engacacanga kodwa lulungiselelo lokwakha elichanekileyo elimiselwe kumbhalo womGaqo-siseko. Inkqubo yahlula-hlula ubukhosi phakathi korhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente, kunye negunya ngalinye lokwenyaniso kwingqungquthela yayo. Eli candelo lisebenza iinjongo ezininzi: likhusela inkululeko ngokudala amaziko akhuphisanayo alawulayo, livumela uvavanyo lwenkqubo kumgangatho karhulumente, kwaye lihlalisa iinguqu zengingqi phakathi kohlanga olumanyeneyo.

Isiseko somgaqo-siseko salo candelo sisekelwe kwiindidi ezintathu zamandla: zidweliswe, zigcinwe, kwaye zihambelana. Udidi ngalunye lunemvelaphi eyahlukileyo kumbhalo womGaqo-siseko kwaye lubunjwe ziinkulungwane zokutolikwa kwezahlulelo.

Amandla Anegunya: Urhulumente Womanyano Ogunyazisiweyo

UMgaqo-siseko unika urhulumente okhethekileyo, olinganiselweyo, kunamandla aqhelekileyo okunika igunya. Icandelo I, iCandelo lesi-8 liqulethe eyona ngxelo ibalulekileyo, ukudwelisa amandla akhethekileyo eekhampasi alishumi elinesixhenxe. Ezi ziquka amandla okukhupha irhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula irhafu yelizwe neyorhwebo lwangaphandle, ukuseka indalo efanayo kunye nokuhlawulwa komali, ukusungula ii-ofisi zeposi kunye neendlela zeposi, ukunikezela ngemvume kunye nemvume yamalungelo, ukubumba iinkundla zesizwe, ukusungula imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, ukubonelela nokugcina imikhosi yamanzi, nokulawula iSithili saseColumbian.

Imfundiso yamandla edwelisweyo ithetha ukuba onke amagunya karhulumente kufuneka alandelele igunya lawo kwilungiselelo elithile lomgaqo-siseko okanye kwigunya elilelo "eliyimfuneko nelifanelekileyo" ukwenzela ukuphunyezwa kwamandla adwelisweyo. Oku kunyanzelisa ukwahlula inkqubo yaseMerika kwiinkqubo zepalamente apho indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe inegunya. Xa urhulumente worhulumente wesizwe ethatha inyathelo ngaphaya kwale mida, iinkundla zingasibetha esi senzo njengemida engaphaya kwemithetho-siseko.

Amatyala amaninzi aphawula imida yamandla adwelisweyo. Li United States v. Lopez (1995], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwigunya layo lorhwebo ngokuphanga umpu kufutshane nezikolo, iphawula ixesha lokuqala kwiminyaka emalunga namashumi amathandathu apho iNkundla yachitha umthetho wesizwe kwimimandla yezorhwebo. Ngokufanayo, United States v. Morrison [2], iNkuqukumbelo yawisa phantsi amalungiselelo ogonyamelo lwabafazi, iphethe ukuba iBhunga lolwaphulo-mthetho olungekho semthethweni phantsi phantsi kwezoshishino phantsi kwezoshishino phantsi kwezo rhwebo.

Amandla Agciniweyo NoMthetho Weshumi Ohlaziyiweyo

IsiHlanziso seshumi elinamashumi amahlanu sinika i-ankile yombuso: "Amagunya anganikwanga iUnited States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga ngawo eUnited States, ngokulandelelanayo, okanye ebantwini. Le nguqu yongezwa njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo kwi-assuage Anti-Federalist ixhalabisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko omtsha uza kutshabalalisa oorhulumente.

Amandla ashicilelweyo amagunya amagunya amagunya amagunya amakhulu yaye aquka igunya phezu kwawo:

  • Umthetho wempahla, umthetho wesivumelwano, nomthetho wetopiki
  • Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho nokhuseleko
  • Inkqubo yemfundo kunye nemigangatho yoqeqesho
  • Ulawulo lokhetho kunye neemfaneleko zovoti
  • Ukugunyaziswa koochwepheshe
  • Isakhiwo sikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni nomthetho kamasipala
  • Imigaqo yempilo karhulumente kunye nokuhlukaniswa
  • Umthetho wentsapho, kuquka umtshato noqhawulo - mtshato

INkundla ePhakamileyo itolike uLawulo lweSiphendu seshumi elinamashumi amathandathu ukumisela imida yokwenene kwigunya likarhulumente. eNew York v. United States (1992, iNkundla yenza kungabikho mthetho wesizwe owafuna ukuba kulawule ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma yemitha okanye ithathe igalelo kuyo, ibambe ukuba iKhomishini yeNkqutyana ayinako-"inkqubo yomthetho karhulumente. INkundla yandisa lo mgaqo kwi-Princev. United States [1997]), igatya ilungiselelo le Brady Handgun Develoption Actal Act eyafuna ukuba imouse kunye nabaphathi bomthetho abagwebi bajonge isimilo bezwezwe ngokubanzi, ukugqiba umthetho wokuba i-mthetho wesizwe.

Ukusebenzisana Ngokugqithisileyo

Imisebenzi emininzi karhulumente ikwigunya elikhoyo loorhulumente besizwe nabezorhulumente. Owona mbuso ubalulekileyo ubalulekileyo uquka irhafu, ukuboleka, ukuchitha, ukuseka iinkundla, nokumisela imithetho yentlalo-ntle jikelele. Oku kubangela amathuba okusebenzisana kunye nawokungangquzulana.

INkundla ePhakamileyo iphuhlise iimfundiso zokulawula iingxabano phakathi kwemithetho karhulumente neyamagunya karhulumente asebenzisanayo. Ngaphantsi kweSupremacy Claus kwiGatya lesi-5, umthetho wesizwe uyaphumelela xa umthetho karhulumente ungqubana negunya elisebenzayo. Imfundiso yokukhulula ibambelele kumthetho karhulumente inokuthi ngokucacileyo (ngokusuka kulwimi olucacileyo) okanye ngokujongwa (xa umgaqo karhulumente ubanzi ubanzi kangangokuba ume ngokunzulu umhlaba okanye xa umthetho worhulumente ungqubana neemfuno zikarhulumente).

Amandla akhoyo avelisa ulwalamano oluntsonkothileyo lwamarhulumente kulawulo lwamaMelika. Umzekelo, urhulumente wesizwe kunye norhulumente we-levy irhafu yengeniso kunye neenkqubo zomthetho zolwaphulo-mthetho. Umthetho wokusingqongileyo usoloko ubandakanya imilinganiselo karhulumente edityanisiweyo egunyaziweyo egunyaziswe ngamasebe karhulumente anikwe igunya kwi-Entevition Projectal. Inkqubo yezonyango ngokufanayo idibanisa inkxaso-mali kunye nemithetho yesiseko solawulo nolwakhiwo-mthetho kunye nophuhliso-nkqubo enjenge-Medicaid wadivers.

Imfuneko KaClaus Nefanelekileyo: Ukuthamba Nemida Yako

I-Iactive ne Media, efunyenwe ekupheleni kweGatya I, iCandelo 8, inika iBhunga amandla "okwenza yonke imithetho ezakuba yimfuneko nefanelekileyo yokuthwala ukuphumeza" amagunya ayo adwelisweyo. Eli binzana laxatyiswa kakhulu ngexesha lolwakhiwo, kunye neAnti-Federalis ilumkisa ukuba iza kuba ligunya elingenamda. UAlexander Hamilton ulithethelela ku u-Uluhlu lwamafashoni No.[, ephikisa ukuba i-rigi enjalo yayibalulekile kurhulumente osebenzayo kwaye izakuthetha kuphela ngendlela engqinelana nefanelekileyo.

Uluvo lweJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall ku Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) wamisela ukucaciswa kwale mihla kwegalelo. Imeko yanikela imibuzo emibini: nokuba iBhunga lalinamandla okubeka ibhanki yesizwe, nokuba uMaryland ingayihlawula na loo bhanki. Marshall wabambelela ukuba umGaqo-siseko "ukwenza isiphelo sibe semthethweni kuphela, ukuba ube kumgangatho woMgaqo-siseko, kwaye konke okuthetha oko kufanelekile kwaye kulungelelene nento ecacileyo, engayalelwangayalelwanga, yeyo, ingumGcimbiswano-mthe."Le nkcazelo i-Candelo yanika imvume ecacileyo ekukhetheni iindlela zokusebenzisa amandla awo.

Kanti iNkundla ePhakamileyo inguNomfaneleko kaClaus ayipheli. INkundla ePhakamileyo ikhetha ukuba "ilungiswe ngokuphandle" kwisiphelo somgaqo-siseko esisemthethweni kwaye akufunekanga itshintshwe ngandlela ithile nguMgaqo-siseko. Igatya ayiniki mithetho-siseko jikelele; isuka nje ikwenze kube lula ukusebenzisa amagunya akhethekileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yawunyanzela lo mlinganiselo, njengaku- United States v. Comstock[ [2010], apho iNkuxhasa khona ukunikezelwa kwemimiselo yemibangowamabanjwa ayingozi ngokwesini kodwa igxininisa ukuba iBhunga elingumele libonise "isiseko sokudibanisa" ukudibanisa indlela ekhethwe ukuba lidwebe linegunya.

Uvavanyo olunzulu lwendlela i-Claus efunekayo nefanelekileyo esetyenziswe ngayo kumaxesha ahlukeneyo embali, Inkonzo yophando lophando olunzulu [ inika utyumbo olubanzi lomthetho wetyala.

Urhwebo: Injineli Enkulu Yamandla Karhulumente

Akukho lungiselelo linye lomGaqo-siseko eliye lavelisa intlupheko okanye igunya elingaphezulu kwelo gunya lesizwe lorhwebo uClaus, elinika iBhunga amandla "okulawula urhwebo nezizwe zasemzini, kunye naphakathi kwamaZwe aliqela, kunye neTshayina Yezizwe zaseIndiya. Ukutolikwa kwale ntetho kuye kwatshintsha kakhulu kwimbali yaseMerika, kubonakalisa ukutshintsha kokuqonda amandla orhulumente kunye noqoqosho lwesizwe.

Kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yatolika "ukusetyenziswa kwemali phakathi kwamazwe aliqela" ngokufutshane ukuquka intshukumo yeempahla kwiintambo zikarhulumente nemisebenzi enxulumene nayo. INkundla yahlula ezorhwebo ekuveliseni, kwezolimo, nasemigodini, ezazigqalwa njengemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente. Lo mahluko waqhubeka de kube lixesha leNew Deal, xa iNkundla yalahla iindidi ezisesikweni ukuxhasa indlela yokwenza umsebenzi ongcono.

NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. [1937], iNkundla yaxhasa uMthetho weNational Labor Relations ngokuqiqa ukuba iimpikiswano zomsebenzi kwinkampani enkulu yentsimbi zazinonxulumano olusondeleyo nolukhulu norhwebo. INkundla yayamkeleka ngokutshayelela ulawulo lwequmrhu lokwenza iprojekthi, i-orbian, kunye neminye imisebenzi yezoqoqosho phantsi kwe-Classicle, ephumela kwi-[FLT] Wickard v. Filburn [ [1942], eyayinento yokuba ingqolowa ekhula ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kobuqu inokulawulwa ngenxa yokuqokelelwa kwayo kwengqolowa yesizwe yayibalulekile.

Ukususela ngo-1930 ukuya koo1990, iCommerce Claus yanika igunya elisemthethweni kwi-oyile-mgaqo-siseko yephondo lale mihla, kuquka umthetho wamalungelo abantu. [Kumthetho woluntu] weAtlanta Motel v. United States (1964]), iNkundla yaxhasa iSihlomelo II samaLungelo asemthethweni, esalela ucalucalulo kwiindawo zikawonke wonke, kumhlaba apho ucalucalulo lobuhlanga luchaphazele kakhulu kwezoshishino.

Inkundla yeRehnquist kwi1990 yaqalisa ukumisela imida kwigunya lezorhwebo. United States v. Lopez (1995], iNkundla yachonga iindidi ezintathu zeKhompathimenti zinokulawula phantsi kwamandla orhwebo: imijelo yezorhwebo, iziko lezorhwebo lezorhwebo, kunye nemisebenzi echaphazela kakhulu intengiso yezoshishino. Inkundla yabambelela kwelokuba ukuba ukuba ukuba nempu ekufuphi nezikolo aziwelanga nakweziphi na ezi hlelo. Olu vavanyo lwenxenye ezintathu lungaphinda lufakwe kwakhona ku [[FLT:] United States v.[FLT][FLT] [2]]

Ityala elibalulekileyo lakutshanje lorhwebo lukaClaus liyi iFomatial Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012), apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqala ukulawulwa komgaqo-siseko wemithetho-siseko we-Affordible Care Act. IJaji eyintloko uRoberts, ebhalela iNkundla, ikholelwa ukuba iBhunga alinyanzeli ukuba abantu bangene kwintengiso ngokuthenga i-inshorensi yempilo njengomgaqo woshishino olukhoyo. Lo mqathango wancopho waxhaswa kuphela njengokusetyenziswa kwemithetho yerhafu yeBhunga. Esi sigqibo simela eyona mithetho yezorhwebo ibalulekileyo ilawula ukususela kwi-New Imbare kwaye iqinisekisa ngokuqinileyo ukuba igunya lolawulo lokulawula intengiso aliquki amandla okuvelisa urhwebo.

Amandla Okusebenzisa Imali: Iintambo Zincanyathiselwe

IBhunga linegunya eliphangaleleyo phantsi kwemali kaClaus yokuhlawula irhafu nokuchitha intlawulo "yobugxwayiba". Eli gunya liye laba sisithuthi esiphambili sempembelelo karhulumente kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente. Ngokusebenzisa imali exhomekekileyo, iBhunga linikela imali karhulumente ngemeko yokuba ahambelane neemfuno zikarhulumente ezicacisiweyo, ngokunempumelelo afikelele iinjongo zokulawula ezinokuthi zidlule igunya elingqalileyo leBhunga lemithetho-mthetho.

INkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele amandla okusebenzisa imali njengesixhobo esisemthethweni somgaqo-nkqubo wezwe kodwa ibeke imida ebalulekileyo. South Dakota v. Dole (1987), iNkundla yaseka uvavanyo lwenxenye ezine zokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango: ukusetyenziswa kwemali kufuneka kube yentlalo-ntle jikelele, iimeko kufuneka zicace, iimeko mazithwale umdla othile kumgaqo karhulumente kwinkqubo, kwaye iimeko akufunekangangqubanisi ngokwazo amanye amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko.

Umlinganiselo wokunyanzelisa wangqineka ugqibelele kwi- National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012), apho iNkundla yathi iAffordible Care Act isongela ukulahlekelwa yimali ekhoyo eMedicaid yokuba ingabi nakukhutshwa ngokuchasene nomthetho. Amazwe ajamelana nokulahlekelwa yimali emela ngaphezu kweshumi lepesenti yoqingqo-mali, ishiyeka ingenalukhetho lokwenene. Esi sigqibo sibonisa ukuba amandla asetyenziswayo, ngoxa ebanzi, anemida enyanzelelwa ngokwezomthetho.

Uhlolo lwejaji kunye nokucaciswa komGaqo-siseko

Amandla eNkundla ePhakamileyo uJohn Marshall okuvakalisa imithetho engekho mgaqo-siseko akachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa wasekwa kwi- Marbury v. Madison (1803). IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall yaqiqa ukuba umGaqo-siseko obhaliweyo ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, ukuba umisela amagunya karhulumente, kwaye ijudicaria kufuneka inike isiphumo kuloo mida xa kugqitywa amatyala. Uphengululo lwejaji ngokusukela oko kuba ligumbi lembombo lomgaqo-siseko waseMelika, usebenza njengovavanyo olupheleleyo kwimithetho yemithetho kunye nolawulo oluphezulu.

Indlela yeNkundla yokutolika ngomgaqo-siseko yahluka ngokuhamba kwexesha. Izazi zoqobo ziphikisa ngelithi imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko kufuneka ichazwe ngokwentsingiselo yayo yantlandlolo ngexesha lokwenziwa kwemiqathango. Abaxhasi bomgaqo-siseko abaphilayo baphikisa ngelithi intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko iguquka ngotshintsho lwemeko-bume. Phakathi kwezi zibonda zikho uludwe lwendlela yokuchaza, kuquka inkcazo, impikiswano yolwakhiwo, kunye nokuxhomekeka kwimizekelo nesithethe.

Isisombululo sengxubusho yorhulumente sisoloko sixhomekeke kwindlela yokuchaza isigwebo esisetyenziswa ngumthetho. IiJaji zoqobo zityekele ekugxininiseni ulongamo lorhulumente kunye nommandla olinganiselweyo wamandla karhulumente njengoko kuqondwa sisizukulwana esisunguliweyo. Amalungisa axhasa ukutolikwa ngamandla axhasa igunya elinamandla kakhulu lorhulumente ukuphendula iingxaki zamaxesha ebekungenakulindelwa ngabaseki.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States inika iinkcukacha ngembali yayo kunye nemisebenzi yayo kwiwebhsayithi yayo , kuquka ugcino-lwazi ngendima yeNkundla ekulondolozeni imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko.

Ityala Elikhulu Lomanyano Ukususela Ngo - 1990

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yagqiba amatyala amaninzi abalulekileyo karhulumente kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje aye aguqula indlela oqondwa ngayo umGaqo-siseko:

  • [FLT] New York v. United States (1992: Ukurhweba phantsi umthetho karhulumente ofuna amazwana alawula inkunkuma yemitha yeathom, ukuseka imfundiso echasene nemiyalelo.
  • [FLT] United States v. Lopez (1995]: Umzekelo wokuqala malunga neminyaka engamashumi amathandathu ukuphelisa umthetho wezwe njengogqithileyo kuClaus wezorhwebo.
  • Shicilelaz v. United States (1997): imfundiso eyoluliweyo echasene nomyalelo kumagosa aphezulu.
  • [FLT] United States v. Morrison [2000]: Ukupheliswa kogonyamelo nxamnye namabhinqa Ayalwa nomthetho phantsi kolungiselelo lwezorhwebo uCelas noLwecandelo 5 loMgqibi weshumi elinesine.
  • Gonzas v. Raich (2005]: ugunya lolawulo lokuthintela umya wezamayeza phantsi koMthetho weSubstances Olawulwayo, kwanalapho urhulumente wayewubhalise ngokusemthethweni khona.
  • [FLT]Federal Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202]: Linikisiweyo urhwebo luka Claus kunye nokusebenzisa amandla ngokwemali kwimeko yotshintsho lwempilo.
  • [[NTLT:0][FLT] [1] umrphy v. NCAA (208): Ukugalela phantsi umthetho wezwe onqanda amajelo ukusuka ekugunyaziseni imidlalo yokungcakaza njengokwaphula umgaqo ochasene nomyalelo.

Iimbambano Neengxaki Zangexesha Elingaphambili

Imida yegunya likarhulumente isekho embindini wentetho yezobupolitika neyomthetho yaseMerika. Iimpikiswano eziliqela ezikhoyo zibonisa ukubaluleka komGaqo-siseko:

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezonyango

UMthetho we-Affordcuble Care uyaqhubeka uphakamisa imibuzo yolawulo lukarhulumente. Ngapha koko ugunyaziso lomntu ngamnye noMdicaid lwaqulunqwa kwimiba yolwandiso NFIB v. Sebelius, iimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zibandakanya ulawulo lwegunya lorhulumente ukugunyazisa i-inshorensi ethile, indima yolawulo lwe-inshorensi yorhulumente, kunye nolwabeko lwamandla phakathi kwamagunya orhulumente kunye nolawulo lweMedicare kunye noMdicaid. I-CHOVAID-19 ibalase umbutho wolawulo lwezempilo karhulumente, njengoko uvakalisileyo igunya likarhulumente lorhulumente lolawulo nolawulo olugunyazwe likhutshwe kunye noothumelo oluqululweyo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo

I-Ceac Air Act ne-Ceac Water Act i-State Act yenza izicwangciso zemithetho-mthetho yentsebenziswano yesizwe ebangele ukusetyenziswa okuzingisileyo phezu kwemida yegunya lezwe. West Virginia v. EPA [2022], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yacela "imibuzo yemfundiso ye-" ukumisela igunya le-EPA ukulawula ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu ephuma kwizityaloni zamandla, ibambe loo ngqungquthela kufuneka ithethe ngokucacileyo xa ivumela amaziko okucombulula imicimbi emikhulu yezoqoqosho kunye neyopolitiki. Le mfundiso imele isinyanzelo esitsha esibalulekileyo kulawulo lwamandla orhulumente.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo

Ukungeniswa kwemfundo kunyuke ngeenkqubo zokuchitha imali ezinomqathango njengeSihloko I kunye ne-Antessorder on Division Education Act. Ama-United States aye acel'iiimiyalelo yemfundo engaphezulu njengemida yomGaqo-siseko kwaye aphazamisana nolawulo lukarhulumente kulwazi lwezifundo nemigangatho. I-All Students Receeds Act yonyaka wama-2015 yamela utshintsho olungephi nakunyaka kwigunya elibuyele kumaphondo, kodwa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ziyaqhubeka ngendima efanelekileyo karhulumente kwimfundo.

Ukukhukuliswa kunye nokulingwa

Ukuthatyathwa kombutho ngokwesithethe kuye kwaba ngumthwalo wesizwe, kodwa urhulumente uye wafuna ngakumbi ukubandakanyeka, ingakumbi kwimimandla yokunyanzelisa kunye neengenelo. Arizona v. United States (202], iNkundla yawa phantsi amalungiselelo amaninzi eSB's 1070 kwimimandla engaphambili ngexa ishiya ithuba lokusebenzisana nomthetho. Iziphumo ezisemthethweni ziyaqhubeka ukuvela njengoko kuvavanywa imida yegunya layo kulo mhlaba.

IBrennan Center yeJaji inika uhlalutyo olungqinelanayo lwemiba yemithetho yorhulumente yexesha elinye nendlela ezichaphazela ngayo ulungelelwaniso lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente.

Ukugqalwa Okuhlala Kuphantsi Kwemiqathango YomGaqo-siseko

Imida yomgaqo-siseko kwigunya likarhulumente asiyomiqathango yembali kodwa yimigaqo ephilayo eqhubeka ibumba ulawulo lwamaMelika. Isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sibambene nombuzo osisiseko abaseki bale ngxaki: indlela yokwakha urhulumente wesizwe owomelele ngokwaneleyo ukucombulula iingxaki ezidibeneyo ngoxa ehlala elinganiselwe ngokwaneleyo ukugcina inkululeko nolawulo lorhulumente.

Impendulo, efakwe kwisakhiwo somGaqo-siseko, asiyondlela echanekileyo kodwa sisakhiwo sokuzicingela ngokuqhubekayo. Amandla omanyano anwebeka ngexesha lamanqam esizwe kunye nezivumelwano ngexesha lonyaka wonikezelo. INkundla ePhakamileyo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimida yomthetho-siseko, kodwa izigqibo zayo zibonisa ukuqondwa okungaguquguqukiyo kolawulo kunye nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wegunya lesizwe.

Kubemi nabafundi, ukuqonda le mida kubalulekile kwingxoxo yedemokhrasi. UmGaqo-siseko awuwuphenduli wonke umbuzo, kodwa umisela imithetho yomdlalo apho kuqukwa iingxoxo zemigaqo. Abo bayiqondayo le mithetho banokuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kwincoko ephathelele impilo, imfundo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, neminye imibandela emininzi apho igunya likarhulumente likhuphiswane khona.

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwegunya nembopheleleko olumiswa ngumGaqo-siseko lusasebenza namhlanje njengoko lwalunjalo ngowe-1787. Njengoko ilizwe lijamelene nocelomngeni olutsha olusuka kutshintsho lobugcisa ukuya kukhuphiswano lwezoqoqosho lwehlabathi lonke ukuya kukhuphiswano lwemekobume, inkqubo yesizwe kufuneka ilungelelane ngoxa ihlala ithembekile kwimigaqo-siseko. Oku akufuni kunyanzeleka kuphela ukunyanzeliswa komgaqo-siseko kodwa kukwafuneka nemithetho yezopolitiko nenkcubeko kumgangatho karhulumente olinganiselweyo, wesizwe, kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye equlethwe ngumGaqo-siseko.