Ukuqonda indlela emiyobeko engundoqo ngayo kubafundi, abafundisi, kunye nabemi ababotshelelweyo. Indlela esuka kwingcamango yomthetho ukuya kumthetho onyanzelekileyo ibandakanya ulandelelwano lwezenzo ngamasebe amaninzi karhulumente. Eli nqaku lihlola icandelo ngalinye lolo hambo (ukusuka ekuqaleni ukwenziwa kwemithetho ngokunyanzelisa ) kwaye libalaselisa iindlela eziguqulela imimiselo ebhaliweyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke. Ngokuhlola inkqubo yomthetho, imigaqo yokunyanzelisa, kunye neengxaki eziqhelekileyo, abafundi baza kufumana uxabiso ngendlela esebenzisekayo yokubumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye nokulawula umthetho.

Ibhanile Yobomi Bemifanekiso: Inqaku Elifutshane

Umthetho awuqali nje ngesiquphe. Uqala njengesicelo, uqulunqa uthotho lwemiqobo yemithetho, ufumana imvume elawulayo, kwaye ekugqibeleni ungene kwisigaba sokunyanzelisa. Lonke ibhayisekile ibonisa imigaqo yoyilo lomgaqo-siseko elungelelanisa ucwangciso, umelo, nokuphendula. Inyathelo ngalinye (ukulungiselela, ukuchaza, ukubukeza kwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, ukuvota, ukupapasha, kunye nempapasho) iqinisekisa ukuba injongo ecacileyo ingumthetho, exhaswe ngokuphandle.

Le nkqubo ayingokulandela nje; ibandakanya amaxabiso edemokhrasi. Umzekelo, ukuchotshelwa kweekomiti kuvumela ubungqina obungoochule nolwazi olusemgangathweni, ngoxa iingxoxo zomgangatho zivumela abameli ukuba bathethe ngokukhuphisanayo. Ukuqonda olu landelelwano kunceda abemi bavavanya iziphumo zomthetho baze bagcine abameli babo benoxanduva.

Inkqubo Yomthetho Kubunzulu

1. Ukudrafti yeBhili

Phambi kokuba nayiphi na inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ivele, ityala kufuneka libhaliswe. Ukutyhidwa kwemithetho kukuguqulelwa komgaqo-nkqubo kulwimi oluchanekileyo olusemthethweni. Lo msebenzi udla ngokwenziwa ziingcebiso zowiso-mthetho, amagqwetha, okanye abasebenzi abanobuchule ekudibaniseni iingxelo zemali kunye nabaxhasi bemali. Injongo kukuvelisa umbhalo ocacileyo, ocacileyo oziphendulela imbambano ngaphandle kweziphumo ezingalindelekanga.

Ukudrafti kufuna ingqalelo elula kumthetho okhoyo. Ityala akufunekanga lingqubane nemimiselo yomgaqo-siseko, imimiselo ekhoyo, okanye imizekelo egwetywayo. Abagwebi bakwaqwalasela ukwenziwa kobuchule: icandelo ngalinye libalwe, ingcaciso zichazwe ngokucacileyo, kwaye imimiselo yokusebenza ichazwe ngokucacileyo. Umthetho owenziwe kakuhle unciphisa ngokucaceyo kamva kwinkqubo kwaye unciphisa iingxaki zomthetho emva kokumiswa.

2. Ukwazisa

Xa sele ibhalisiwe, ityala livezwe ngokusemthethweni kwigumbi elinye lendlu yowiso-mthetho .Indlu yabameli okanye iNdlu yeQela (inkqubo ye-bidamaral). Ilungu eliyizisayo lingumxhasi; amalungu awongezelelekileyo angasayina njengekhokeli ukuxhasa inkxaso. Ukwazisa sisenzo sikawonke-wonke esiphawula ukuqala kokuqwalaselwa kwemithetho.

KwiBhunga lase-U.S., umthetho wetyala unikwa inani (umz. H.R. 1 okanye S. 1) kwaye ushicilelwe. Emva koko ubhekiswa kwikomiti enye okanye ezininzi ezinegunya phezu kombandela. Isigqibo sobhekiso-mthetho senziwa ligosa eliphetheyo, ngokuqhelekileyo elisekelwe kwimithetho yegumbi kunye nemizekelo. Ukwazisa kukodwa akuqinisekisi ngenyathelo elibhekele phaya; amatyala amaninzi ayafa kwikomiti.

INgxelo yeKomiti

IiKomiti ngamahashe asebenzayo enkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ikomiti ejongene nobume benkqubo ``njengezolimo, iijaji, okanye impilo-mpilo' kunye neeNkokeli zokuchongwa, uphando, neentlanganiso zokunyusa. Ngexesha lokuchonga, amangqina avela kumasebe karhulumente, amaqela enzala, kunye namaqumrhu kawonke-wonke anikela ubungqina. Amalungu ekomiti abuza amangqina kwaye aqokelela ulwazi lokuvavanya iinzuzo zemali kunye nempembelelo yayo.

Emva kokuchongwa, ikomiti iba nentlanganiso yokuchola utho apho amalungu acebisa ulungiso, iinguqu, kwaye ekugqibeleni ivote ukuba ingawuchaza na lo mthetho kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Ikomiti isenokuphinda ibhale kwakhona ityala “njengecocekileyo”. Ukuba ikomiti ayiphumeleli ukwenza okanye ukuvota ekungaxelwa, ityala eliqhelekileyo. Isenzo sekomiti sisixhobo esibalulekileyo; iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho osukwe ngokucokisekileyo ufikelela kumgangatho.

Ikomitana engaphantsi kunye

Iikomiti ezininzi zithumela umsebenzi wazo wokuqala kwiikomiti ezincinci, eziqhuba iikomiti ezijongene nokuchongwa kwazo zize zixele izincomelo zazo kwikomiti epheleleyo. Kwezinye iimeko, ityala libhekiswa kwiikomiti ezininzi (ezizezezeli okanye ezidityanisiweyo) ukuba amalungiselelo azo amalunga nolawulo olunye. Olu hlolo lunemiqathango yolwaleko longeza ubunzulu kodwa lungacotha.

4. Ingxoxo yefloreyithi noHlaziyo

Xa isindululo sixelwa yikomiti, sibekwa kwikhalenda yowiso-mthetho ukwenzela ingxoxo yomgangatho. Ingxoxo yemithetho elawulayo iyahluka phakathi kwamagumbi. Kwindlu yabameli, iKomiti yeMimiselo ikhupha umthetho odla ngokumisela imida yexesha, icacisa ukuba ziziphi iziphelo ezilungeleleneyo, kwaye imisela ulandelelwano. KwiBhunga, ingxoxo ivulekile kakhulu . Abaquququzeleli be-ifivbuster, kunye nevoti yejampyutha (ngokuqhelekileyo ama-60) kufuneka iphele ingxoxo kwimicimbi emininzi.

Ngexesha lengxoxo yomgangatho, amalungu aphikisana okanye aphikisana nemali efunyenweyo yekomiti enika ingcebiso, inkxalabo yequmrhu, kunye nohlaziyo lwenkqubo. IziHlanzi zisenokunikezelwa ukuze kulungiswe ulwimi lwalo mgaqo-mali. Inkqubo yokulungisa ivumela icandelo elipheleleyo ukuba licombulule umthetho. Xa ingxoxo iqukuqele, ityala liqhubekela kwivoti yokugqibela.

5. Ukuphulaphula Kwigumbi ngalinye

Kufuneka kudluliswe ireyithingi yomibini ekwimo efanayo ukuze ithunyelwe kumphathi ophezulu. Kwigumbi ngalinye, uninzi olulula lwabo bakhoyo novotiso luyafuneka (ngaphandle kokuba umGaqo-siseko okanye imithetho yegumbi ifuna ukuba kubekho unyuso olukhulu, njengakwi-ethentia okanye i-vetoes). Ii-votes zingabhalwa ngomnxeba, ngokuvota ilizwi, okanye icandelo. Ukuba umthetho udlula kwelinye igumbi, ugqithiselwa kwenye igumbi, apho inkqubo iphinda iphinda-phinda (i-ntlophu, ikomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, ivoti).

Ukuba igumbi lesibini lidlulisa ityala ngotshintsho, igumbi lokuqala kufuneka livumelane. Ngokufuthi, umahluko uconjululwa ngekomiti yengqungquthela("iqela lokwexeshana lamalungu akwiziqendu zombini ezixubusha ngoguqulelo olulalanisayo. Ulalanisa kufuneka kuvunywe ngawo omabini amagumbi. Kusemva kokuba kuvunyelwene nge-bicameral kuphela apho isivumelwano semali sihamba siye kumphathi-ntloko-mthetho.

6. Isenzo soMongameli kunye neGunya leVeto

Emva kokudlulisa iKhonkxale, ityala linikwa uMongameli. UMongameli uneenketho eziliqela:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uphawu lomthetho: Iba ngumthetho ngoko nangoko xa ityikityo (okanye kumhla ochaziweyo osebenzayo).
  • [[FLT: 0] Ivumele ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo: Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nxaxheba kwientsuku ezilishumi (ezigqithayo kwiiCawa) ngelixa i Congress iseqesheni, uxwebhu luba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo.
  • Ijolise kumthetho: uMongameli ubuyisela uxwebhu kwi Congress ngokuphikisa. Uninzi olubini- 3 kwigumbi ngalinye luyafuneka ukukhupha iveto nokumisela umthetho phezu kokuphikisa kukaMongameli.
  • [[UMTL: 0] i-Pocket vento: Ukuba iiKhomyutha zihambelana ngexesha lomhla weshumi, uMongameli akanakutyikitya ityala, kwaye ayibi ngumthetho (akukho ukudeleka okunokwenzeka).

Amandla eveto luhlolo olucinezelayo kwigunya lowiso-mthetho. Abameli bayawasebenzisa ukulahla amatyala abakholelwa ukuba angachananga, angachananga, okanye achasene nezinto eziphambili zesizwe.

7. Upapasho noluvo

Wakuba umiselwe, ummiselo omtsha wabelwe inani lomthetho kawonke-wonke kwaye upapashwe ngokobalo lwexesha kwi izilumkiso ezinkulu. Ikwadityaniswe kwi ye-United States-United States-[[, ukuqulunqwa-kungasiseko kwemithetho esisigxina yesizwe. Impapasho esemthethweni iqinisekisa ukuba uwonke wonke, amagqwetha, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente angafikelela umbhalo.

Umhla osebenzayo wommiselo uchazwe ngokuchanekileyo ngaphakathi komthetho. Eminye imimiselo isebenza ngoko nangoko; eminye iye yalibazisa ukuvumela ixesha elisebenzayo lokulungiselela imimiselo. Ekungabikho komhla ochaziweyo, okungagqibekanga ngumhla wokumiswa.

Ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho: Ukusuka Kumbhalo Ukuya Kuqheliselwa

Ukusebenza akuqinisekisi ukuthobela. Umthetho kuphela unempembelelo yokwenene yehlabathi ngokunyanzelisa ukuba kuthatyathwe isebe elilawulayo, amasebe, iinkundla ukunyanzela ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa kolwaphulo kunye nokuchaswa kwedilesi.

Indima Yesebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu

UMongameli kunye namaqumrhu aphetheyo ajongene nokunyanzelwa kwemigaqo karhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko ubeka uMongameli ityala lokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka. Lo msebenzi wenziwe ngeSebe leMithetho yeJaji, eligweba ulwaphulo-mthetho, nangokusebenzisa amagunya agunyazisa uluntu afana ne-Entevironment Protection Agency, i-Secicurities and Exchange Commission, kunye ne-Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Umthetho olawulayo uquka uphando, ukuhlolwa, ukufakwa kwesohlwayo, kunye nokunikwa imiyalelo (iintle, imimiselo, ukuchithwa kwemvume). Imimiselo yequmrhu ecacisa ulwimi lomthetho kwaye ivelise imigaqo enyanzelekileyo. Le migaqo inomthetho owakha wathathwa ngomthetho owenzelwe ukusetyenziswa ngesaziso kunye nomthetho ogunyazisiweyo phantsi koMthetho we-Administrative Procedure.

Indima Yezolawulo

Amaziko alawulayo asebenza njengezixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ulawulo. Ngokomzekelo, uLawulo loTyelelo noLawulo lweZiyobisi lunyanzelisa imimiselo engokhuseleko lweziyobisi; iKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loManyano inyanzelisa imithetho yothungelwano. I-Atmosfera isoloko imisela imithetho yolawulo, i-arhente, namandla ophando. Bangaqhuba ukuva, ukupheliswa kwemiyalelo yoluntu, kunye nesohlwayo se-levy.

Izenzo zonyanzelo lwe-arhente ziphantsi kohlolo logwebo. Ukuba umbutho ungaphezulu kwegunya lawo lomthetho okanye uphula iimfuno zemithetho, iinkundla zingazibhukuqa izenzo zawo. Olu lawulo luqinisekisa ukuba abameli bahlala ngaphakathi kwemida emiselwe yiBhunga.

Inkqubo yezeejaji nengcaciso yesigwebo

Iinkundla zimisa imimiselo ngokugweba iimbambano. Xa iqela lityholwa ngokwaphula umthetho, inkundla igqiba enoba lo mthetho uyasebenza na nokuba ihambo ikwimiqathango yayo. Iinkundla zikwachaza ulwimi oludidayo, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba lulwakhiwo lomthetho. ABagwebi baxhomekeke kwimibhalo, kwimbali yowiso-mthetho, injongo, kunye nemizekelo yokusombulula amatyala.

Izigqibo zenkundla ezichaza umthetho zibe yinxalenye yomthetho. Kwinkqubo zomthetho eqhelekileyo, imizekelo yezomthetho ikhokela izicelo zexesha elizayo. Ukuba inkundla iwisa umthetho njengongagunyaziswanga, awusebenzi kwaye awunakunyanzeliswa. Noko ke, iintendelezo ngokuqhelekileyo ziqiqa ngelithi imimiselo yeyomgaqo-siseko yaye zifuna iinkcazelo ezizixhasayo.

Ubungqina boluntu kunye noqhagamshelwano

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuxhomekeke nakulwazi loluntu. Amasebe karhulumente aqhuba ingeniso, apapashile, alondoloze iiwebhsayithi ukuze azise abemi namashishini abo ngeembopheleleko zabo ezisemthethweni. Ngokomzekelo, iSebe lezeMpawulo linika iifomu zerhafu nemiyalelo; iSebe leMisebenzi linikela uncedo lokuthobela imivuzo kunye nemithetho yeeyure. Imfundo inciphisa ukwaphula umthetho okungalawulekiyo kwaye ikhuthaza ukuthobela ngokuzithandela.

Iingxaki Ekunyanzelweni

Phezu kwayo nje le migaqo, ukunyanzelisa abantu kujongene nemiqobo engapheliyo enokudodobalisa ukusebenza kwemimiselo.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Amaziko anyanzelisayo asoloko esebenza ngoqingqo-mali olulinganiselweyo, abasebenzi kunye nobugcisa. Umthetho ungagunyazisa iinjongo ezibalulekayo `njengemigangatho yomoya ococekileyo okanye ukhuseleko lomsebenzi) kodwa ukuba umbutho awunazo iingqikelelo okanye abatshutshisi, ukuphulwa komthetho akubonwa. Ukwahlulwa kwezibonelelo kuchazwa ngokukhethekileyo kwicandelo lesizwe nasekuhlaleni, apho ukugcinwa kwemithetho karhulumente kuxhomekeke kwizivumelwano zentsebenziswano.

Ukuxhathisa nokuxhathisa kukawonke-wonke

Kwanaxa kunyanzeliswa ukuba kunyanzeliswe, asibo bonke abantu okanye imibutho ethobelayo ngokuzithandela. Ukungathobeli kusenokubangelwa kukungazi, ukuhlawuliswa, okanye ukuthotywa kweliso ngabom. Amanye amaziko axhathisa imithetho enyanzelisa iindleko zokuthobela. Amagosa anyanzelisayo kufuneka alungelelanise amanyathelo okuzibopha ngezikhuthazo nemfundo ukuze akhuthaze ukubambelela.

Iimpikiswano Ezingokwasemthethweni Nezichasi - mpikiswano

Imithetho idla ngokuba nolwimi olungacacanga okanye igqiza legunya elitolika kwisebe. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiimbambano ngentsingiselo. Iinkundla ezahlukeneyo zisenokufikelela kwiinkcazelo eziphikisanayo, zibangele ukungaqiniseki de iNkundla Ephakamileyo igqibe loo mbambano. Ngokucacileyo, imigudu yokwenza imimiselo ingqale ngakumbi isenokukhokelela kumalungiselelo anzima, anzima ukuwasebenzisa.

Ukuguquka Kwezobupolitika Nomgaqo - siseko

Ukunyanzeliswa kwezinto eziphambili kunokutshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngolawulo lwezobupolitika. Ulawulo olutsha lunganciphisa imimiselo ethile, lunciphise izenzo zonyanzelo, okanye lunciphise imimiselo yamasebe agqwethekileyo kwinkqubo yomthetho. Oku kungazinzi kungenza kunganyaniseki kumthetho kuze kubangele ukuba kungaqiniseki ukuba imigaqo elawulwayo ibekwe phantsi. Ngoxa isebe eliphetheyo linengqiqo, akukho nanye ingqiniseko eqhubekayo enokuthi ijongene nocelomngeni olusemthethweni oluvela kokungaqhubeki komthetho.

Imidlalo Edityanisiweyo Phakathi Kwemithetho Yomanyano Nemithetho Karhulumente

Kwinkqubo zikarhulumente ezifana neUnited States, imimiselo ikho kumgangatho worhulumente nowaseburhulumenteni. Imimiselo esesikweni ithetha ngemicimbi yenkxalabo yesizwe (umz., ukufuduka, urhwebo oluphakathi kwesizwe, amalungelo abemi). Imimiselo karhulumente igubungela iindawo ezinjengempahla, izivumelwano, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho (ngokudibana okuthile), kunye nomthetho wentsapho. UmGaqo-siseko waseSupremacy Claus wase-U.S. unika loo mthetho worhulumente odibayo umthetho worhulumente ongquzulanayo xa icelele ukuba iBhungane norhulumente ahlale kumhlaba.

Ukwenziwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yonyanzeliso kuyahluka ngokwendlela. Amasebe omanyano amisa imithetho karhulumente; amasebe karhulumente anyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente. Kwimimandla emininzi, kukho amalungiselelo orhulumente asebenzisanayo, oku kunyanzeliswa ngemilinganiselo yemekobume yamazwe asebenzisana ne-EPA. Ukuqonda eli candelo kubalulekile kubenzi nakubemi ngokufanayo.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yale nkqubo

Ukuzekelisa uhambo lomthetho, qwalasela i-Civil Rights Act ka-1964. Yaziswa emva kweminyaka emininzi yokuchotshelwa kwemithetho yezomthetho, yanyamezela ukuthethwa kwekomiti eninzi kunye neengxoxo zomgangatho, yajongana ne-monibuster kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso, yaye ekugqibeleni yadluliswa ngenkxaso ye-bipartisan. UMongameli Lyndon Johnson wayisayina emthethweni. Isivumelwano sawela kwiSebe leMithetho yeSigwebo neKhomishoni yeComment Commissionty, ephengulula izikhalazo zocalulo nokumangalela. Impembelelo yomthetho yayinzulu, ukanti iyaqhubeka imiqobo, kuquka nokungalinganiswa kwemiqathango yocalu-lucalu-lucalu-lucalu-lu.

Omnye umzekelo nguMthetho we-Celean Air, owafumana izilungiso ezingundoqo ngowe-1970 nangowama-1990. I-EPA isebenza kunye nemigaqo yomgangatho womgangatho womoya. Ama-EPA anikezela iiplani zokuzalisekisa; i-EPA ingamisela ingxengxezo ukuba oorhulumente abaphumeleli ukuthobela. Esi senzo siye sasinda kwiingxaki ezingokwasemthethweni nakutshintsho lolawulo, sibonakalisa ukumelana nokuchanabeka komthetho.

Isiphelo

Uhambo lommiselo osuka kwisivumelwano esiya kumthetho onyanzelekileyo luyitestamente kwisiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-mthetho iyazikhusela ngokucokisekileyo kwaye imele, ngelixa ukunyanzelisa nokutolika komthetho kuzisa umthetho ebomini. Noko ke, inkqubo ayifezekanga: izithintelo, ii-projekthi zezobupolitika, kunye nomthetho onegunya zivelisa imingeni eqhubekayo. Kubafundi nakubafundisi-mthetho, ukuyiqonda le migaqo kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela eguqulela ngayo ekusebenzeni kwabemi nendlela enenjongo yokusebenza ngayo imimiselo yomthetho nokulawula. Ngokufunda imigaqo yobomi, sizuza ukuqonda indlela esenziwe ngayo, kodwa kwanokuba imigaqo yebutho, njengoko amalungu enokubandakanye nenxaxheba kuyo.