Inkululeko yokuthetha ifana nesiseko soluntu olunedemokhrasi, inika abantu amandla okuvakalisa iingcamango, ukucel ’ umngeni igunya, nokuthatha inxaxheba kubomi basekuhlaleni. Kodwa eli lungelo alikho ngaphandle kobunzima obungalinganiyo. Urhulumente ngamnye ujongene nomsebenzi onzima wokukhusela abemi kwingozi engalawulwayo yokuthetha enokubangela ugonyamelo, intetho yentiyo, intetho egqwethekileyo, kunye nezisongelo kukhuseleko lohlanga. Imfundiso esemthethweni elawula le milinganiselo ikhuphisanayo intsonkothile, i-epheke, kwaye iphembelela ngokunzulu.

Kukho umbuzo obalulekileyo ongolu hlobo lokulungelelanisa: Imithetho ikulondoloza njani ukutshintshisana ngokukhululekileyo kweengcamango ngoxa iqinisekisa ukuba amagama awabi zizixhobo? Impendulo iyahlukahluka kwiimeko zelizwe, ibunjwe yimbali, impucuko, nentanda - bulumko egwebayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindlela ezisemthethweni ezilungelelanisa inkululeko yokuthetha nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke, isebenzisa amatyala, imilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe, neengxaki zanamhlanje.

Isiseko Sobulumko Nesomthetho Sokuthetha

Inkululeko yokuthetha isekelwe kwiinjongo zokukhanyiselwa, ingakumbi ingcamango yokuba ukuthengiswa ngokukhululekileyo kweengcamango kubalulekile ukuze inyaniso ivele kwaye ifunyanwe. Iingcali zentanda-bulumko ezinjengoJohn Stuart Mill zathi kwanentetho erhabaxa okanye ebuxoki ifanele ivunyelwe ngenxa yokuba inyanzelela uluntu ukuba luhlolisise iinkolelo zalo. Iinkqubo zomthetho kulo lonke ihlabathi ziye zafaka le migaqo kwimimiselo nakwizivumelwano.

Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko

EUnited States, uMphengululo Wokuqala kuMgaqo-siseko uyalela ukuba iBhunga leMithetho linqande “ukuphelisa inkululeko yokuthetha.” Olu khuselo lubanzi kwaye lunamandla, ngokuqhelekileyo lukhusela kwanentetho yentiyo okanye ephikisayo kulawulo lukarhulumente. IConvention on Human Rights ngokufanayo ikhusela intetho ekhululekileyo phantsi kweGatya 10, nangona ivumela imiqathango “eyimfuneko kwibutho ledemokhrasi” ukwenzela iinjongo ezinjengokhuseleko lukawonke wonke, ukhuseleko lohlanga, nokuthintelwa kwesiphithiphithiphithi.

Amalungelo abantu amazwe ngamazwe aqinisekisa ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. ISindululo soMhlaba Samalungelo Abantu (Article 19) sithi “Wonke umntu unelungelo lenkululeko yoluvo nentetho; eli lungelo liquka inkululeko yokuba nenkululeko yokubambelela kwiimbono ngaphandle kokuphazamisa nokufuna, ukufumana nokudlulisela ulwazi kunye neengcamango nangayiphi na ijelo-ndaba nangawuphi na umda.” Noko ke, uMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe wonke wamalungelo abantu (uGawula 19 uvumela imiqathango xa enikwa ngumthetho yaye uyimfuneko ukuze uhlonelwe ngamalungelo okanye udumo lwabanye, okanye ukhuseleko lokhuseleko loluntu, uluntu, ulungelelwano lwentlalo, okanye impilo kawonke wonke.

Apho Intetho Idibana Nokhuseleko Loluntu: Imiqathango Esemthethweni

Imithetho yomhlaba wonke ikhetha ukuba umonakalo obangelwa kukuthetha ubaluleke ngaphezu kokuwukhusela. Oku kuthintela kuncinane, kucace gca yaye kumele kuhlolisiswe.

Ukuvuseleleka Kugonyamelo

Omnye wemida eyamkelekileyo kakhulu kwintetho kukuphembelela ugonyamelo olukufuphi. EUnited States, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka “uvavanyo lweBrandenburg” Brandenburg v.Ohio. Intetho isenokuthintelwa kuphela ukuba“ inyanzelelwe okanye ivelise ukuchasa umthetho okukhawulezileyo” kwaye isenokufikelela kwisiphumo. Lo mlinganiselo uphezulu ngabom, uthintela urhulumente ukuba angabohlwayeli ugonyamelo olungaqhelekanga. Ezinye iintlanga zinokufumana okufanayo, nangona zidla ngokuba nentyambo oluncinane, imiqobo. Umzekelo, uLawulo loLawulo loluntu loMgaqo wonyaka 1986 lukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho “oklo, okanye uqhelisokna ugonyamelo oluthukayo.

Ukuthiya Intetho

Imithetho yentiyo yentetho yahluka kakhulu kuyo yonke imiqathango. I-United States ikhusela intetho yentiyo phantsi koMphetho wokuqala ngaphandle kokuba ibekwe kukwahlukana okumxinwa okufana “nokulwa namagama” okanye izisongelo zokwenyaniso. Ngokwahlukileyo, amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu nase Canada abeka izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngentetho ekhuthaza intiyo kumaqela aziwayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhanada kwi-[FLD]R]R v. Keegstra[ [1990]) ixhasa imithetho yokuthiya ukuthetha, iqiqaqabela ukuba ingozi ebangelwa yintiyo intlebeko ebangela ukuthomalanisa intlalo kunye nokulingana. INkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungu ixhase ngokufanayo ukukhanyelwa kobusweni kobujajijiyo nokukhuthaza inti, ukuyifumana kwimiqatha yemiqathango yeQumgamrhu eli-10.

Uchaphazeleko kunye nolwazi lobuxoki

Imithetho echaphazelekayo ikhusela abantu kwiintetho zobuxoki ezonakalisa igama labo. Ngexa ukunyelisa kusenokokokuqukumbela, ulawulo lwahlukeneyo ngendlela abayilungelelanisa ngayo kwintetho ekhululekileyo. Amanani kawonke-wonke kufuneka abonise “ubungendawo obuqhelekileyo” ukuphumelela kwintengiso eUnited States, umvalo ophezulu othathwe kwi New York Times Co. v. Sullivan[FLD] [1964]). Kwiminyaka yoluvo-manani, ukwandiswa kolwazi olungeyo olububuxoki (*) ngokukodwa ngoknako ngezolwazi olungokwasempilweni yoluntu kunye nokhetho--------octlot shortsssssssssssssssssssssssssss arightriver (ake). Amanye amazwe aphume imithetho yokulwa “indaba-ma, nangona abagxekigcunylse besolunokugwesaard benziswa ukuba akhutha.

Ukhuseleko Lwesizwe Neemfihlelo Ezisemthethweni

Urhulumente usoloko emisela imiqathango enokuthi isongele ukhuseleko lwesizwe, enjengokupapasha inkcazelo ehlulayo okanye imithombo yolwazi. ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko soMkhosi woLawulo loMkhosi woLawulo loMkhosi wase-United Kingdom kunye neSizwe sase-U. UMthetho we-Espioneage uSimiselo sokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho olungagunyaziswanga. Noko ke, abavumi beempempempe kunye neentatheli basoloko bephikisa ukuba imithetho enjalo ayilichazi ilungelo loluntu lokwazi. Uxanduva phakathi kokukhusela iimfihlelo nokukhupha impempethu kuhlala kungummandla womthetho othandabuza ingxabano.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Esemthethweni Ngaphaya Kwezigwebo Ezikhulu

Ukuqonda le ntetho ingafaniyo kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba intetho efanayo isenokuba semthethweni kwelinye ilizwe yaye kwelinye ilizwe ibe izaphuli - mthetho.

EUnited States: Olona Nsirhelelo Lunamandla

Umthetho wenkululeko yokuthetha waseMerika wahlula ngokukhusela kwawo intetho engekho mthethweni, kwanaxa iphazamisa okanye ixoka. Inkundla Ephakamileyo iye yasoloko ibambelele kwelokuba unyango lwentetho engalunganga luthetha kakhulu, hayi uhlalutyo. Kuphela iindidi ezikhoyo zokungakhuseleki ziquka ukuphembelela ukuchana kwemithetho, ukuhlazisa, ukunyelisa, ukunyelisa, ukuqhatha, ukubukela amanyala kwabantwana, izisongelo zokwenyaniso, kunye nokuthetha okungundoqo kwihambo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Intiyo, ngaphandle kokuba ithelekelele kwenye yezi ndidi, ihlala ikhuselwe ngomgaqo-siseko. IUnited States ikwahlala yodwa ekukhuseleni ushishino kunye nentetho yorhwebo phantsi koLawulo lokuqala, nangona kumgangatho osezantsi.

Oku kukhusela okunamandla kuye kwaguqula izithethe neepolitiki zaseMerika, kwabangela ukuba kubekho ingxubusho eshushu yezobupolitika kodwa kwanokuvumela ukusasazwa kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo nentiyo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi imodeli yase-United States inguvula zibhuqe kakhulu kwaye ivumela umonakalo kubantu abacekelwe umda. Abameli bachasa ukuba nayiphi na imiqathango ebekeka urhulumente esichengeni sokuqhatha nokunganyaniseki kwentetho esemthethweni.

EYurophu: Indlela Esekelwe Kwingozi

Iinkqubo zomthetho zaseYurophu, ezibunjwe yiEuropean Convention on Human Rights, zivumela imiqathango emikhulu yokuthetha egameni lesidima, ukulingana, kunye nocwangco lukawonke wonke. INkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu isebenzisa uvavanyo lokulungelelana: nawuphi na umqathango umele uphuthume usukele usukelo olusemthethweni, umiselwe ngumthetho, kwaye uyimfuneko kwibutho ledemokhrasi. INkundla inika amalungu uxanduva loxabiso, ithetha ukuba ayakwazi ukuvumelana ngendlela athetha ngayo namanye amalungelo.

Ngokomzekelo, iJamani ikhuthaza ulwaphulo-mthetho kwintiyo ( iVolkschetzung), ukukhanyelwa kokuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo, nokusetyenziswa kwemiqondiso yamaNazi. IFransi iyakuvala ukuthethwa kwentiyo nokukhanyelwa kobutshaba. IBhungani bomthetho oqhelekileyo kunye namalungiselelo okuququzelela ukungcuthelwa, ukukhathazwa, nokuthethwa ngobugrogrisi. Le mithetho ibonisa ukukhuselwa kwebutho labantu abachaphazelekayo ngenkululeko epheleleyo yokuthetha.

EKhanada: Inkululeko Epheleleyo

Indlela yokusebenza yeKhanada, phantsi kweTshata yamaLungelo nenkululeko, ilungelelanisa ngokungaqhelekanga ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kunye namalungelo alinganayo. Icandelo 2(b) likhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, kodwa iCandelo 1 livumela imida esengqiqweni “egwetyelwe ngokungenakugwetyelwa kwibutho labantu elikhululekileyo neledemokhrasi.” INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhanada iye yaxhasa imithetho yentiyo yokuthetha, imithetho echasene nokuphelisa ukutshatyalaliswa kohlanga, nemiqathango yokuphelisa ucalucalucalulo. [[FLT: 0] R. Keegstra[, iNkugxininisa okokuba intiya kuyingozi kubantu ngabanye kodwa kwanokuzinikela kwabantu ekuthetheni ngokwezigaba zoluntu nokulingana. Ngalo ndlela umthetho waseKhanada ujonga inkululeko yokuthetha ngaphandle kokupheleleyo kodwa njengokuba omnye kufuneka kulandele ezinye iimfa zamaxabiso.

UMthetho waMalungelo abantu Ehlabathi

IKomiti yamaLungelo abantu yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ikhuphe iNkcubeko Jikelele No. 34 kwiGatya 19 le-ICPR, icacisa ukuba imiqathango yokuthetha ngenkululeko mayingabi yiyo ebangela ukungacaci, eyimfuneko, kwaye ilungelelanise. IKomiti iye yavakalisa inkxalabo ebanzi ngemithetho egqwetha intetho, ukunyelisa, ukunyelisa, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Amaqumrhu amazwe ngamazwe akhuthaza ukutolika okunciphilela imiqathango evumelekileyo, ikhuthaza ukuba kuchazwe ngokukhululekile ngoxa ukwenziwa kokuchasene nentetho ekhuthaza ucalucalulo, ubutshaba, okanye ugonyamelo njengoko kuchazwe kwiSicwangciso sezenzo soMsebenzi weCandelo.

Indima Yenkundla: Ukulungelelanisa Iimvavanyo Nobuchule

Izigqibo ezigwebayo ziyindlela yokuqala apho imida yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ihlaziywa. Iinkundla zisebenzisa iimviwo zokulinganisela ukufumanisa ukuba uthintelo lusebenza kusini na kusini na ngaphandle kokuwachasa ngokungeyomfuneko amalungelo omgaqo-siseko.

Umgaqo Obonisa Ukuba Ufanele Ubekho

Ipropotical ingumbindi wohlalutyo lokuthetha olukhululekileyo lwaseYurophu nolwaseKhanada. Inkundla ibuza: Ingaba uthintelo lunxulumene ngokusengqiqweni nenjongo enyanzelekileyo? Ingaba luphazamisa ilungelo elifanelekileyo eliyimfuneko? Ingaba umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo ubekwe phakathi kothintelo nasekunene? Ukuba nayiphi na iprong ayiphumeleli, uthintelo alusebenzi. R (Kanye) v. Unobhala weRhwebo lweSebe le Home[[, iUK House of Lords sts stmective syncationmentmentmentmentmentmentmentmentmentmentmentmentmentmentmentations, igxininisa into yokuba iinkundla zimele zivavanyelise impembelelo yomlinganiselo womntu ngamnye.

Umatshini wokutsala nokutsala nokubhala ongqongqo wase-U.S.

EUnited States, iinkundla zisebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuhlola. Imiqathango esekelwe ekuqulathiweyo ixhomekeke ekuhlolweni ngokungqongqo: umthetho kufuneka ulungiswe ngokucuthekileyo ukuze ukhonze inzala karhulumente enyanzelisayo kwaye usebenzise iindlela ezincinci ezingqongqo. Umzekelo, ukutshiswa kweflegi okungavumelekanga kungasilela ngokuqinisekileyo. Imiqathango yokungathotyelwa kwefulegi, njengexesha, indawo, kunye nemigaqo, ukuhlolwa okuphakathi: kufuneka zilungiswe ngokumxinzelelwaneyo ukuze zincede umdla obalulekileyo karhulumente kwaye zishiye eminye imijelo yonxibelelwano.

Ityala Lophawu

Amatyala amaninzi angundoqo abonisa isenzo sokulinganisa ityala. Scheck v. United States [1919], IJaji Oliver Wendell Holmes yachaza ngokubanzi ukuba iNkundla Yokuqala Yokuhlaziyiweyo ayikhuseli “ngobuxoki umlilo kwindawo yokulungisa imposiso nokubangela uphango." [[FLT:] [[FLT]] P [FLT] v. Johnson[[FLT:] [19] [199], iNkuNkunkulu yeNkundla eMerika ikholelwa ukuba ukutshisa iflegi ikhuselwa yihambo ekhuselwa yiNkuhlazi. [[3] [3] kwiNkuvoluvo yeNkuhlamvo yeNjongo] [5].[3]

Ucelomngeni Olutsha: IXesha Lamanani Nenkcazelo Ephosakeleyo

I-Intanethi iye yaguqula indlela intetho esasazwa ngayo, ekhutshwa ngayo, kwaye ilawulwa. Iindawo zonxibelelwano zezentlalo zivumela iingcamango zifikelele izigidi ngoko nangoko, kodwa zikwanceda ukuba kusasazwe ngokukhawuleza ulwazi oluphosakeleyo, intetho yentiyo, kunye nokuphembelela. Oorhulumente balwa nobuchule bokusebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo engokwesithethe kwizithuba zenkqubo zamanani ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yokuzichaza.

Ingxelo Ephosakeleyo Nempilo Kawonke-wonke

Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, ulwazi oluphosakeleyo ngonyango, amachiza, kunye namanyathelo oluntu onyango asasazeke ngokubanzi, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingozi yokwenene yehlabathi. Amanye amazwe amisela imithetho yexesha likaxakeka yokuphelisa ukusasazwa kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Umzekelo, uKhuselo lweSingapore kwi-Online Dithododes kunye noMthetho we-Manippect (POFMA) lunika abalungiseli amandla okukhupha imiyalelo yokulungisa okanye izithintelo ezidibekileyo ezibubuxoki neziyingozi kuncedo lukawonke wonke. Abagxeki baphikisa umthetho bangasetyenziswa ekucinezeleni ukungavumelani okusemthethweni. EUnited States, uLawulo Lokuqala Lo Amenyuko lusibekele imiqatha ekwa kumthetho ekuzibekeni inyathelo, ushiya amaqonga kwii-proteinss kwicandelo eliphantsi kwe-Propolationstings Gamptys Pritements Privements Privents Privents Privect 2 230 yeSig.

Ubugrogrisi obuye babhenca intetho kunxibelelwano

I-Intanethi iye yaba sisixhobo sokufumana abanqolobi kunye nokuguqula izinto. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho efuna amaqonga ukuze asuse oko kuqulethwe ngabagrogrisi ngokukhawuleza. I-European Union’s Terrist Confit Online Reglation inyanzela ukuba iyure enye inyanzelise imfuno efunekayo kwizinto ezinjalo, ephantsi kwesigwebo sokungahambelani nemithetho. IUK Online Safety Act 2023 imisela umsebenzi wokuzinyamekela kwiqonga ukunqanda ukwandiswa kokungasemthethweni, kuquka nokusasazwa kwenkcazelo engekho mthethweni. Le mithetho ijongene nemingeni esemthethweni echaphazela inkululeko yokuzichaza kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokwandiswa kwemali

Ingxoxo yokuba oorhulumente okanye amaqonga afanele alawule intetho ye-intanethi iyakhula. Abanye bathi iinkampani zabucala azinatyala ledemokhrasi, yaye umthetho karhulumente uyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa imilinganiselo engaguquguqukiyo. Abanye balumkisa ukuba imigaqo karhulumente yokuthetha ibeka engozini intetho ekhululekileyo kwaye amaqonga afanele asebenze phantsi kwemigaqo ecacileyo esemthethweni ehlonela amalungelo abantu. I-UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights icebisa ukuba kubekho imbopheleleko enye, ifuna ulawulo lokukhusela amalungelo neenkampani ukuze ziwahlonele.

Ukulungelelana: Izenzo Ezibalaseleyo Ezinokwenziwa Ngabenzi Bomthetho

Umthetho wobuqhinga okhusela inkululeko yokuthetha nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kufuneka ulandelwe ngocoselelo. Ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo lothelekiso nokhokelo lwezomthetho, imigaqo emininzi ingakhokela abalathisi bemithetho.

  • Iinkcazelo ezimxinwa nezichanekileyo. Imithetho kufuneka ichaze ngokucacileyo intetho engavumelekanga, ukuphepha amagama angacacanga afana “neendaba zobuxoki” okanye“ okuqulethweyo” okunokutolikwa ngokubanzi. IPlan yeNkqubela-phambili yemithetho ikhuthaza ukukhuthaza ukuqukwa kwenjongo, ukucutha, kunye nokwenzakala.
  • Iprojekthi nemfuneko. Nayiphi na imiqathango kufuneka ibe yeyona ndlela incinci ephazamisayo yokufikelela injongo esemthethweni. Oorhulumente kufuneka baqwalasele ukuba amayeza asemthethweni, amaphulo okufundisa, okanye umlinganiselo wolwaneliseko lweqonga ufanelekile ngakumbi kunezohlwayo zolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Uphatho oluzimeleyo kunye nohlolo lwezahlulelo. Izigqibo zokumisela intetho kufuneka zithotyelwe phantsi kokhawuleziso, uhlolo oluzimeleyo lweenkundla okanye iinkundla ezizimeleyo. Oku kuthintela ukuphangwa kwegunya eliphetheyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba linetyala.
  • Ukhuseleko lwabavuli-mlozi kunye neentatheli. Imithetho ebeka ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lokuchaza inkcazelo ekwinzala kawonke wonke kufuneka iquke umdla ovuthayo wokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. INkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu igxininise indima ebalulekileyo yeentatheli “njengeenja ezijonge uwonke-wonke.”
  • Indlela esekelwe kwi-Harm. Kunokuba inqande iingcamango, ijolise kwintetho ebangela ingozi okanye enokwenzeka ukuba ibangele umonakalo okufuphi. Oku kuhambelana novavanyo lwe Brandenburg kunye nemigangatho yamalungelo abantu yezizwe ngezizwe.

Isiphelo

Uxinzeleleko phakathi kwenkululeko yokuthetha nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke luphawu oluchazayo lomthetho wale mihla womgaqo-siseko. Akukho butho labantu lingathi likhululekile ukuba liyakuphelisa ukungavumelani, kodwa akukho butho labantu elinokusinda ukuba livumele ukuthetha kube sisixhobo sogonyamelo okanye ingcinezelo. Iinkqubo ezingokwasemthethweni ehlabathini lonke ziye zaphuhlisa iindlela ezintsonkothileyo zokulawula le ngxaki, ukusuka kukhuseleko olukufuphi noMphetho wokuqala weSinyuso-yokuya kwimiqathango esekelwe kwingozi yomthetho wamalungelo abantu eYurophu.

Njengokuba ubugcisa butshintshayo kwaye kuvela izisongelo ezintsha, umthetho kufuneka ulungelelanise ngexa uhlala ubambelele kwimigaqo engundoqo: isidima esingokwemvelo somntu ngamnye, ixabiso lengxoxo evulekileyo, nemfuneko yokukhusela ababuthathaka. Imithetho engcono yileyo ithintela ukuthetha kuphela xa kuyimfuneko naxa kuncinane, ephantsi kolawulo olungqongqo, kwaye ebonisa isivumelwano sedemokhrasi. Ekupheleni, umlinganiselo phakathi kwenkululeko yokuthetha nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke asiyonto ingomlinganiselo osisigxina kodwa i-[FLF] efuna ingqalelo nenkathalo. [[FLT:] Inkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungelo] [[FLT]