Ukuqonda Ingozi Ephindwe Kabini Kwinkqubo Yasemthethweni YaseMerika

Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini umi njengenye yezona zikhuseli zihlala zihleli kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho waseMelika. Osekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu, uvakalisa ukuba akukho mntu izakubekwa kwingozi efanayo, i“ ibe phantsi kweso tyala elinye ukuze libekwe kabini kwingozi yobomi okanye isithonga. Ingqiqo i” Oku kukhusela urhulumente ekumangaliseni umntu omnye ngaphezu kwesenzo esinye solwaphulo-mthetho emva komgwebo wokugqibela i— ukugwetywa okanye ukuqiniseka. Ngoxa ingqiqo isenokubonakala ithe ngqo, inkqubo yayo inyusa imibuzo entsoko ngokuphathelele okusesikweni, imo yokugqibela, kunye nemidalo yamandla.

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini asingomthetho nje oqhelekileyo; buquka ixabiso elingundoqo lebutho elinobulungisa: ukuba urhulumente akanakusebenzisa ubuncwane bakhe obukhulu ukukhathaza, ukudinwa okanye ukohlwaya umntu ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo esityholwayo. Ukuqonda indlela olu khuselo olusebenza ngayo, imvelaphi yalo, kunye nokungavumelani kwalo kwale mihla kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ofuna ukufikelela ukulungelelana phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente namalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yengozi Ephindwe Kabini

Ingcamango yokuba umntu akafanele avavanywe kabini ngenxa yetyala elinye ngaphambi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Umthetho wamandulo wamaRoma wawuneenguqulelo zomgaqo, kwaye wamiselwa ngokuqinileyo kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi ngexesha leMvukelo yaseMerika. Umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi debet bis vixari e et eadem causa[ (akukho mntu ofanele achukumiswe kabini ngenxa yesizathu esinye) uthenjiso lwangaphambili lwaseMerika.

Abaxhasi bemithetho-siseko beza nalo mgaqo kunye nabo, kwaye umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi waquka amacandelo engozi aphindwe kabini phambi kokuba iBhili yamaLungelo karhulumente abhaliswe. UJames Madison ’ izicelo zantlandlolo zoMmiselo wesihlanu okhuselwe ngokucacileyo ukuba yi-#8220; i-oswice ibekwe kwingozi yobomi okanye isiqobo se-” ngetyala elifanayo. Olu lwimi lwamkelwa ngengxoxo encinane, lubonakalisa uvumelwandiso lokuba urhulumente akamele avunyelwe ahlale ezama ukuphinda abemi.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko: IsiHlaliso seNhlanu noHlomelo

IsiHlahlo seNkqutyana ’ iPice Claus

[[UMTL:0] “ nomnye umntu uzakuba phantsi kwetyala elifanayo ukuze abekwe kabini kwingozi yobomi okanye ilungu. ”[[FL:1]

Eli binzana lalisetyenziswa kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela. Kwakungesosigqibo [[FLT: 0] kwiBenton v. Maryland (1969) apho ukhuseleko olubini lwengozi lwafakwa khona nxamnye namazwe ngokuchasene noMthetho ka-Centul Claus weSigqibo se-145. Namhlanje, oorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente babotshelelwe ngomthetho omnye ongundoqo.

Ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko ludlulela kwiimeko ezintathu ezahlukeneyo: (1) ityala lesibini lolwaphulo-mthetho olunye emva kokugwetywa, (2) ityala lesibini lolwaphulo-mthetho olunye emva kokuqinisekiswa, kunye (3) nezohlwayo ezininzi zetyala elifanayo elibekwe kwisenzo esifanayo. Noko ke, intsingiselo echanekileyo ye ̴ ityala elifanayo i” ibingumbandela wokubekwa kwetyala elibanzi.

Ityatyani Igazi?

Umbuzo ongundoqo kumthetho wengozi ephindwe kabini nguxa i “jeopardiy ̵ uqala. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ingozi incanyathiselwa xa i-avareji ibekwa kwindawo efihlakeleyo kwaye ifungqwe. Kwityala lebhentshi, incamathisela xa ingqina lokuqala lifunghiwe. Kwityala lobuntwana, ingozi incamathisela xa inkundla iqalisa ukuva ubungqina. Xa ityala liqukene, ummangalelwa angacela ukukhuselwa kwityala lesibini ngaphandle kokuba ikho into engaqhelekanga.

Ukuba ingozi ayizange idibane ne̬ umzekelo, ukuba ityala ligxothiwe phambi kokuba abachopheli-tyala bafunwe ukuba bafakwe isifungo kwi ̬ ityala lamva alivalwanga. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ummangalelwa ucela ukungqinelana ngokunempumelelo kwaye ufumana ityala elitsha, ingozi ayithinteli ukuqulunqwa kwakhona ngenxa yokuba ummangalelwa warhoxa ekukhuseleni ngokufuna impinda.

Indlela Ingozi Ephindwe Kabini Ekhusela Ngayo Abemi

Umgaqo ophindiweyo wengozi usebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo engaphaya kokuthintela nje ukuvavanywa kwetyala lesibini.

Ukuphela Nokuvalwa

Xa isigqibo sinikezelwa i— nokuba ityala okanye ingenatyala iR umba kufuneka uconjululwe. Iinzuzo zokugqibela zabamangalelwa, amaxhoba, kunye nebutho labantu ngokubanzi. Ngaphandle kwayo, urhulumente angaqhubeka emangalela umntu ngokungenasiphelo, ekhupha ubuncwane kunye nokubangela unxunguphalo lweemvakalelo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba i-#820; urhulumente nazo zonke iimpahla namandla akhe kufuneka avunyelwe ukwenza imizamo ephindaphindiweyo yokuchophela umntu, ngaloo ndlela embangela ihlazisa, iindleko kunye novavanyo. ([#8221:1]; [[FLT:]]] uGreeaw.[FLT] v [FLD 1:1], 1957]),.

Ukukhusela ukufikelela okungaphaya kukarhulumente

Ukhuseleko olubini lwengozi lusebenza njengovavanyo kumandla omtshutshisi. Ukuba abatshutshisi banokuzama ukuphinde bamva kwetyala ngenxa yokuba bengavumelani nejaji i’ izigqibo, urhulumente unokuzibhukuqa ngokunempumelelo izigqibo zabachopheli-tyala ngaphandle kokulandela inkqubo yesibheno. Oku kuya kusinciphisa indima yamatyala njengabachongi bezono zezona zinto kwaye kudala inkqubo yokurhoxiswa ngokungapheliyo.

Ukulondoloza iiNkonzo zoLawulo

Ukusetyenziswa kwetyala ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwexesha lenkundla, imali ehlawulwayo, kunye nengqalelo yabagwebi nabagwebi. Ngokungakuvumeli ukuphinda utshutshiso emva komgwebo wokugqibela, iingozi eziphindwe kabini zikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwenkqubo yokusesikweni kwaye zidimaza ukuthenga okanye ukukhathazwa ngurhulumente.

Ukukhuthaza Uphando Olucokisekileyo

Ekubeni besazi ukuba bafumana ithuba elinye lokulondoloza ityala, abatshutshisi baxhotyiswe ukuba balungiselele amatyala abo ngenyameko baze banikele ubungqina obukhoyo ekuchotshelweni kwetyala. Oku kunciphisa ubungozi bokuphanda nge-glopyp kwaye kwandisa amathuba okuba kugwetywe ngokuchanekileyo.

I “ Same Offense ” Uvavanyo: Iblockburger kunye ngaphaya

Eyona mbambano icacisiweyo kumthetho ophindwe kabini kukugqiba ukuba yintoni ebumba i “ ityala elifanayo. ̵ Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka uvavanyo lokulawula kwi . i-Staberburger v. United States[ [1932]): ukuba umthetho ngamnye ufuna ubungqina bento engavumelekanga, zizenzo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye iingtshutshiso azithintelwanga.

Ngokomzekelo, ummangalelwa ophanga ibhanki kwaye osebenzisa umpu ngexesha lokuphanga angabekwa ityala lokuphanga ebhankini nangokusebenzisa umpu kulwaphulo-mthetho logonyamelo. Phantsi kovavanyo lweBlockburger, ezi zizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezahlukileyo ngenxa yokuba enye into ingenayo enye (ilungu lemipu alikho kumthetho wokuphanga, kwaye iprojekthi ayifunwanga ukuba ihlawulwe ngemipu exhotyiweyo). Noko ke, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwiBlockburger ingumthetho wokuchaza i-mthetho, hayi umthetho womGaqo-̬legislasssssss isenokuzichaza izigwebo ezohlukeneyo kwanokuba iphumele iimviwo zovavanyo lwemipulbhule.

Iimeko zamva zacombulula uhlalutyo. Grady v. Corbin (1990), iNkundla yasebenzisa i “ imo efanayo ̵ uvavanyo, kodwa eso sigqibo sawiswa phantsi kwemithetho kwi United States v. Dixon [1993], ebuyela kuvavanyo lwe Blockburger njengokuphela komgangatho. Namhlanje, iinkundla zixhomekeke kuMnqakraniso we Blockburg, wongezwa yinjongo ye-exandulo ye-euclitivel (isterclief).

Iparamitha Kumthetho Ophindwe kabini Wengozi

Phezu kwako nje ukubanzi kwayo, iingozi eziphindwe kabini azisebenzi kwiimeko eziliqela ezibalulekileyo. Ezi zimkhethe ngokufuthi ziyaqondwa, ingakumbi imfundiso entlu - mbini yolongamo.

Ulawulo Olubini (OoSomandla Abanesantya)

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalulekileyo umahluko yi “ ulawulo olungacazululwanga ̵ imfundiso. Phantsi kwalo mthetho, urhulumente wesizwe norhulumente ngamnye uthathwa njengozilawuli ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, isenzo esinye singaphula umthetho worhulumente nowaserhulumenteni, kwaye umlawuli ngamnye angammangalela ummangalelwa ngaphandle kokuxhobisa ingozi ephindwe kabini.

Ngokomzekelo, umntu ophanga ibhanki esemthethweni eGeorgia angamangalelwa ngurhulumente wase-U.S. kunye norhulumente waseGeorgia. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaphinda yayiqinisekisa le mfundiso kwi- Ggagg v. United States [2029], igatya iimpikiswano zokuba abamangali-mthetho babini bohlwaye ityala elifanayo. Abagxeki baphikisa le nto ilulaza umoya wengozi ephindwe kabini, kodwa ihlala ingumthetho omiselwe kakuhle.

Ngokufanayo, umntu unokubekwa ityala ngamaphondo amabini ahlukeneyo ukwenzela isenzo esinye ukuba aphula omabini amagunya i’ imithetho, nangona amatyala anjalo enqabile kwaye ngokufuthi elinganiselwe ngemiqathango yentlalo.

Ulwaphulo - mthetho

Ukuba ityala liphela kwityala eliphosakeleyo phambi kokuba kufikelelwe isigqibo, ingozi isenokungabiko kwityala lesibini. Ifekta engundoqo kukuba uvavanyo olungalunganga lwenziwe yi “ imfuneko efunekayo i ̵ (njengemgwebi exhotyisiweyo, isigulana sejaji, okanye impazamo engundoqo) okanye ngokungalungisi okungalungiyo okujongiweyo kucelele ummangalelwa ukuba acele ityala elingalunganga. Ukuba iziphumo zempazamo zisuka kuMmangalelwa i̱ intshukumo okanye imvume, iphinda ivunyelwe ukuba umtshutshisi usebenze ngokholo olubi.

Izibheno Zikarhulumente

I-Reopardy Claus ephindwe kabini ayiwuthinteli urhulumente ukuba angawukhuphi ummangaliso wokurhoxiswa kwetyala (njengokunikwa kwentshukumo yokucinezela ubungqina) okanye ngokutsala isigqibo sogwebo. Noko ke, urhulumente usenokungabhena umthetheleli, nokuba kusekelwe kwimithetho ephosakeleyo esemthethweni, kuba ummangalelwa sele ebekwe engozini kwaye efunyaniswe engenatyala. Xa isigqibo sokuvala ityala sifakiwe, sisesokugqibelela kwaye asinakuphinda sifakwe.

Uvavanyo Emva Kokubhenela Ngokunzulu

Ukuba ummangalelwa ubhenela ngokunempumelelo kwisiqinisekiso kwaye ufumane utshintsho, urhulumente usoloko evunyelwa ukuphinda azame ityala. Oku kungenxa yokuba ummangalelwa “waived ̵ ukhuseleko oluphindiweyo ngokufuna uvavanyo olutsha. Noko ke, kukho umahluko: ukuba ukunyanzeliswa kutshintshiwe kwizithuba zobungqina obunganelanga (ukufumana ukuba akukho sizathu esivakalayo somntu omninzi onecala), iingxaso eziphindwe kabini kuba ukubekwa kwakhona kwemiqobo kulingana nomva.

Impembelelo Yengozi Ephindwe Kabini Kumthetho Wanamhlanje

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini buyaqhubeka budlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiimeko eziphezulu nezintsonkothileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuye kwavavanywa kwii-projekthi, kulwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe, namatyala abandakanya abamangalelwa abaninzi kunye nezityholo ezibekwa phantsi. Umzekelo, emva kohlaselo lwe-9/11, urhulumente wazama ukumangalela abantu kwiinkundla zoorhulumente zombini nakwizinkundla zemikhosi, ephakamisa imibuzo malunga nengozi eziphindwe kabini nolongamo lwesibini.

Enye imbambano yangoku ibandakanya ukutshutshiswa okulandelelanayo kukarhulumente norhulumente ngehambo efanayo engaphantsi. Imfundiso eyahlukeneyo yabalawuli ivumela zombini, kodwa abahlalutyi bayiphikisa ukuba incede urhulumente aqhatha. INkundla ePhakamileyo ayikhange ibonise mdla wokugqithisa iGamble, kodwa iinkundla ezisezantsi ziyaqhubeka ziconga imida, ingakumbi apho amagunya karhulumente kunye norhulumente alungelelanisa kakhulu okanye apho ityala elinye lingu-#8220; i-sham ” ukuphepha i-Jeopard Claus.

Ubungqina be-DNA namatyala abandayo zikwanyuse imibandela ephindwe kabini. Amanye amaphondo aye amisela imithetho evumela ukupheliswa emva kokufunyaniswa kobungqina obutsha be-DNA, kodwa imithetho enjalo iyangqubana nomthetho wesithethe wokuba ukugwetywa kugqibele. INkundla ePhakamileyo ayikalawuli ukuba ngumGaqo-siseko onjalo i-#8220; i-Alexist-Implity ” imithetho yokuvavanya i-DNA, ishiya umbandela uvulekile wexesha elizayo uvulelwe ucelomngeni.

Ukugxekwa Neengxoxo Eziqhubekayo

Ngoxa ingozi ephindwe kabini ihlonelwa ngokubanzi, ayisosithobo sabagxeki. Bambi baphikisa ngelithi imfundiso eyahlukeneyo yabalawuli kufuneka iphinde iphindwe ithathwe ngenxa yokuba ivumela urhulumente ukuba angene ngokuphumelelayo ekuphepheni icandelo. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi uvavanyo olunye lobugqwirha bomnxeba luyimikhwa engekho mthethweni kwaye abakwazi ukuthatha imigaqo yezolwaphulo-mthetho engacatshukiswayo esohlwaya ngendlela efanayo.

Ngokomzekelo, umntu ophanga kanye angabekwa ityala lokufumana iziphumo ezininzi ezingundoqo ̬ uhlaselo, ukuhlasela, ukuhlasela kwezixhobo, ukuphatha iziyobisi, njl. ̬ ukuba imithetho emininzi iyaphulwa. Ngoxa ityala ngalinye lingadlula kuvavanyo lweBlockburger, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi isiphumo sokuzikohlwaya silingana nesohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo sesenzo esinye esisisiseko. Inkundla ibambelele kwelokuba i-Jeopardary Claus azibathinteli iindlu zowiso oluphinda-phindeneyo ekugunyazisweni olunye, kodwa ke ifaka izilingo ezininzi zetyala elifanayo.

Enye indawo yengxoxo ibandakanya ukulahlwa kwempahla yabemi kunye nelahleko yemali yetyala. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathi ukulahlwa kwemali akusoloko kubangela ukukhuselwa kwemiqathango ephindwe kabini yemiqathango yabemi, kodwa ukuba ilahleko isohlwaywa kangangokuba ikhupha isohlwayo sesaphuli-mthetho, isenokuvalwa emva kwesaphuli-mthetho esigwetyiweyo okanye ityala ( United States v.Ursery, 1996).)

Isiphelo

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini buhlala busisiseko sobulungisa bamatyala baseMerika, bukhusela abemi ekungalungisi okusisiseko kokumangalelwa kaninzi ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo. Bunika isiphelo, bunciphisa igunya lorhulumente, kwaye buhlonela ingqibelelo yesigqibo sabachopheli-tyala. Kodwa le mfundiso ayiphelelanga; ngaphandle kokuba lulawulo olubini olufanayo kunye nokungagqibeleli kakuhle okuvumela ukuguquka kweemeko ezithile. Njengoko imingeni emitsha engokwasemthethweni ivela i̬ ukusuka kubugrogrisi ukuya phambili kubungqina obungokwee-cescss ̬ iikhoncomo kufuneka zilungelelanise umbono wokuqala weso siseko kunye nenyaniso yezolwaphulo-mthetho zanamhlanje.

Ukuqonda ingozi ephindwe kabini kubalulekile kuye nabani na onomdla kumthetho-siseko, kubulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye kukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona Cornell Information Institute ̱ ushwankathelo lwengozi ephindwe kabini, U.S. ushwankathelo lwemfundo , kunye nolungoluphezulu lweNkangeleko i̱ uluvo [[FLT:] lwe-United States. Discove [1993]] [FLT:] [5]