Ukuqalisa Umthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Ibutho ngalinye lixhomekeke kwinkqubo esemthethweni ukugcina ucwangco, ukusombulula iimpikiswano, nokukhusela amalungelo abantu. EUnited States, isiseko somthetho sahlulwe ngokubanzi ngokweendidi ezimbini ezingundoqo: umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho nomthetho wamakhaya. Ngoxa zombini iinkqubo zenzelwe ukusingatha ububi, zisebenza phantsi kwemigaqo ehlukeneyo, iinkqubo, kunye neenjongo. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwendlela imithetho yesizwe neyolwaphulo-mthetho ezilungisa ngayo iindidi ezahlukeneyo kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, kunye naye nabani na oqhuba imigaqo esemthethweni. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo oluphangaleleyo lwesebe ngalinye, ucalulo lwalo olungundoqo, kunye neenjongo zokwenene zemibutho ebandakanyekileyo.

Uyintoni Umthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho?

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho uchaza ihambo eyalelweyo ngenxa yokuba isongela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, intlalo-ntle, okanye ucwangco. Urhulumente `ekurhulumente, urhulumente, okanye kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni] utshutshisa abantu abatyholwa ngokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho. Iinjongo eziphambili zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kukubohlwaya abenzi bomthetho, ukuthintela isimilo solwaphulo-mthetho, ukuguqula abenzi bobungendawo, nokukhusela ibutho labantu. Ngokungafaniyo namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, amatyala aziswa ngurhulumente, kungekhona ngabantu abangabodwa, kwaye abamangalelwa ngamaxhoba anokuba baphulukana nenkululeko ukuba bagwetyiwe.

Iintlobo Zezaphuli - mthetho

Ngokuqhelekileyo amatyala olwaphulo - mthetho ahlelwa ngobunzima, nto leyo egqibayo ngezohlwayo ezinokuvela nenkundla eliviwa kuyo elo tyala.

  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu, ezifana nokubulala, ukuhlasela ngokwesini, ukuphanga, ukurhwebelana ngezixhobo, nokurhweba ngeziyobisi. Izaphuli-mthetho zisohlwaywa ngokuvalelwa entolongweni ngaphezu konyaka, ngokufuthi kwintolongo yaserhulumenteni okanye yesizwe, kwaye kwezinye iimeko zinokuthwala izigwebo zobomi okanye isohlwayo sokufa.
  • Imisdemers: Amacala amancinane anzima njenge kuba kancinci, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungalungelelananga, kunye nokufumana iziyobisi ezincinane. Abasebenzi abangalunganga baphumele kwiziphumo ezifana nentengiso, ukuvavanywa, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye ixesha lokuvalelwa ngaphaya konyaka omnye (ngokuqhelekileyo kwintolongo yengingqi yommandla).
  • Ukwaphula-phula okuncinci, okudla ngokubandakanya imithetho yendlela (umz., ukukhawuleza, ukubaleka kokukhanya okubomvu) okanye imithetho yasekuhlaleni. Ukwaphula umthetho kuyasohlwaywa ngentengo kwaye akukhokeleli ekubotshweni okanye kwingxelo yezolwaphulo-mthetho ngendlela efanayo nempazamo okanye iimpazamo.

Izinga lolwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo: Ukuqhuba phantsi kwempembelelo (DUI) kuqheleke kukuphosa kodwa kunyuselwe kwityala lomonakalo okanye ukuphinda amatyala. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe-mthetho olufana nokuqhatha, ukurhwebelana, kunye norhwebo ngaphakathi lungaxhomekeka kumlinganiselo wemali ebandayo. Kwanamacala abonakala ngathi mancinane, njengesela, anokubekwa icala eliphosakeleyo okanye elisekelwe kwixabiso lempahla ebiweyo kunye nengxelo yomntu owenzakalisayo ngaphambi kokuba egqibileyo.

Indima Yokubambelela Kumthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho

Ilungu elinye elibalulekileyo kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho lingu lamadoda aphinda aphinde afumane i-, okanye isimo sengqondo yommangalelwa ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho. Uninzi lolwaphulo-mthetho lufuna ubungqina bokuba ummangalelwa wenza ngabom, ngokwazi, ngokungakhathali, okanye ngokungakhathali. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olungqongqo, njengokwaphulwa kwendlela okanye ukudlwengulwa, alufuni bungqina benjongo yesenzo. Le mfundiso ibalaselisa ukuntlungwini komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho nokubaluleka komelo olusemthethweni.

Uyintoni Umthetho Wamakhaya?

Umthetho wamakhaya ucombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo − kwaye umntu omangalelwayo ngummangalelwa. Umgangatho wobungqina kumatyala asekuhlaleni usezantsi kuneemeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ufuna intlawulo, imbuyekezo yemali okanye ukwenziwa okuthile, ngenxa yengozi. Umntu oqalayo ityala loluntu ubizwa ngokuba ngummangalelwa, kwaye umntu omangalelwayo ungummangalelwa. Umgangatho wobungqina kumatyala asekuhlaleni ungaphantsi kunasezigwegwebeni, ngokuqhelekileyo ufuna i- ukuva ubungqina [, okuthetha ukuba kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba izenzo zommangaleli-mmangalelwa zibangele umonakalo.

Iintlobo Eziqhelekileyo Zomatyala Aseburhulumenteni

Umthetho wamakhaya uquka iingxube-ntlobo ezininzi. Ezinye zeendidi eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[NTL: 0] Inkcitho ebhaliweyo: Xa iqela elinye lisilela ukuzalisekisa iimfanelo zalo phantsi kwesivumelwano esinyanzelekileyo. Iinkqubo zisenokuquka umonakalo okanye umyalelo wokuphumeza isivumelwano (umsebenzi othe ngqo).
  • [[NTL:0] Iingxelo zeTort:[ Iimpazamo zamakhaya ezibangela umonakalo okanye ukulahleka. Imizekelo iquka ukungakhathali (ingozi yenqwelo-moya, ukungasetyenziswa kakuhle kwezamayeza), ukunyelisa (iibhele kunye nokunyelisa), ukuhlasela ngempazamo iimvakalelo, kunye netyala lemveliso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Impikiswano ezikhoyo: Ingxabano ngobunikazi, imida, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwempahla yokwenene okanye yobuqu. Oku kungabandakanya ukungavisisani okungalawulekiyo, ukukhululeka, okanye ukuphambuka.
  • Umthetho wosapho imicimbi: uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukuxhasa umntwana nokumka nokukhulisa umntwana yimicimbi yasekuhlaleni esoloko ifuna ukungenelela enkundleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iziphendu Zokungagqibeki: Ukuphelisa okuphosakeleyo, ucalulo, ukukhathazwa, kunye nentelekelelo yeyure nemali ehlawulwayo zidla ngokuphathwa kwinkundla yamakhaya.

Umzekelo: Umntu owenzakala kwingozi etyibilikayo nefayo evenkileni angafaka ityala lomphakathi kumnini-venkile ngenxa yokungakhathali, efuna imbuyekezo yemali yonyango, intlawulo elahlekileyo, iintlungu kunye nokubandezeleka. Isiganeko esifanayo asiyi kuba siso esolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokuba umnini wevenkile ngempazamo ubangele ingozi okanye unolwazi ngemeko eyingozi kwaye akakwazi ukuyithetha.

Imigangatho yokuthembeka kwiimeko zabemi

Ubutyala bamakhaya bungavela kwizenzo zeqhinga, ukungakhathali, okanye ubutyala obungqongqo. I-Neglice yesona siseko siqhelekileyo kwiziphumo zasekuhlaleni, ifuna i-coluptiff ukungqina umsebenzi, ulwaphuko, uvukelo, kunye nomonakalo. Ityala elinobutyala lisebenza kwiindawo ezithile njengemveliso okanye imisebenzi eyingozi kakhulu, apho ummangalelwa anokubalelwa ngaphandle kobungqina betyala.

Ukwahluka Okuyintloko Phakathi Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Ngoxa zombini ezi nkqubo zinikela isicombululo sokwenza okubi, zisuka nje zidlule ngeendlela eziliqela ezisisiseko.

Factor Criminal Law Civil Law
Purpose Punishment, deterrence, rehabilitation, public safety Compensation, restitution, resolution of disputes
Parties Government (prosecutor) vs. defendant Plaintiff vs. defendant (private parties)
Burden of Proof Beyond a reasonable doubt Preponderance of the evidence (or clear and convincing in some cases)
Right to Attorney Defendant has a constitutional right to counsel (even if unable to pay) No automatic right to free attorney; parties must hire their own representation
Outcome Guilty/not guilty; penalties include prison, fines, probation Liable/not liable; remedies include damages, injunctions, specific performance
Jury Usually unanimous jury verdict required Jury may be requested but not always; some states allow non-unanimous civil verdicts
Double Jeopardy Government cannot retry a defendant after acquittal (5th Amendment) No double jeopardy protections; a civil case can be filed even after a criminal acquittal

Le ngxaki ineziphumo ezinzulu. Umzekelo, umntu okhululwe kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lokubulala usengajamelana netyala eliphosakeleyo lokufa kwamakhaya eliziswa yintsapho yexhoba. Ityala likaSimpson libonisa oku ngodumo: USimpson wakhululwa ekubulaleni enkundleni yakwaphula umthetho kodwa kamva wafunyanwa efanelwe kukubulawa ngokuphosakeleyo kwinkundla yamakhaya, nto leyo ephumela kwisigwebo semali eninzi nxamnye naye.

Inkqubela Esemthethweni Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Kulandela ulandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo lokukhusela amalungelo ommangalelwa ngoxa kuqinisekiswa ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke. Nangona amanyathelo afanelekileyo enokuhluka ngokwamanyathelo alawulwayo, umgaqo jikelele uyavumelana.

Isicatshulwa 1: Uphando Nokubanjwa

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho aqokelela ubungqina, amangqina odliwano-ndlebe, aze achaze abarhanelwayo. Ukuba amagosa anesizathu esisengqiqweni sokukholelwa ukuba kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwe − banokubamba lowo urhanelwayo. Kwimeko ezithile kungafuneka isiqinisekiso sokubanjwa, kodwa hayi kuzo zonke izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho (umz., amatyala enziwe kwigosa).

Isiqhoboshi 2: Ukubhaliweyo nembonakalo yokuqala

Emva kokuba ivalelwe, urhanela ukhutshelwa (ushicilelwe iminwe, ushunqulwe, kwaye usetyenziselwe) kwaye usiwa phambi kwejaji ngexesha elibaluliweyo (ngokuqhelekileyo iiyure ezingama-48-72). Ekuveleni kokuqala, ijaji ixelela ummangalelwa ngezityholo, icebisa ngamalungelo abo, kwaye icwangcisa iimeko zokukhululwa, ezifana nebheyile okanye ukuphinda igqalwe kwakhona.

Isigaba 3: Ulungelelwaniso

Ummangalelwa ufunda izityholo ngokusemthethweni aze acelwe ukuba angene kwisibongozo, angabi natyala, okanye angabi namnciphiswano. Isibongozo sokungabi natyala sikhokelela kwityala elibhekele phaya. Amatyala amaninzi aphenduliswa ngokucetyiswa kwesicelo esilungiselelweyo kweli qonga, ekuphepheni ukuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo.

Isiqhobosho 4: Ukufunyaniswa neNtshukumo yangaphambili

Ukumangalelwa nokuzithethelela, ukutshintshisana ngobungqina, uluhlu lwamangqina, nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko. Iinkqubo zetyala zingagcinwa ukuze kukhutshelwe ubungqina, kupheliswe izityholo, okanye kucocwe eminye imibandela engokwasemthethweni. Eli candelo linokubande, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezinzima.

Icandelo 5: Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba akukho sifungo sifikelelwayo, ityala liqhubekela kwityala. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, abachopheli-tyala bakhethwa ngetyala elibi. Ityala libekwa kuqala, libizwa ngamangqina lize lizise ubungqina. Ukhuseleko lunikela ityala lalo. Omabini amacala anethuba lokunqumla amangqina e-examine. Emva kokuqukumbela iimpikiswano, abachopheli-tyala babuye babuye benze isigqibo.

Isicatshulwa 6: Isigwebo

Ukuba ummangalelwa ufunyaniswe enetyala, ijaji ibeka isigwebo. Iimeko eziqwalaselwayo ziquka ubungxengxezi bolwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa, kunye naziphi na iimeko ezimgwebayo okanye ezinyuselayo. Izigwebo zingasuka ekulingenisweni okanye ekuhlawuleni, ekuvalweni okanye, kumatyala amakhulu, ukufa. Ixhoba lisenokuba nethuba lokunika ingxelo yexhoba.

Isiqhoboshi 7: Izibheno

Ummangalelwa ogwetyiweyo unelungelo lokubhenela esi sigqibo kwinkundla ephakamileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ephikisa ngelithi iimpazamo zomthetho zenzeka ebudeni betyala (umz., imiyalelo engafanelekanga, ukuvunywa kobungqina obungenakuphikiswa). Izibheno aziyi kuphinda zithethwe; zigxininisa ekusetyenzisweni komthetho. Kwezinye iimeko, isibheno sisenokukhokelela ekuguqulweni okanye kwityala elitsha.

Inkqubo Esemthethweni Kwityala Labemi

Ingqiniso yoluntu ilandela indlela eyahlukileyo, igxininisa ekucombululeni iimbambano zabucala ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka korhulumente njengeqela. Ngoxa amatyala amaninzi asekuhlaleni elungiswa ngaphambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala, kubalulekile ukuqonda amanyathelo angokwemvelo.

Isahluko 1: Ukuphelisa Isikhalazo

Ummangali uqala ityala lamakhaya ngokufaka uxwebhu olubizwa ngokuba sikhalazo kwinkundla efanelekileyo. Esi sikhalazo sichaza isiseko esisemthethweni setyala (umz., ukungakhathali, ukwaphula isivumelwano) kwaye isiqabu esifunwayo. Ummangalelwa ufumana isimemo sokubazisa ngetyala aze abanike ixesha lokuphendula (ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezingama-20-30).

Isicatshulwa 2: Indlela Ummeli Asabela Ngayo

Ummangalelwa kufuneka afake ifayile yempendulo `````Admit'''' okanye aphikise izityholo'' okanye banga faka intshukumo yokurhoxa ngenxa yokungabinagunya okanye ukungaphumeleli ukuchaza ityala. Ukuba ummangalelwa akakwazi ukuphendula, umgwebo ongagqibekanga ungangena nxamnye nazo.

Isiqhoboshi 3:

Ukufumana okusoloko kulixesha elininzi lokufumana. omabini amaqela atshintshisana amaxwebhu (iizicelo zokuveliswa), abuze imibuzo ebhaliweyo (ukubekwa kwetyala), kwaye athathe ubungqina obubodwa / obunikwa ngamaqela namangqina phantsi kwesifungo. Ukuqulunqwa kwakhona kungabandakanya izicelo zokungeniswa, uvavanyo lomzimba okanye lolwengqondo, kunye nobungqina obuyingcaciso. Injongo kukutyhila zonke izibakala ezinxulumene nalo phambi kokuvavanywa.

Isiqhobosho 4: Intshukumo yangaphambili neNkomfa yokuHlaliswa

Phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, abathathi-nxaxheba basenokufaka ifayile yemiqathango yesigwebo esifutshane, umzekelo, becela inkundla ukuba igqibe ngetyala ngaphandle kokuchotshelwa ngenxa yokuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yezibakala. Iinkundla zisoloko zikhuthaza okanye zifuna iingqungquthela okanye isindululo sokulungisa ingxabano ngaphandle kokuphinda ixazululwe.

Icandelo 5: Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba ukuhlaliswa kwetyala kuyasilela, ityala liya kwityala. Kwityala lebheri (akukho mgwebi), ijaji igqiba zombini inyani nomthetho. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, abagwebi bagqiba izibakala ezisekelwe kubungqina. Ummangalelwa unikela ityala labo kuqala, lilandelwa ngummangalelwa. Emva kokuququlwa, iinkundla zejaji zetyala ziphinde zibuyise isigwebo. Kwimigwebo yasekuhlaleni, isigqibo asifuneki sihlangatyelwe kuyo yonke imiqathango yetyala.

Isicatshulwa 6: Umgwebo Nezicombululo

Ukuba abachopheli-tyala (okanye ijaji) bafumana ummangalelwa egweba, inkundla ikhupha isigwebo esiyalela ummangalelwa ukuba ahlawule umonakalo wemali (umvuzo, isohlwayo, okanye igama lomlomo) okanye athabathe okanye angayeki ukwenza okuthile okukhethekileyo (ukudityaniswa). Iqela elikholisayo lisenokukwanelungelo lokufumana iindleko zenkundla yaye, kwezinye iimeko, inkcitho yegqwetha.

Isiqhoboshi 7: Izibheno

Kusenokuba liqela elinokubhenela kwisigwebo esisemagunyeni. Izibheno kumatyala asekuhlaleni zidla ngokuviwa ziinkundla eziphakathi, zifake isibheno esingakumbi esinokwenzeka kwinkundla ephakamileyo yelizwana okanye kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States. Noko ke, isibheno asizenzeki ngokwayo; iqela elinomtsalane kufuneka libonise ukuba impazamo engokwasemthethweni ichaphazelele isiphumo.

Ukuwohloka Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Kwiimeko ezininzi, ihambo efanayo isenokuvelisa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye netyala loluntu. Oku kudibana kuxhaphakile kumatyala abandakanya ukwenzakala komntu siqu, ubusela, ukuhlasela, kwanawokubulala. Ezi nkqubo zimbini zisebenza ngokwazo, oko kuthetha ukuba ukugwetywa kwenkundla yezaphuli-mthetho akuyileli ityala elisekelwe kwiziganeko ezifanayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho linokusetyenziswa njengebungqina kwityala loluntu; ezinye imikhosi ide inikele nokuba ukuvotelelwa ngokwetyala elisemthethweni kwisenzo soluntu esalandelayo.

Imiba yezenzo ezinxuseneyo:

  • Umntu ohlasela umntu othile ebharheni usenokujamelana netyala lolwaphulo - mthetho lokutyala ibhetri (etshutshiswa ligqwetha lesithili) nelokucela ukuhlaselwa nebhetri (elifakwe ikhefu elifuna imbuyekezo yeendleko neentlungu zezonyango).
  • Umqeshwa ophanga imali yenkampani unokugwetywa ngokungcangcazelisayo ngenxa yobusela aze agwetyelwe ukuqhekezwa komsebenzi wokuzimela icala nokuguquka.
  • Umbutho okhupha inkunkuma enetyhefu emlambo usenokujamelene netyala lolwaphulo - mthetho phantsi kwemithetho yemekobume (umz. iCeac Water Act) yaye usenokumangalelwa nangabantu abaphethe impahla nabahlala apho ngenxa yenkathazo nokungakhathali.

Kubalulekile ukuba amashishini, abantu kunye neengcaphephe ezingokwasemthethweni ziqonde ukuba ukukholelwa kwisaphuli - mthetho kunokubangela umonakalo ongaphaya kwesigwebo, kodwa kudla ngokubangela ukuba umntu aphulukane nemali nodumo lwakhe.

Isizathu Sokuba Umahluko Ubaluleke

Ukwahluka phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala kuneziphumo ezisebenzisekayo kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuthatha oku kwahlula kunika isiseko sophando oluthe chatha olusemthethweni. Kumaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho, ukwazi ukuba ihambo ibekwe phantsi kwezaphuli-mthetho okanye ngumthetho wasekuhlaleni ingakhokela kwizigqibo malunga nokunika ingxelo, ukuqesha igqwetha, okanye ukusukela intlawulo. Kubamangalelwa, amatyala ahluke kakhulu: ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lisongela inkululeko, ngoxa ityala lamakhaya lisongela imicimbi yemali. Umthwalo wobungqina ungabangela amathuba afanelekileyo ekwakheni kwenkundla apho umgangatho wolwaphulo-mthetho uphezulu khona umgangatho usengalahleka kwinkundla yamakhaya apho umgangatho usezantsi.

Ukongezelela, iinkqubo zomthetho zahlukile ngokwelungelo kunye nezokukhusela. Abamangalelwa bezaphuli-mthetho banandipha uludwe lwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko, afana nokucingela ukuba msulwa, ilungelo lokucebisa, nokukhusela ekuzikhetheleni. Abamangalelwa bamakhaya abanalo ilungelo lokufumana igqwetha elikhululekileyo kwaye basenokubona iindlela zokufumana izinto ezifuna ukuba bavelise ubungqina obunokuthi kamva busetyenziswe kwiingxoxo ezinxulumene nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Le midlalo ingenza izigqibo ezintsonkothileyo, ingakumbi kwiimeko apho izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho nezoburhulumente zihambelana khona.

Isiphelo

Imithetho yamakhaya neyabelw'umthetho iyavisisana kodwa isebenza ngokungafaniyo kwinkqubo yomthetho wase-United States. Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho ugxininisa kwizenzo zokohlwaya eziyingozi kwibutho labantu kwaye uzama ukugcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke ngamandla karhulumente okuchophela nokufaka ityala. Umthetho wamakhaya unika amaqela azimeleyo inkqubo yokucombulula iingxabano, ukufuna imbuyiselo, nokunyanzelisa amalungelo. Umahluko ongundoqo onenjongo, amaqela, umthwalo wobungqina, kunye neziphumo zemeko zonke iinqanaba lomthetho ekuphelweni ukuze abhenele. Ukuvuma oku kuyimfuneko kuko nabani na ofunda umthetho, osebenza kwinkqubo yokusesikweni, okanye ozifumanisa efunyenwe ebanjiwe kwimpikiswano engokwasemthethweni.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga izibonelelo ezinegunya ezinjenge U.S. ukuqwalaselwa kweentlobo zetyala kunye nengcaciso ye-Project ye- Cornell Legin Information Institute yeWex engokwasemthethweni ye-. Kumongongezelelo womthwalo wesiqinisekiso, bona [[FLT:]] inikela izinto ezintle zokufundisa kwimiqathango yomthetho kunye nomthetho wabemi. Ngokuhlola aba baxhasi bolwaphulo-mthetho, indlela abanokuqonda ngayo ityala nemigaqo yesebe ngalinye.