Imimiselo yengingqi yemekobume yenza isiseko sobuchule boluntu lwemigudu yokufumana umoya ococekileyo namanzi. Ngeli xesha imithetho karhulumente nekarhulumente imisela imigangatho ebanzi esisiseko somgangatho, isoloko iyimithetho, ivumela, kunye nezenzo zomthetho owenziwa zizixeko, iirejista, kunye neengingqi ezibubumba ubunjani babemi bemeko-bume abanokuhlangabezana nayo yonke imihla. Le mithetho yoluntu ibekwe kwindawo eyodwa ukulungiselela ukuphendula imithombo ethile yongcoliso, ulwazi lwezixhaso-zixhobo zomgangatho ophezulu, kunye nokuziqhela ngokukhawuleza ukutshintsha kweemeko. Ngokuqonda indlela le mithetho esebenza ngayo ekusebenzeni kwezixeko, ubalo lokukhusela amanzi akhuselwa ekuphumeleni kwemizi - .

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ulawulo lwemekobume lwale ndawo luye lwanda ngokuphawulekayo. Ingingqi azisalindeli izigunyaziso eziphezulu; endaweni yoko, ziyinkqubo zobugcisa ezidityanisiweyo ezidibanisa ucwangciso lomhlaba, izikhuthazo zezoqoqosho, kunye nolawulo oluthe ngqo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima ebalulekileyo yemimiselo yemeko-bume ekukhuthazeni umoya ococekileyo namanzi, ukuhlolisisa iintlobo ezingundoqo kunye nenkqubo, ukubalaselisa uphando olunempumelelo, ukuxubusha ngeemvavanyo ezizinzileyo, kunye nobuchule bokusebenza kwixesha elizayo.

Ukubaluleka Kwemithetho Yokusingqongileyo

Imithetho yasekuhlaleni idla ngokuba yeyokuqala ukukhusela ungcoliso oluchaphazela impilo yoluntu. Ngenxa yokuba umoya kunye nomgangatho wamanzi zihluka kakhulu nakummandla omnye, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bayakwazi ukumisela imithetho enxulumene nezo zinto zingcolisayo, iindawo kunye nezo zendalo ezilawulayo. Ukubaluleka kwale mimiselo kunokubonwa kwiindawo ezininzi ezimanqam

  • Impilo entle yekommunithi: izinto ezidityanisiweyo (PM2.5]), ii-nitrogen oxide, kunye nee-oxide ezijijileyo zizinto ezingcolisa umoya eziqhelekileyo zasedolophini ezinxulumene ne-asma, isifo sentliziyo, nokufa ngaphambi kwexesha. Imida yokukhupha inqwelo-moya, imiqathango yezithuthi, nemiqathango elwa nomoya ochaseneyo inciphisa ukhuthulo ngqo. Kumanzi, imigaqo yasekuhlaleni efuna ukulawulwa okufanelekileyo kwamanzi oqhwithayo inqanda amanzi enkunkuma aze anciphise iintsholongwane ezihamba emanzini athenwayo.
  • Ubunjani bobuGcisa: Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho ococa amanzi oMkhosi wesiZwe ovumela ukuba usebenze kwimithombo, imimiselo yasekuhlaleni isoloko ithetha ngongcoliseko olungekho ncam olusuka ezitratweni, iflames, kunye neefama ezithwala izichumiso, umgamsheko, nemichiza kwimilambo namachiza. Umthetho wamanzi akwindawo yommandla, ukhuseleko oluphezulu, kunye nenkqubo ye-seasethi iyafuneka ekukhuseleni amanzi kunye nendawo yokuhlala emanzini.
  • Ukhuseleko lwe-Biodiversity: Indawo yasekuhlaleni ingabeka bucala izigcini-mgcini-sango ezikrazukileyo, ikhusele imimandla egudileyo, kwaye ibeke umda kwinkqubela-phambili kwindawo yokuhlala ezibukhali. Ezi zenzo zigcina iipaseji zezilwanyana zasendle, zilondoloza uluntu lwezityalo, kwaye zixhase abasebenzi bemifuno yemifuno ebaluleke kakhulu kwezolimo zasekuhlaleni.
  • Imithetho emininzi elawulayo yemekobume yasekuhlaleni ngoku ibandakanya iinjongo zokutshintsha imozulu, njengokufuna uphahla oluluhlaza ukuhlisa iziqithi zobushushu basedolophini okanye imiyezo yemvula enika imvula ukufunxa ukudumba kwesichotho. Le mithetho inceda abantu bamelane nezikhukula, i-itshitwaves, kunye nembalela ngoxa igawula ukhupho lwegesi olushushu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ubungqina obucacileyo kunye neSivumelwano seCovic: Xa isixeko sigqithisa umsebenzi weplastiki enye okanye sifuna iplastiki enye okanye ifuna ipompasi yezorhwebo, ithumela umyalezo ocacileyo wokuba ubuphathi bokusingqongileyo buyimbopheleleko eyahlulwe kunye. Imimiselo enjalo idla ukuza namaphulo okufundisa uwonke wonke anyusa ukufundwa kolwazi lwemekobume kwaye akhuthaze isenzo somntu ngamnye.

Iintlobo ezingundoqo zemithetho yokusingqongileyo kwasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa izixhobo ezininzi ezilawulayo ukucombulula iingxaki ezithile zemekobume.

  • Imigangatho yobunjani: Ngaphaya kwemigangatho yomgangatho womoya wesizwe, imimandla yomoya yasekuhlaleni ingabeka imida engqongqo kwimida yokukhutshwa koshishino, ifuna ubugcisa obungcono bokulawula obukhoyo, kwaye inyanzelisa ukuba imiqathango yokukhupha imoto evuthayo ivele. Umzekelo, izixeko ezininzi zinemimandla ephantsi (LEZS) elinganisela iimoto ezindala okanye efuna iilori zokuhambisa iiroli ezigqithiselwe ngekhefu kwindawo ezinzima.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Imigangatho yobunjani bamaThala eetanki: Ikhowudi zasekuhlaleni zidla ngokumisela ubuninzi bomsinga wamanzi okhukuliseko akhutshwe kwiinkqubo zongcoliso ezihlukeneyo zenkqubo yongcoliso (MS4s) zikamasipala. Zingachaza kwakhona iimfuno zonyango ukwenzela indawo zokwakha, igunyazisa uhlolo lwetanki elithe rhoqo, kunye nokuseka ubuninzi bemithwalo yemihla ngemihla (TMDLS) yamanzi asekuhlaleni.
  • Usetyenziso lwelizwe nemithetho yezozingxube: Amasiko okuzilolonga angachaza imimandla yogcino, afuna imiqobo kwimisinga, kwaye alinganisela imiphandle engakhuphiyo ukucutha. Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo kungakhuthaza ukuphuhliswa okudityanisiweyo okunciphisa ungcoliseko lomoya oluhambayo, olungangqalanga ngandlela-thile.
  • Imithetho yasekuhlaleni ilawula ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma eyingozi yasekhaya, inkunkuma ye-elektroniki, kunye nokungcola kokwakha. Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe komatshini kunye nemithetho yokuguqula izinto iphambuka kwimichiza ekhutshwayo, ukugawula imethane kunye nokukhusela amanzi asemhlabeni.
  • [[NTL:0] Ingxolo kunye nongcoliso olukhanyayo: Ngelixesha ingeyonto ngqo emoyeni okanye amanzi, ingxolo egqithisileyo ingabonisa ukuxinana kweenqwelo-moya (kwaye ngaloo ndlela ungcoliso lomoya), kwaye ungcoliso lokukhanya luphazamisa indalo. Imithetho yommandla ilinganisela ulwakhiwo okanye ukukhanyisa ngaphandle okukhuselekileyo okufak'umgangatho obanzi wemekobume.

Ubuchule bemithetho yokusingqongileyo

Umthetho osebenzayo uxhomekeke kwiinkqubo eziliqela ezidityanisiweyo eziguqulela inkqubo kwiziphumo zehlabathi lokwenene:

  • Ukujija kunye nokukhupha i-licente: imimiselo emininzi yasekuhlaleni ifuna imvume yokwenza imisebenzi enokungcolisa/njengokusebenza umcoci, ukufaka inkqubo enkulu yokucoca, okanye ukuqhuba umhlaba ojikelezayo kufutshane nomsinga. Imvume ziquka iimeko ezithile (umz., ubuninzi benani le-freex, imibhobho yesigcini-mhlaba) kwaye zixhomekeke ekuvuselelweni okanye ekulungiseni.
  • [[NTLA:0] Ukukhupha kunye nokuxela: Amaziko okusingqongileyo asekuhlaleni asoloko esebenzisa iziphumo zomgangatho womoya, ukulinga amaqumrhu amanzi, kunye nokuhlola izinto ezilawulwayo. Ngokuqhubekayo, asebenzisa izivo zexesha lokwenene kunye nogcino-lwazi lwesethelayithi ukulandelela ungcoliso oluqhelekileyo kwaye aphawule abachaphazeli.
  • [[[NTL:0] Ukunyanzelisa kunye netyala: Intle, imiyalelo yokuyeka umsebenzi, kwanezohlwayo zolwaphulo-mthetho zingahlawulwa nxamnye nabaphula umthetho. Amanye amagunya asebenzisa ukusondela konyanzeliso oluqhubekayo --ukuqalisa ngezilumkiso kunye noncedo lobugcisa/ukukhuthaza ukuthobela ngaphandle kokuthwalisa amashishini amancinane.
  • I- Iinkqubo zokuzithandela: Asiyomimiselo yasekuhlaleni enika ityala lerhafu. Izixeko ezininzi zinika iimali zerhafu, iibhonasi ezixineneyo, okanye imvume yokuvumela imisebenzi yokwakha eluhlaza, izitishi zezithuthi zombane, okanye ufakelo lwemigqomo yemvula. Ezi zihlomelo zizalisekisa imigangatho efunekayo kwaye zinokukhawulezisa ukunyuswa komqesho.

Uphando lwetyala lwemithetho yengingqi ephumeleleyo

Umzekelo 1: Icandelo loLawulo loBunjani be-Authom yoMkhosi wolwandle waseMzantsi (SCAQMD) – Ummandla weLos Angeles

Emashumini eminyaka eyadlulayo, iLos Angeles yafumana i-oxide embi kakhulu eUnited States. ISithili soLawulo lwe-Air ye-South Coast Moer Button, edalwe ngo1976, yasebenzisa iseti yemithetho yasekuhlaleni ejolise iinguqu, izityalo zamandla, kunye nezithuthi. Imilinganiselo engundoqo iquka imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhupha i-oceratics (i-VC) kunye ne-nitrogen oxides (NCOX), inkqubo efunekayo yokufumana unyango lwegesi kwizikhulu ze-atras, kunye nesigaba esiqhubekayo se-atratyani ekhoyo esetyenziswayo. Ngokwesiphumo, iqondo leozojini eliphezulu kwibhili le-ozongale liwe ngama-70% esukela kuma-1980, nangona kuhambe ubuninzi be-mayile kunye neenkqubo ze-atrost grept. [FFod syFod sy)] kwiinkqubo ze-movesterows ezithematilityleeting zithes.[1]

Umzekelo 2: Inkqubo yeChesapeake Bay – Isebe Lobulali lobunjani bamanzi

IChesapeake Bay eshetshisiweyo ingummandla omnye kunye neSithili saseColumbia, kodwa imimiselo yasekuhlaleni iye yangundoqo ekufumaneni kwayo. Ngoncedo lweChesapeake Bay Program, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni eMaryland, eVirginia, nasePennsylvania baye bamkela iindleko zamanzi oqhwithela, iimfuno zesigcini, kunye nezicwangciso zokuphatha izibonelelo zezityalo. Ku Anne Arundel County, Maryland, i-Maryland, intrain ekhoyo yemali eluhlaza yemiqathango zasekuhlaleni . [Folpa]

Umzekelo 3: Portland, Ulawulo lweGreen Street Storbwater

Portland, Oregon, yakha igama lesizwe ngokusebenzisa imimiselo yelizwe elisebenzisa uphatho lwendawo ukulawula amanzi okhukuliseko ngokwendalo. Inkqubo yesixeko iGreen Street ifuna uphuhliso olutsha ukunyanga i-intshi yokuqala yemvula esetyenziswa kwimichiza, abatyali-zityalo, okanye imimandla enika amandla. Le mithetho ayithathi nje kuphela inciphisa ukukhukuliseka komjelo wemigqomo yendle odityaniweyo kuMlambo weWillamette kodwa ikwadala izithuba ezinomtsalayo ezifunxa ikhabhoni nendawo epholileyo. Indlela ye Portland ibonisa indlela imigaqo yomgangatho wamanzi enokuthi iphindeke ngayo ngokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye norhwebo lwengingqini. [Exploreland] Isiqhagamsheli-Portry's Bureauvery Services zobu provitys zophations zophations [FLct1]

Ucelomngeni Ekuthobeleni Imithetho Yokusingqongileyo

Nangona isebenza ngokusemthethweni, imithetho yemekobume yasekuhlaleni ijongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo enokuyithintela:

Ubuchule bemithetho yokusingqongileyo esebenzayo

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unokusebenzisa amaqhinga avunyiweyo:

  • Ukudibana kobunyani kunye neCreation: Abahlali abahlala khona.] Ingakumbi abo bakwimimandla ekwimbali echaphazelekayo (imigaqo yokuyila iyabathemba kwaye iqinisekisa imithetho yokuthetha ngeemfuno zokwenene. Itechnique njenge komiti zommi, iinkampani zoshishino, iinkampani zikawonke-wonke, kunye neendawo ze-intanethi ezinika ingxelo ecacileyo zivumela iimbono ezahlukeneyo ukuba zikwazi ukumila.
  • [[NTL:0] Isigqibo seDrata-Drive Ukwenza: Izivo zomgangatho womoya ophantsi, ukwandisa iinethwekhi zomgangatho wokuhlola amanzi, kunye nokusebenzisa iinkqubo zolwazi lwengingqi (GIS) ukuzoba ii-moffats ezishushu kunceda ukugcinwa kogcino-lwazi kunye nexhoba eliyingozi. Iibhodi ezithelekisayo ezifikelelekayo zikhuthaza ukubonakala nokuphendula.
  • Ingeniso ekhoyo kunye neMiqathango: Irhafu, irhafu, kunye neenkqubo ezivumela ukusetyenziswa ngokusisigxina zingafumana iinjongo zemeko-bume ngaphezulu kwemithetho enzima yomyalelo nolawulo. Umzekelo, isixeko singavumela abaphuhlisi ukuba bahlangabezane neemfuno zamanzi oqhwithela ngokuthenga iityala kwingxowa-mali yesiseko somzikelo oluhlaza, ethi ifake kwimiboniso emikhulu.
  • Ucalulo namaGxalakhe aMagunya aManyeneyo: amagunya adityanisiweyo, amaqabane kamasipala, kunye namaqabane karhulumente angadibanisa ubuncwane ukuze afeze iinjongo ezifanayo. Abahloli abahlukeneyo, amasiko okubhala, kunye nokudibanisa abangcolisi abakhulu kunciphisa ukwenziwa nokugcinwa komthetho.
  • I- Ihambelana nezicwangciso ze Comprehessing: Eyona mimiselo yasekuhlaleni esebenzayo ayimiswanga; ifakwe kwisicwangciso sesixeko jikelele, icebo lemozulu, okanye imaphu yendlela exhasiweyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iinjongo zemeko- bume ziqwalaselwa kwisigqibo ngasinye somsebenzi welizwe, iprojekthi yekomkhulu, kunye notyalo-mali lwezothutho.
  • [[NTLA] Unikezelo noncedo lobuchule: Ukuze imimiselo isebenze, imigaqo elawulwayo ifuna ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa. Ukunikezela iishishini, izikhokelo ze-intanethi, kunye noncedo olunye-lunye] ingakumbi kumashishini amancinci nakumninimzi.

Ikamva Lemithetho Yokusingqongileyo

Njengokuba imingeni yemekobume ikhula qha qha ngezantsi ukusuka kumlilo ovuthayo kunye nobushushu obugqithisileyo ukuya kuvela izinto ezingcolisayo ezinjenge-PFAS kunye ne-microplastics(indima yemithetho yasekuhlaleni iza kukhula kuphela. Intsingiselo eninzi yemeko-bume enamandla nephumelelayo:

  • [[NTL:0] Uhlolo lwezenzululwazi- olukwimo yokulinganisa: izivo eziphantsi zamanani, umfanekiso wesatellite, kunye nee-algorithm zokufunda umatshini kukwenza kube lula kwaye kube nzima ukufumanisa ungcoliseko ngexesha lokwenene. Abameli bongingqi bangasebenzisa ezi zixhobo ukuchonga ukuphulwa kwemithetho-mvume ngokukhawuleza, ukugqibezela kwendlela zolawulo, kwaye banike abahlali ngemi enezilumkiso eziphezulu kakhulu.
  • Inzululwazi ye-commonity: Amanyathelo okuhlola abami, axhaswa zizipho noqeqesho lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, andisa ugcino-lwazi olufumanekayo ukwenzela izigqibo. Iinkqubo eziqeqesha abemi balapho ukuba baqokelele iisampuli zamanzi okanye balinganise umba wendawo ezinika amandla abantu ngexesha besongezela ii-intanethi zokuhlola ii-intanethi.
  • Ulungiso lwendawo oludityanisiweyo: Imimandla emininzi idibanisa ngokucacileyo imithetho yemekobume nenjongo zemozulu. Umzekelo, isixeko singafuna inkqubela-phambili entsha ephumele umnatha onozero, iquka amandla ahlaziyekayo, okanye ibandakanya izibonelelo ezifumana ubushushu obuluhlaza obufunxa amanzi obushushu kunye noxinzelelo lobushushu.
  • Uyilo lwe-CPU- oluthe tye: Umbutho wokusingqongileyo uye wanyanzela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bavavanye iziphumo zokusasazwa kwemimiselo. Imithetho yexesha elizayo iya kuqukeka ngokuqhubekayo amalungiselelo okuhlolwa kohlolo, izivumelwano zentlalo, kunye nohlahlo-mali lwemali kwiindawo ezindwayo.
  • Ingxaki yengingqi neMmandla yeSizwe: Amanye amazwe aye ashukunyiselwa ukuphelisa imithetho yemeko- bume yasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi ngokubhekiselele ekuvalweni komsebenzi weplastiki kunye nomthetho wokulima. Abameli bolawulo lwasekuhlaleni bazakufuna ukukhusela ilungelo loluntu lokumisela imigangatho ephezulu, ngeli lixa besenza iminqophiso ebonakalisa ukuphumelela kophuhliso lwengingqi.

Imimiselo yendawo engqongileyo ayisiso isicombululo, kodwa sisixhobo esingenakutshintshwa sokufumana umoya ococekileyo namanzi. Ngokulungisa izisombululo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, uluntu olubandakanyekileyo, kwaye ngokuqhubekayo ukulungelelanisa nengqiqo entsha yenzululwazi nezobugcisa, oomasipala banokukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke kunye nobuncwane bendalo ngeendlela ezinokuthi imiyalelo ephezulu yeyodwa ingakwazi. Njengoko eli nqaku libonise, impumelelo yomthetho yasekuhlaleni ifuna ukwenziwa, ukugcinwa kotyalolongo oluqhubekayo, kunye nozibopho lokulungelelanisa nokuphuhlisa. Uluntu olufaka ezi zinto kule miqathango namhlanje luza kunandipha imekobume entle kunye noqoqosho olunamandla kakhulu ukuze zifike izizukulwana ezizayo.