Ukwazisa: Umahluko woMthetho wokwahlula-hlulana kweminyaka kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wokuchasa imfundo

Imithetho yocalucalulo lobudala yakha isiseko esibalulekileyo sokhuseleko oluchasene nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfundo. Izikolo neeyunivesithi zinceda abantu abahlukeneyo, kubafundi besithethe kunye nabasebenzi abadala abaya kufunda kwiklasi nabasemava enkonzo entsha. Le mithetho iqinisekisa ukuba ubudala abusithinteli ukuba bungabi ngumqobo wamathuba, ukuthabatha inxaxheba, okanye ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo. Unxulumano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente wolwaluvo lweminyaka kunye nemigaqo yokucalulo-luvo-luvo-luvo lobuhlanga idala oluntsonkothile kodwa olubalulekileyo kwigumbi lokufundelana. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela imithetho yobudala yobuhlanga efana neMsebenzi (AAA) kunye nemimiselo efana ngayo nezinye izizwe ezimile ngokwemigaqo yemfundo, imingeni-magumbi ephambili, kunye nemimiselo engundoqo yezonyango, kunye nemisebenzi yezonyango yabafundi, kunye nabafundi abafundisa abafundi, nabaqeqeqeshi, nabaqeqeshi.

Ukuqonda Imithetho Yokwahlulelwa Kweminyaka: Imithetho Esemthethweni

Imithetho yocalucalulo yobudala iyahluka ngokwemithetho yeminyaka kodwa ihambisana nosukelo olufanayo: ukunqanda ukuphathwa ngokungekho sikweni okusekelwe kubudala. E-United States, umthetho ophambili wesizwe ngumthetho we-Agegenti ye-Orthom (ADEA) kuMthetho we-1967 (ADEA). I-ADEA ikhusela abantu abaneminyaka engama-40 ubudala okanye abadala abasuka kucalucalucalulo lwemisebenzi olusekelwe kubudala beminyaka. Ngelixa i-ADEA i-adiea idla ngokuchaphazela imigaqo ebanzi yezenziwa yemisebenzi. Umthetho usebenza kubaqeshi abasebenzi abazimele nabaqeshwa, oorhulumente, nabaqeshwa abaqeshwa. Amaziko oqeqesho kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi.

Kubafundi, ukukhusela ekucalucalulweni ngokweminyaka kwiinkqubo zokwamkela uncedo lwemali lwamaqumrhu lunikezelwa nguMthetho we-1975. Lo mthetho usebenza kwizikolo, kwiikholeji, nakwiinkqubo zemisebenzi efumana imali karhulumente. Ayivumeli ukuthabatha inxaxheba, ukukhanyelwa kweengenelo, okanye ukuthotyelwa kucalucalulo olusekelwe kunyaka nakuyiphi inkqubo okanye umsebenzi. ISebe lemfundo ye-ofisi ye-Oclibers (OCRCR) liqinisekisa ukuba lo mthetho awunyanzeli, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ixesha alisetyenziswa ukumisela amathuba abafundi abaselula okanye abadala.

Amaphondo amaninzi anemithetho eyongezelelekileyo ekwandiseni ukhuseleko, maxa wambi egquma ucalucalulo lobudala kwabo bangaphantsi kwama-40 okanye ababhekisa kwimimandla engagutyungelwanga yimimiselo karhulumente. Umzekelo, eminye imithetho yephondo iFair Works Practice ikhusela bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ubudala babo emsebenzini nakwimfundo. Kuyo yonke iEuropean Union, i- i-Employment Edificidentive (2000/78/EC) iyakulwa ikhethela ucalucalucalucalulo lobudala beminyaka emsebenzini, kwaye amazwe angamalungu aye afaka le migaqo-yo.

Umhlaba osemthethweni ubangela izibophelelo ezihlawulwayo. Iziko kufuneka zivumelane nemithetho karhulumente, imimiselo, kunye nemigaqo yazo yangaphakathi. Xa le mithetho ihambelana, iqinisa umyalezo ocacileyo: ubudala abufanele ukuba buthintele amathuba emfundo okanye omsebenzi. Xa zingquzulana/Ngokomzekelo, apho umthetho karhulumente unikela ukhuseleko oluxineneyo kunomthetho karhulumente.

Amalungiselelo Abalulekileyo EADEA Ayimfuneko Kwimfundo

  • Isiqinisekiso sokwahlulwa konyango: Umqeshi akanakumphatha ngabom umqeshi okanye izicelo zomsebenzi ngenxa yobudala. Oku kubhekiselele ekuqeshweni, ekunyuseni, ekunyusweni, ekuhlawuleni, nasekusetyenzisweni. Kwiyunivesithi, oku kuthetha ukuba izigqibo, izicwangciso zoqeqesho, unyuselo lomsebenzi, kunye nonyuselo lolawulo kufuneka lube lungathathi cala.
  • [[NTL:0] Isiphumo esithelekisayo sithi: nokuba inkqubo ibonakala ingondilele, isenokuba ingekho mthethweni ukuba iyingozi ngokugqithisileyo kubasebenzi abakhulileyo kwaye ayinakugwetyelwa ngemeko esengqiqweni ngaphandle kobudala. Umzekelo, ifuna abasebenzi bokufundisa ukuphumelela kobuchule bomzimba obunokuvavanywa ukuba abatsha abatsha abanokucetyiswa ukuba uvavanyo alunxulumene nomsebenzi kwaye aluhambelani nemfuneko yezoshishino.
  • [[NTL:0] Izahlulo kunye nokukhupha: Nawaphi na amalungelo e-ADEA kwizivumelwano zokophula okanye izikhuthazo zomhlala-phantsi kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno ezithile zomthetho, kuquka ukunika umqeshwa iintsuku ezingama-21 ukuba aqwalasele isivumelwano kunye neentsuku ezisixhenxe zokusiphelisa emva kokutyikitya.

Indlela Imithetho Yocalucalulo Lobudala Ehambelana Ngayo Nocalucalulo Oluchaseneyo Nezikolo Neziphene

Amaziko emfundo amkela iinkqubo ezibanzi ezichasene nocalucalulo ukuze zihambelane neemfuno zomthetho kunye nemozulu ebandakanya imozulu epheleleyo. Le nkqubo idla ngokuquka iminyaka yobudala ekhuselweyo ngaphandle kohlanga, umbala, imvelaphi yesizwe, isini, ukukhubazeka, kunye nonqulo.

Iimvume Neenkonzo Zabafundi

UMthetho we-Age Discrection Act ka-1975 usebenza ngqo kumamkeli abafundi. Iyunivesithi ayinakumisela ixesha eliphezulu lokuyamkela ngaphandle kokuba umlinganiselo onjalo uyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo ethile. Umzekelo, isikolo sezamayeza sisenokuphikisa ngelithi isizukulwana esinyanzelekileyo sokuthatha umhlala phantsi kwemitshato ukwenzela ukujikeleza kokhuseleko lomguli. Kodwa ke, izicelo ezinjalo zijongene nohlolo olungqongqo. Ngokufanayo, ukufikelela kwemali akumele kusekelwe kubudala; abafundi abadala kufuneka babe nofikelelo olulinganayo kulwazi, inkxaso, kunye neenkqubo zengqesho-oowebhusayithi.

Iinkonzo zabafundi `kuquka indawo yokuhlala, uqeqesho, kunye nemisebenzi yasemva kwesikolo' eyongezelelekileyo] kufuneka idibane nabafundi abangeyonxalenye yeminyaka. Inkqubo ethintela abafundi abakwicandelo elithile ekungeneni kwimibutho yabafundi ingakhethanga ukuba umgangatho wexesha elithile unxulumene nobudala (abafundi abaninzi abadala abafundayo ngethuba elithile). Iziko kufuneka zihlole imithetho yabo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ababenzi imiqobo engeyomfuneko kubafundi abadala ababuyela kwimfundo okanye kubafundi abancinane abanokufumana isiphiwo okanye abanomvuzo.

Enye indawo yoxinezeleko ibandakanya umahluko osekelwe kubudala kwiinkonzo zempilo neenkqubo ezintle. Umzekelo, iziko lezempilo laseyunivesithi elilinganisela ukudutyulwa komkhuhlane kubafundi abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-30 linokujamelana nocalucalulo lobudala. Ngoxa kusenokubakho iingqiqo ezifanelekileyo zempilo kawonke-wonke .ezifana nokujoliswa kwemiqathango ephezulu ye-triki, inkqubo mayilungiswe ngokucutheneyo kwaye isekelwe kubungqina, hayi kumanani aqhelekileyo.

Izenzo zomsebenzi

IADEA ilawula umsebenzi kumaziko emfundo anzima kakhulu:

  • Ukufuna nokufaka uqhagamshelwano: izibhengezo zomsebenzi akufunekanga ziquke iinketho zobudala okanye imida. Ibinzana elifana “ne-aventier project" okanye“entsha i-PD” ingathintela abafaki-zicelo abadala ngaphandle kokuba indawo ifuna ngokwenene ii-screenshorent zakutshanje. Imigudu yokuzimisela kufuneka ijolise kumaqela ahlukeneyo obudala kwiindlela ezininzi.
  • Ukunyuka kunye neenzuzo: Izikali zokuhlawula ezisekelwe kwiminyaka yenkonzo kufuneka zenzelwe ukuphepha ucalucalulo lobudala. Ukuba iinkqubo zobungangamsha zichaphazela abasebenzi abadala ngokungafaniyo, kufuneka zigwetyelwe. Ukungenelwa kwezicwangciso (ukuvuselelwa, i-inshorensi yempilo, ikhefu) ayinakuhlisa ukugqunywa kwabasebenzi abadala ngaphandle kwezizathu ezisebenzayo.
  • Intsingiselo kunye nobuchule: izigqibo ezithe rhoqo zibandakanya uphando olubalulekileyo lokufundisa, uphando, kunye nenkonzo. Xa olu hlolisiso luxhomekeke kubude bobude beminyaka obumalunga nemveliso okanye amandla obuchule obutsha bobugcisa, zisenokuchasana nobugcisa obutsha. Iintlawulo ezinxulumene nomsebenzi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba iikomiti ziqeqeshelwe ukuphepha ikhethe lobudala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Discipline kunye nokuphelisa: izicwangciso zoMsebenzi kunye nezenzo zoqeqesho mazisetyenziswe ngokungaguqukiyo kungakhathaliseki ubudala babo. Abaqeshwa abakhulileyo abanakukhethelwa ukukhulula okanye ukukhupha iintshukumisa zomhlala-phantsi kwangoko ngaphandle kwezizathu ezicacileyo, ezingezolulo lwaphulo-mthetho.

Iiyunivesithi zikawonke wonke zikwajongene nokuqwalaselwa komgaqo-siseko. ISindululo seMimiselo se-14 se-Unimetic Protection Claus silwalela ukucalucalucalulo ngesiquphe ngabadlali babadlali bobudala bephondo, kodwa ubudala asilulo udidi olurhanelwayo. Iinkundla zisebenzisa ingqwalasela esengqiqweni, ithetha ukuba inkqubo iya kuxhaswa ukuba inxulumene nengqondo nomdla osemthethweni karhulumente. Noko ke, xa inkqubo ijongelwe ngokukhethekileyo iminyaka yobudala, kufuneka iqhubeke incinwa ngakumbi phantsi koMthetho we-Agecimation.

Umzekelo wetyala: Ukuthatha umhlala phantsi komntu

De kube ngowe-1994, amayunivesithi anokugunyazisa ukuthatha umhlala-phantsi kwabaqeshwa abaqeshwa abaqeshi abaqeshiweyo beneminyaka engama-70 ubudala phantsi kokungahambelani ne-ADEA. IBhunga lezemfundo namanye amaqela lavumela ukuba le migaqo-nkqubo yokusebenza iphele ngenxa yokuba i-Melika i-Council on Education kunye namanye amaqela ayizange ibonise ukuba ukunyanzeleka kwemiqathango yokusebenza ngokunyanzeleka umhlala phantsi komhlala-phantsi. Namhlanje, ukunyanzeleka kokuhlala umhlala-phantsi akuvumelekanga ngokuqhelekileyo, nangona amanye amaziko esazama ukunyanzela ukuthenga izinto ezithengwa okanye iinkqubo ezimiselwe umhlala-phantsi omsebenzi ezimele zihambisa umhlala-mhlala-phantsi omntu ofanele zihambisane nemithetho.

Ukukhusela Okusemthethweni Nokunyanzelisa Umatshini

Ukuqonda iindlela zokunyanzelisa abantu kunceda amaziko alindele ukuba athobele iingozi.

  • [[FLT: 0]EOC (IKhomishini yeNkqutyana yokuSebenza): I-EEOC inyanzelisa i-ADEA ukuze ifumane iziphumo zomsebenzi. Abantu kufuneka bafake ityala nge-EEOC phambi kokumangalelwa. Isebe lihlola, lingenisa ii-media, kwaye lingafaka ityala. Ngo-2023, i-EOC yafumana izityholo zeminyaka eli-13, kunye nemfundo phakathi kwemizi-mveliso ephezulu.
  • OCR (OOOCR yaMalungelo aphakathi):[ Kucalucalulo lobudala babafundi phantsi koMthetho we-Age Discrimination, i-OCR ihlola kwaye ifuna isigqibo sokuzithandela. Ukuba ulwaphulo lufunyenwe, i-OCR ingakhupha inkxaso-mali karhulumente. Iziko kufuneka zimisele umququzeleli weSihlo se-IX/Age Act ukuba ajonge ukuthotyelwa.
  • [[NTLA] Ulwaphulo-mthetho olubini: Abaqeshwa nabafundi bangamangalelwa ngqo emva konyango lolawulo oludinisayo. Iinkundla zingahlawula umva, zibuyiselwe, zohluzo lokonga, kunye neemali zamagqwetha. Kwiimeko ezinzima, ilahleko yesohlwayo ingafumaneka.

Kulo rhulumente, iKhomishini yoLuntu neyoLuntu inyanzelisa ukuba kumiselwe uMthetho weMali, othintela ukucalucalulwa kobudala kwimfundo nasemsebenzini.

Ucelomngeni Nokulungelelana Kwezinto Ezibangela Inzala

Phezu kwayo nje imithetho ecacileyo ekwalelwe ngayo, kuvela iingxaki eziliqela xa kusetyenziswa imithetho yobudala ethetha ngemfundo.

Imida Yeminyaka Yeenkqubo Zenzelwe Amaqela Eminyaka Ekhethekileyo

Ezinye iinkqubo zokufundisa zifanele ukuba zimele zingqale ngokweminyaka-9.Ngomzekelo, inkqubo yehlobo ephiwe abafundi besikolo esiphakathi okanye indawo yokulungiselela abantu abadala abasele bekhulile. UMthetho we-Age Discritice uvumela iinkqubo ezinjalo ukuba zifikele imigaqo ye- “elungeliweyo” kwiklasi yabantu ngabanye kwaye azibafaki ngaphandle kwesizathu. Iintyanganiso kufuneka zibhale ukumiselwa kwemfundo yemiqathango yobudala zize zijonge ezinye iindlela ezingaphantsi kwemiqathango.

Ukulungelelanisa Ubundilele Beminyaka Nenyathelo Elizinzileyo Leqela Elingaphiliyo

Amanyathelo ohlobo oluthile afuna ukwandisa umelo lwamaqela amatsha okanye akhulileyo angangqubana nemigaqo yocalulo lobudala. Umzekelo, inkqubo yonxulumano ejolise ngqo kumaxhoba “abaphandi abaqalayo” ngokungeyomfuneko isenokucalula abaphandi abanamava abatshintsha amabala. Iinkqubo ezinjalo kufuneka zenziwe njengeengenelo eziphambili” kunokuba zifumane inzuzo ezikhethekileyo, okanye kufuneka bahlangatyelwe isenzo esilungileyo esivunyelwe phantsi kwemithetho ethile.

Iintlobo Zesithethe Semfundo Yesizukulwana

Iintlobo ezimalunga “nemibutho yabemi balapho” okanye“ oogqirha abaqeshwayo” bangaphembelela ngokuchuliweyo ukuqesha, ukunyusela, kunye nokuvavanya abafundi. Abalawuli kufuneka baqeqeshe iikomiti zokukhetha ukuze baxhomekeke kubungqina bobuchule kunye nezinto eziphunyeziweyo kunokuthembela kwiinjongo zobudala. Ngokufanayo, uvavanyo lwezifundo olubuzayo malunga “ne-enthusiasm” okanye“inkcaso yexesha” ingabonakalisa uqhekeko lobudala kwaye ifanele iphinde ihlolwe ukuze ifumaneke.

Udibano nezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo

Ucalucalulo lobudala ludla ngokunxulumene neziphene, isini, kunye nohlanga. Amabhinqa amadala asenokujamelana nolwaluko kumasebe alawulwa ngamadoda. Abaqeqeshi abakhulileyo abaNsundu banokuthathwa njengabangenamveliso. Ipolicies kufuneka ithethe ngocalucalulo lwamacala okudibana kweemfama zeqela labaqeqeshi ukuze baqonde iindidi ezininzi zocalulo kwaye baqokelele iinkcukacha ezisusiweyo ukuze bahlole.

Izenzo ezilunge kakhulu zokuphuhlisa iminyaka yobudala

Iziko linokuthabatha amanyathelo aqhubekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba kuthotyelwa yaye kukhuliswe imekobume engenalucalucalulo lobudala.

  1. Iqulunqa inkqubo yophicotho-zincwadi: Ihlola zonke iincwadi zencwadi, iimfuno, iimfuno zokwamkelwa, iiprojekthi zenkqubo zokwamkeleka komsebenzi, kunye nemilinganiselo yenkqubo yemiqathango yexesha elinxulumene nobudala. Flagi nayiphina imilinganiselo yobudala, iinketho, okanye iintelekelelo. Kwinto nganye, buza: Ingaba oku kuyimfuneko ukufikelela usukelo olusemthethweni okanye olusebenzayo? Ingaba isiphumo esingesiso esisekelwe kwi-ageo-geo?
  2. Abasebenzi nabaqeqeshi: Uqeqesho oluthe rhoqo kufuneka lugubungele iinkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni zocalulo lobudala, iingcebiso eziqhelekileyo, kunye neenkqubo zokuxela. Imo zokudlala. "ukuvavanya isikhalazo somsebenzi wabafundi ngonjingalwazi omdala"/__________
  3. [[NTL:0] Iprojekthi elungileyo yokuhlala: Phantsi kwemithetho enxulumene ne-ADEA, amaziko angafuna ukuhlalisa iimfuno ezinxulumene nobudala, njengocwangciso lomsebenzi oluthambileyo kubasebenzi abadala abalawula iimeko zempilo okanye ubugcisa obuncedisayo kubafundi abadala. Ngexa i-ADEA ingafuni zindawo zokuhlala ngendlela efanayo ne-ADA, inkxaso esebenzayo inciphisa ukhuhleko kunye nomngcipheko wokufakela.
  4. Iinkqubo zokuxela ezicacileyo: Ukunyulwa komlungelelanisi wobudala wocalulo. Ukuyibhenca ngokubanzi inkqubo yezikhalazo. Abakhalazi bayakhuselwa ekuziphindezeleni.
  5. Iziphumo ezithe zafunyanwa nguMnqophiso: qokelela ugcino-lwazi lwamanani abantu abafaka izicelo, abaqeshwa, abanyusi, abangenisi, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo ngokweqela lobudala. Hlola utyekelo lokuchaza izinto ezinokuba zezahluka. Ukuba, umzekelo, abafundi abangaphezu kwama-40 abavunywa ngokungaguqukiyo ukuvunywa kwinkqubo yokhuphiswano, isiko kufuneka liphengulule imilinganiselo yokukhetha xa kukho ikhethelo oluthe ngqo lobudala.

Izicelo Zabafundi Neziqeshwa: Ukuxhathisana

Xa isiko lisebenzisa iinkqubo eziquka ubudala, iingenelo zinwenwela kulo lonke uluntu.

Kubafundi

  • Abafundi abadala (ababuyileyo abantu abadala, abafundi abahlala ixesha elide): Bafumana intembelo yokuba iinjongo zabo zemfundo azinakuthintela ngenxa yobudala. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu njengokuzalana kwemfundo ephezulu; iNational Center for Education Statistics inikela ingxelo yokuba malunga nama-40% abantu abangaphantsi kwe-asethi ayimiqathango ecacileyo echasene nocalucalulo lobudala kunye nokuphumelela kwemfundo yalo manyano lwandayo.
  • Abafundi abancinane (ishumi elineshumi, abantwana abanesiphiwo): Bakhuselwe ekuphathweni njengabangawufumani umsebenzi ophambili woqeqesho ngenxa yobudala. Iinkqubo zokukhuphela koomatiloshe, ukufikelela kwasekuqaleni kokolojini, kunye nendlela ezikhawulezayo mazisekelwe kwixabiso, hayi kwixesha lobudala njengekhompyutha esebenza njengomgunyaziso.
  • Ixesha lePart kunye nabafundi abangengobuko: Bangenelwa kucwangciso lobubhetyebhetye kunye neenkonzo zenkxaso ezingabohlwayi ubudala. Ipoli ehlalis' amaqondo obomi ahlukeneyo(ukunyamekela abantwana), iiklasi zangokuhlwa, iinketho zengingqi , ngezantsi/iindawo ezibonisa ukuzinikela kwixesha lokulingana.

ISebe

  • [[UMTL:0] Amathuba obude obuphezulu: Inkqubela-phambili yengcali, iindima zolawulo, kunye neendlela ezintsha zokufundisa ngaphandle koloyiko lokuba ixesha liza kubanjelwa kuzo. Oku kukhuthaza ulwakhiwo kunye nokuqhubekeka.
  • [[NTL:0] Utshintsho olukhuselweyo lomhlala-phantsi: Iinkqubo ezinikezelweyo zomhlala-phantsi, ukuba zithe zanikelwa, kufuneka zibe zezokuzithandela kwaye zingadibani. Ukusondela komhlala-phantsi komhlala-phantsi kumele kukwazi ukunciphisa iiyure ngaphandle kwehlazo okanye ukulahlekelwa zinzuzo.
  • Intsebenziswano yenzala: Xa ucalucalulo lobudala luncitshiswa, amaqela angasebenzisa amandla esizukulwana eemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo. Abasebenzi abaselula bazisa iimbono ezintsha kubugcisa ngelixa abasebenzi abadala benika ulwazi olunzulu lwequmrhu kunye nobuchule bokufundisa.

Isiphelo: Ukwakha Indawo Ekwimfundo Engenakuthelekiswa Nanto

Imithetho yocalucalulo lobudala yenza okungaphezulu kunokubeka umgangatho osemthethweni; icel ’ umngeni amaziko emfundo ukuhlolisisa izenzo zawo kunye nenkcubeko ngelebhu entsha. Ukusebenzisana kwale mithetho kunye nemigaqo elwa nocalucalulo yangaphakathi kunamandla. Njengokuba ukuqonda kwebutho labantu ngokucalula iminyaka kuyaguquka, kwaye njengoko abafundi nabasebenzi besiya bekhula, izikolo neeyunivesithi kufuneka baphucule indlela abafunda ngayo. Imigaqo icacile: kukuphepha ukuxhomekeka kwiminyaka yobudala, ithethelela naluphi na umahluko olusekelwe kubungqina obuqinileyo, kwaye inika amandla abantu bonke ubudala ukuba baxhase ngokuzeleka oku. Ngokuthobela le migaqo, imigaqo ayithathi inciphise nje ukuchana okusemthethweni kodwa iphucula ukufundwa nokusebenza kwimekobume yomntu wonke.

Ekulungiseleleni ikamva, iinkokeli zemfundo kufuneka zihlale zisazisiwe ngotshintsho lwemithetho kunye nokhokelo lomgaqo-nkqubo. Izibonelelo ezinjenge EEOC’S Youth eWork kunye ne OCR's FAXS FAXS inika izixhobo ezisebenzayo zokuthobela. Injongo ayikokusuka nje uphephe ucalucalulo kodwa kukudala imekobume apho ubudala bungamele bungamele bufumaneke ithuba lokufumana ithuba lokufundisa.