Ucalucalulo lobudala luselunye lwezona ndlela zocalucalulo ezixhaphakileyo kodwa ezisoloko zityeshelwa kwinkqubo yokuqeshwa. Ngoxa abaqeshi abaninzi bekulumkele ukuphepha intetho echaphazelekayo, ukusetyenziswa ngokufihlakeleyo kwiinkcazelo zemisebenzi kunye neemfuno zesikhundla kungayifaki kumsebenzi osele ukhulile. Ngethamsanqa, iqumrhu elinamandla lemithetho — ukusuka kwi-Age Discrimination in Bloking Act (ADEA) eUnited States ukufanisa imithetho ehambelana namazwe angaphandle — ngokuchanelisa ngokucacileyo ukuqeshwa okusekelwe ngokweminyaka ephezulu nokusetyenziswa komsebenzi ofanelekileyo. Ukuqonda indlela le mithetho esebenzayo esetyenziswa ngayo kwinkcazelo yomsebenzi kubalulekile ngayo nayiphi nayiphi naleyo efuna ukwakheka, esemthethweni.

Imithetho Yasemthethweni: Indlela Imimiselo Yabantu Abakhulileyo Ebakhusela Ngayo Abasebenzi Abakhulileyo

EUnited States, umthetho oyintloko othetha ngocalucalulo lweminyaka yobudala emsebenzini ngu- Agentition in Orough Act of 1967 (ADEA). I-ADEA ikhusela abantu abaneminyaka engama-40 ubudala okanye abadala abasuka kucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlobo lweminyaka yobudala esekelwe kumsebenzi, kuquka ukuqeshwa, ukukhutshwa, ukunyuselwa, intlawulo, kunye neemfuno zemisebenzi.

Ukhuseleko lwe-ADEA ludlulela kwinkqubo yokusebenza. Phantsi koMthetho, akuvumelekanga ukuba umqeshi angaphumeleli okanye angavumi ukuqesha umntu ngenxa yobudala babo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkcazelo zomsebenzi kunye neemfuno zokushicilela azinakusetyenziswa njengekhompyutha esebenza njengomgunyaziso wokususa isigaba sokukhula. [[[FLT:]] I-Equal Prolic Proction Commission (EOC) inike ukhokelo oluphangaleleyo kokuthiwa komsebenzi wediski yomthetho, igxininisa ukuba abaqeshi mabajolise kwimisebenzi yendima enxulumene ne-slideyokunyaka.

Ngaphaya kwe-ADEA, amazwe amaninzi anemithetho yocalulo yobudala bawo enokuthi isebenze kubaqeshi abancinane okanye inike ukhuseleko olubanzi. Umzekelo, uMthetho wephondo le-New York Umbuso waMalungelo oluntu uthintela ukucalucalulwa kobudala nxamnye naye nabani na olishumi elinesibhozo okanye omdala, ukususa u-ADEA's-40 nomnyango wobudala. Ngokufanayo, i-California Fair Work kunye noMthetho we-Holla (FAHA) ukhusela bonke abantu abasebenzi abangamashumi amane nabangaphezulu kodwa kwakhona basebenza nabaqeshinawo nabasebenzi abambalwa abasebenza njengabaqeshwa abambalwa abahlanu. Ngokunjalo, abaqeshiweyo abasebenza kwiimeko ezininzi kufuneka baqinisekise umsebenzi wabo nemigangatho esebenzayo.

Ngokwehlabathi, ucalucalulo lobudala lunamandla ngokulinganayo. I-Union ye-European yoMthetho wobuLunga woBunjani beFrame (2000/78/EC) iyaluthintela ucalucalulo lobudala beminyaka emsebenzini nakuqeqesho lwamalungu. [kuMazwe eUnited Kingdom, [[FLT:]] ubungangalingani [FLT] [FLT:]] lwe-Act [[FLT]]] ikwenza kube yinto engekho mthethweni ukuba ikhethe nabani na osekelwe kubudala, nokuba bancinane okanye badala, emsebenzini. [FLT:] Imithetho engundoqo yemithetho yoluntu esemthethweni yomhlaba wonke. [FLT] imele inike ii-Activescrolate ze-octives projectsss proces zood protoognational. Xa idinggnamess ezithenti ezingo zithentiweyo.

Indlela Umsebenzi Onekhethe Owuchaza Ngayo Ukwaphula Umthetho

Iinkcazelo zobuhlanga zisoloko zinxibelelana, ngokucacileyo okanye ngokugqibeleleyo, kukhethelwa abasebenzi abaselula. Umgangatho osemthethweni phantsi kwe-ADEA ngowokuba umqeshi akanakukwazi “umda, ukuququzelela, okanye ukwaba-hlulwa kwe-” okungahluza umntu omdala amathuba emisebenzi ngenxa yobudala bakhe. Oku kulela kukwabela ulwimi olucebisa iqela elithile lobudala obukhethwayo.

Imizekelo Eqhelekileyo Yolwimi Olunekhethe

  • Izichazi-magama ezicacileyo: Amagama afana “omncinci,”“ amatsha,” “amatsha,”“ abaphumelele ngokutsha,” "owemveli,” okanye “okanye“omonga” angachaza okukhethwayo kwabatsha abafaki-zicelo. Nokuba umqeshi akanayo injongo yokukhupha idiski, ulwimi olunjalo lungadala impembelelo ekhoyo [[[FLT:]] kubasebenzi abadala.
  • Imihla yonyaka kunye nonyaka wokuphumelela: Ichaza “iminyaka engamashumi asibhozo namathandathu anamashumi amabini anamashumi amahlanu amatsha" ngendima enokuphunyezwa ngugqirha ophakathi, okanye ukucela i-“degree”, isenokungathathi ncam abatsha abatsha abatsha abathathi-nxaxheba abafuna ukuba“ baphumelele ekholejini abatsha" okanye “kwiminyaka emihlanu engenayo amava oshishino.
  • Izichazi-magama ezifanelekileyo: Iinkcazelo ezigxininisa “kwimpucuko yolutsha, enempembelelo” okanye“ yezahlulo eziphezulu” zinokuba yikhowudi yokukhetha iminyaka. Iinkundla ziqaphele ukuba olo lwimi, xa lungadityaniswanga nemfuno zomsebenzi, lungaxhasa intelekelelo yocalulo lobudala.
  • [[[NTL:0] Iimfuno ezifunekayo zokwenyama: ezifuna ngamandla omzimba agqithisileyo, ukuphakamisa ubunzima obunzima, okanye ukuma kangangeeyure ezininzi ngaphandle kokuqwalasela indawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo zingabakhupha abasebenzi abakhulileyo ngaphandle kokuba babaluleke ngokwenene.

[[NTL: 0] Icebo lolawulo loluntu lwezibonelelo (SHRM) icebisa ukuba iinkcazelo zomsebenzi zifanele zihlolwe ukuqinisekisa zonke iimfuno ezidwelisweyo zi job- ezinxulumeneyo kwaye ezihambelana nemfuneko yeshishini[. I-quage okanye i-stereoder ayimekeli nje kuphela i-lidigation kodwa ikwanciphisa ipesentidi ekhutshelwayo ngokudiza abatshakazi abadala abafanelekayo ekusebenziseni.

Ucalucalulo olungaqondakaliyo

Ngoxa olunye ulwimi lolwaphulo-mthetho lungacacanga — “unyaka wama-25-35 othandwayo” — uninzi lwezophulo zale mihla lunemiqathango efihlakeleyo. Umzekelo, kufuna “inani elikhulu leminyaka elilishumi yamava” ingakhuselwa njengendlela yokulawula amaqondo omvuzo, kodwa isenokunceda ukukhupha abasebenzi abanamava akhulileyo. I-EOC ithe ukusebenzisa amava okanye izibiyeli njengendlela yokukhupha imbuyekezo yembuyekezo yemali ngaphandle kokuba ubuninzi buyimfuneko ngokwenene ekusebenzeni umsebenzi. Ngokufanayo, ifuna ii-creekscrected ezithile zobugcisa ezingafunwanga zizenziwayo ngokwenene iindima, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-emforedia yoshishino-lwazi-lwazi, zinokuba yisigqubuthelo esinqumlayo seminyaka yokukhetha abantu.

Abaqeshi kufuneka balumke ngokusebenzisa imilinganiselo yokukhetha esekelwe kwimifanekiso, enjengokufuna umfanekiso wakutshanje ngesicelo. Nangona kungesoloko kungekho mthethweni, olu qheliselo lungakhokelela kwiintelekelelo ezisekelwe kubudala kwaye ludla ngokudityaniswa ngamagqwetha omsebenzi.

Iimfuno ezingundoqo zomsebenzi v. Imida esekelwe kubudala

Umthetho awubaleli abaqeshi ekumiseleni iimfuno zomsebenzi ezisemthethweni. Phantsi kwe-ADEA, imfuneko enempembelelo engathethekiyo kubasebenzi abadala ingaba semthethweni ukuba umqeshi angabonakalisa ukuba imfuneko yi- ye-fide common project (BFOQ) efunekayo kumsebenzi oqhelekileyo weshishini. Noko ke, ukhuseleko lwe-BFOQ lunokuchazwa kancinci. Umzekelo, iminyaka yokuthatha umhlala phantsi kwe-adi ephambili kubaqhubi benqwelo-moya ivunyelwe ngenxa yemimiselo yokhuseleko lwenqwelo-moya, kodwa oku kungaqheleki.

Xa besenza iinkcazelo zomsebenzi, abaqeshi kufuneka bahlule phakathi kweempawu ezincinci kunye neemfaneleko ezifunekayo[. Iimfaneleko ezincinci kufuneka ziyimfuneko ngokupheleleyo ukwenza umsebenzi nge-okanye ngaphandle kwendawo efanelekileyo. Iimfuno ezikhethwayo kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokuncipha kwaye zisoloko zijongwe ngokweembono zobudala. Umzekelo:

  • ` Ivalid: “Makugcinwe ilayisensi yomqhubi yorhwebo esebenzayo (CDL) kunye nokunconywa kwabakhweli.” (Inxulumene nomsebenzi.)
  • [[NTL:0] ngokwengxaki: “Kufuneka ubenako ukunyusa iiponti ezingamashumi amahlanu ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngaphandle koncedo.” (Ingafuna indawo yokuhlala esengqiqweni kubasebenzi abadala okanye abo baneziphene.)
  • I-Discoriality: “Makube nempilo yangaphandle kwaye kukwazi ukuhambisana neqela eliselula.” (I-Streodiction, hayi umsebenzi ocacileyo.)

I-UK UMthetho woManga wo-2010 ukhokelo olufanayo luthi abaqeshi akufunekanga basebenzise “iprojekthi, intsingiselo okanye ukuqhelisa” (PCP) ebeka abasebenzi abadala kwingxaki ethile ngaphandle kokuba iPCP yindlela elungelelanisiweyo yokufikelela injongo esemthethweni. Oku kufana ne- “i-PCP- efunekayo” yokuzikhusela kumthetho we-U.S.

Izenzo ezingcono zokuqokelela umsebenzi

Ukwenza iinkcazelo zomsebenzi zobudala obungangeni nxaxheba kufuna umgudu kunye nohlolo oluthe rhoqo. Ngezantsi zizenzo ezingcono ezinokuphunyezwa ezithathwe kwimigaqo ye-EEOC kunye nemizekelo engokwasemthethweni:

  1. [[FLT: 0] Focus kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo: dwelisa kuphela imisebenzi engundoqo yendima. Kuphephe “ukufumana" engafunwa ngokwenene. Sebenzisa injongo, ulwimi olunentsingiselo apho kunokwenzeka (umz., “iqela lesihlanu” kunokuba“ uqhubele iqela eliphezulu elingalawulekiyo”).
  2. Cwangcisa amaphawu anxulumene nobudala: Susa amaphawu afana nabatsha, abadala, abanamandla, abaqolileyo, abatsha, abanovelwano, okanye abatsha. Sebenzisa ii-dishs ezingondileleyo ezifana “oqhathiweyo,”“ abangenamava,” okanye “obekwe ncam.”
  3. Iziphumo zoluvo ngocoselelo: Sukukhankanya inani elipheleleyo leminyaka ngaphandle kokuba kuyimfuneko ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba usebenzisa amabhanti amava, qinisekisa ukuba asekelwe kuhlalutyo olusebenzayo kwaye hayi ukucutha intelekelelo zexabiso. Cinga ngokuchaza iimfuno ngokweziphumo (“ugqibezelwe ubuncinane kathathu uzalisekiso lobomi bebhayisekile olupheleleyo”) kunokuba kube lixesha.
  4. Phuma ixesha lemfundo elifanelekileyo: Musa ukucela “abaphumeleleyo abatsha" okanye cwangcisa ixesha elipheleleyo ukusuka ekugqityweni kweqondo ngaphandle kokuba indima ifuna ulwazi lobugcisa oluphelelwa ngokukhawuleza (umz., ezinye iziqinisekiso).
  5. quka ingxelo esengqiqweni yendawo yokuhlala: Kucacise ukuba umqeshi uza kuqwalasela indawo efanelekileyo yokuhlala kubantu abafanelekayo abaneziphene, kwaye kwakhona uqwalasele indawo yokuhlala enxulumene notshintsho olunxulumene nobudala (umz., ukubona, ukuva, ukunyathela).
  6. [[FLT: 0] Sebenzisa ubufana- nobundilele kunye nolwimi olungangeni nxaxheba kulo lonke: Oku kunceda ekuphepheni ezinye iintlobo zobuqhetseba. Izixhobo ezinjenge Textio okanye i Ongig zinganceda ekuchazeni amabinzana anokuvela kwingcambu.
  7. Imfundo yabaphathi abaqeshiweyo kunye nabaqeqeshi: Inika uqeqesho lwaminyaka le kwimithetho yocalulo lobudala, ikhethe elingekho zingqondweni, nendlela yokubhala imisebenzi edityanisiweyo. Yazi uqeqesho lweenjongo zokuthobela.
  8. [[UMTL:0] Uphicotho-zincwadi lwexesha ngalinye: Impinda yomsebenzi ekhoyo ubuncinane ngonyaka. Xa indawo ivula, phinda uphinde ujonge inkcazelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ihlala ikhona kwaye ayingenisi mvume.

Ezi nkqubo azinciphisi nje kuphela ubungozi obusemthethweni kodwa zikwanyusa iqula letalente. Abaqeshi abaninzi banikela ingxelo yokuba ukususa ulwimi olunxulumene nobudala kukhokelela kubuninzi obuphezulu babenzi bezicelo abanamava nabaneengcali.

Indima ye-EEOC nonyanzelo

IKhomishini ye-ADEA e-U.S. YoMsebenzi Olinganisiweyo (EOC) inyanzelisa i-ADEA kwaye iphanda ngenkuthalo izikhalazo ezinxulumene nokuthunyelwa komsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho. Phakathi konyaka wama-2019 nowama-2023, i-EEOC yamangalela abaqeshi bayo abaninzi ababesebenzisa ulwimi olufana “nomfundi weminyaka ephakathi kwe-19” okanye“ oselula nonamandla” kwizibhengezo zemisebenzi, nto leyo ephumela ekubeni kubekho izikhundla ezibalulekileyo kunye nezenzo zokulungisa.

Okuthetha ukuba umsebenzi omnye obekwe ngolwimi olugqwethekileyo ungenza uphando ukuba luyinxalenye yendlela ebanzi. Abaqeshi kufuneka baqonde ukuba abafaki-sicelo abanobudala bangafaka isityholo nge-EEOC, kwaye baphumelele ekuchazeni iziphumo zomrhumo, umrhumo, umrhumo ophambili, ilahleko ye-complation, kunye nemali ye-agnore.

Ukongeza kuqikelelo lwamaqumrhu, ukumangalelana kwangasese kuxhaphakile. Iisuti zocalulo lodidi-action zidla ngokuqala ngobungqina obuvela kwiinkcazelo zomsebenzi kunye nogcino-lwazi lokuqesha. Umzekelo, EOC v. M.C. Dean, Inc. [2021], umsebenzi womqeshi okhutshwayo “kumntu ophumeleleyo” wawusembindini kwimeko ye-EEOC. Inkampani yazinza ngo-R34,5 ezigidi yaye yavuma ukuqesha kwayo.

Kwixesha apho izithethe neenkampani ezahlukeneyo zihlolisiswa ngokucokisekileyo, ukudume ngokucalula abantu abadala — abadala nabancinane — kunokubenza bangasebenzisi oko.

Imbono yehlabathi kwiinkcazelo zemisebenzi yobudala-engathanga nxaxheba

Nangona iADEA ingowona mthetho waziwayo wocalulo lobudala, abaqeshi abafikelelayo kumazwe ngamazwe kufuneka basebenzise umsebenzi odityanisiweyo womthetho.

I-European Union

I-EU Directive 2000/78/EC ilwalela ucalucalulo lobudala kuwo onke amazwe angamalungu, nangona uzalisekiso lungafani. Kumazwe afana neJamani neFransi, izibhengezo zomsebenzi ezichaza umgama wobudala zidla ngokuthathwa njengezingekho mthethweni ngaphandle kokuba iNkundla yezenyani (ECJ) igwebe ukuba kwanolwimi (“eselula kunye namandla” lungawuchaphazamisi ngokungenakulinganiswa nomlinganiselo othile wobudala obuthile.

I-United Kingdom

UMthetho woMalunga wo-2010 unika abantu ilungelo lokungacalulwa ngokuchasene nobudala beminyaka emsebenzini. I-UK’s Advisory, i-Concaliation kunye ne-Abitration Service (ACAS) inika ukhokelo olucacileyo: umsebenzi ozinzileyo akufunekanga umisele okanye ubonise ukuba ukhetha iqela elithile lobudala, kwaye amabinzana afana “lemveli” okanye“ elikwisigaba” kufuneka aphetshwe. Abaqeshi nabo abamele baceli becela usuku lokuzalwa kwiintlobo zesicelo ngaphandle kokuba kufuneka ngokukhethekileyo ukwenzela iinjongo zokuhlola.

CanadaName

UMthetho waMalungelo oLuntu waseKhanada walathisa ucalucalulo lobudala, yaye amaphondo amaninzi anemithetho yawo. Umzekelo, iKhowudi yamaLungelo oluntu yase-Ontario iyalwalela ngokukhethekileyo ucalulo lobudala kwizibhengezo zentengiso zemisebenzi. Abaqeshi bacetyiswa ukuba basebenzise ulwimi olungenalulwimi lobudala kwaye baphephe nayiphi na igalelo “lokuphumelela kweklasi yeminyaka” ngaphandle kokuba isikhundla siyindima ephambili.

I-Australia

IAge Discrection Act 2004 (Cth) isebenza kuwo onke amaqondo emisebenzi, kuquka ukubhaliswa. IKhomishini yamaLungelo oLuntu yaseAustralia ikhuphe imigaqo echaza ukuba izibhengezo zomsebenzi azifanele zichaze imida yobudala okanye zisebenzise ulwimi olucebisa ukuba iqela elithile lobudala likhethelwe. Ibinzana elifana “nomntwana nonamandla” lifunyaniswe liyi-discribist.

Abaqeshi behlabathi kufuneka basebenzise imigangatho efanayo yemisebenzi yobudala obungangeni nxaxheba efikelela eyona mfuneko ingqongqo kwiimfuno zabo ezingaphaya kolawulo. Le ndlela iphambili inciphisa ukuntsonkotha kokuthobela kunye nomngcipheko wokusebenzisana.

Isiphelo: Ukwakha Inkqubo Entle Neyintsonkothileyo

Imithetho yocalucalulo lobudala ayiyomiqobo nje emele ibhatyelwe; zizixhobo zokwakha iindawo zemisebenzi ezilinganayo. Ngokuphelisa ucalucalulo lobudala kwiinkcazelo zemisebenzi neemfuno, abaqeshi abahambelani nje kuphela neemfuno ezisemthethweni kodwa basebenzisa amava amakhulu, ubulumko, kunye nokuthembeka okuziswa ngabasebenzi abadala. Indleko yokungagqibeleli — zombini ngokwezixa ezisemthethweni kunye nesiphiwo esilahlekileyo — ingaphezulu kakhulu kwemigudu efunekayo ekusebenzeni ngokwayo, imisebenzi ephezulu.

Abaqeshi kufuneka bajonge iinkcazelo zomsebenzi njengamaxwebhu aphilayo abonisa iimfuno zokwenene zendima, hayi iingcamango eziphelelwe lixesha zokuchaza ukuba ngubani ofanelekileyo ukuyenza. Uqeqesho oluthe rhoqo, iinkqubo zohlolo oluqinileyo, kunye nozibopho lokuqinisekisa ukuba ingeniso yokuqeshwa ingunozala wemali eqeshwayo. Kushishino oluya lusanda lwempatho-mali, imibutho ebandakanya ukwahlukahlukana kobudala iya kuba ngabo baphumelela.