Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yorhulumente nesizwe kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kumela enye yezona mpawu zichazayo zenkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMerika. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko we-U.S. unika urhulumente wesizwe imigaqo eqingqiweyo ebalanayo, uninzi-ninzi lwegunya elilawulayo lasekhaya (kuquka imfundo, impilo kawonke-wonke, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho) nolwahlulelo olulawulayo. Kodwa imithetho yezolawulo, ixhasa imigaqo yezopolitiko, kunye nemilinganiselo yolawulo rhoqo ibumba izinto eziphambili kunye nezenzo zorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngendlela enzulu. Ukuqonda indlela ezi zenzo ezinamandla eziyimfuneko ngayo kubenzi bemithetho-nkqubo kodwa nakubafundi abafuna ukuqonda indlela enyanisweni yokulawula. Le ngxelo iqwalasela indlela yempembelelo yemithetho yorhulumente kunye nezenzo zasekuhlaleni, inika imizekelo ebanzi kwiimeko ezininzi, kunye neenkcuthethotho zeemeko ezikhoyo, xa kuthelekelelo lweemeko zolawulo loburhulumente.

Isiseko Somanyano

Umanyano lwamazwe azimeleyo eUnited States asilolungiselelo elimileyo kodwa lulwalamano oludityanisiweyo. Ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kweWashington, D.C., kunye namakomkhulu esizwe luye lwatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngokufuthi ngenxa yeemeko ezinzima zesizwe, iingcinezelo zezoqoqosho, okanye intsebenziswano yentlalo. Kwirepublic yokuqala, ingcamango yoburhulumente bolawulo olubini exhaswe ukuba oorhulumente besizwe kunye noorhulumente abasebenza ngokwahlukeneyo, abahlukeneyo. Namhlanje, inkqubo ichazwa kakuhle njengohlobo lwentsebenziswano lolawulo lwesizwe, apho oorhulumente belizwe kunye norhulumente banokuphinda bahlulelene iimbopheleleko zabo kwaye basebenzisane rhoqo ekuphumeleni imigaqo-mthetho. Le nkonzo idla ngokusetyenziswa ngezikhundla zemali: urhulumente unikela inkxaso-in-id, ekhuthazayo ukuthatha iimeko ezithile zemali. Kodwa, amashumi eminyaka akutshanje aye abonanayo, amanani eenkqubo abizwa ngoooomany'[Forgan,[0] kunye ne-evelventivetion, apho uluenzation, apho uthelela khona ngokuvumayo

Enye yezona mpawu zilandelayo ze-athom ye-Melika yeyokuba ivumela utshintsho kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Olu tshintsho lungaba yilebhu yokuyila izinto ezintsha, njengoko uMgwebi Louis Brandeis echazwe ngokubanzi, kodwa lungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezicacileyo kwiziphumo zabemi exhomekeke kwindawo abahlala kuyo. Imigaqo-nkqubo yomanyano, nokuba ngomyalelo, ukukhutshwa, okanye ukuchitha amandla, isoloko ijolise ukuseka umgangatho wesizwe wamalungelo okanye ukhuseleko, ngoxa ithetha ukuba uyakwazi ukugqitha umgangatho ophezulu. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwemibutho kunye nolwahluka-ntlobo lungumxholo ongundoqo ekuqondeni indlela imigaqo yorhulumente emile ngayo kunye nezenzo zobulali.

Izithethe zoManyano eziMakhulu noBungaphi Bazo

Imithetho emininzi yesizwe ephawulayo iye yaluchaza kwakhona ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente wesizwe namazwe, iphembelela yonke into ukusuka kukhathalelo lwempilo ukuya kukhuseleko lwemekobume. Amacandelo alandelayo ahlolisisa ezinye zezona migaqo-nkqubo ezinempembelelo nentsabelo ezahlukahlukeneyo zikarhulumente eziye zavelisa.

UMthetho wokuLangulwa OkunokuKhawulwayo (ACA) noKwandiswa

Xa iACA yasayinwayo ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngo-2010, yamela esona sigqibo sibalulekileyo sempilo se-[FOLT:0] iSibonelo seLizwe se-Intependent Business sobuMedica ne-Medicaid. Ilungiselelo elingundoqo elijoliswe ekunyuseni iMedicaid ingeniso kubo bonke abantu abadala abafumana ingeniso ukuya kutsho ku-8888% yemali ekwiqondo lobuhlwempu bezwe. Noko ke, isigqibo seNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo [Fontathe] se-Médius [FLT] [b)] i-Deviced [ionty] [ice:] yenza ukuba uMdic inyuke ngokufanelekileyo, inqande iziphumo zemali ezincinane, isithiwa kakhulu, i-Ana, isithili ye-A eninzi, iziphumo zemeko zemali, isenokusetyenziswa karhulumente ezikhoyo, xa kungene iziphumo zemali, isithiyo, isithiyo, isithi esiphezulu, isithi isithi isithi isithi

Umgaqo - siseko Wemfundo: Ukususela Kumntwana Ongashiywanga Kude Kufike Kumsebenzi Wokufundisa Ophumelelayo

Ukuthathi-nxaxheba kwemfundo yokuqala neyemfundo yesekondari kwakhula kakhulu ngokudlula koMthetho weElementary neSecondary Education (ESEA) ngowe-1965, owanika iziGatya Zokuxhasa Imali kwizikolo ezifumana abafundi abafumana imali ephantsi. Ukwenziwa kwakhona konyaka wama-2001, okwaziwa ngokuba akukho mntwana Oshiyekileyo (NCLB), kwandisa indima karhulumente ngokufuna ukuba amazwe aphumeze uvavanyo olusemgangathweni, amisele amaxhoba empumelelo, kwaye abeke izibheno kwizikolo ezingaphumeleli ngokwaneleyo ngonyaka. Ngexesha le NCLB inenjongo yokuvala izipheketho, kwakhona yabangela ukugxekwa okusasazekileyo “ukufundisa uvavanyo, ukuxilonga, kunye nokunyanzela amaziko angekho ngqiqweqweni. Urhulumente kunye nabaqeqeshi bengi belizwe babeva ukuba banyazwe ngokweemfune iimfuno zemithetho ezingo zesizwe.

Kwimpendulo, iBhunga lidlulise i Wonke umfundi uphumele uMthetho (ESA) ngo- 2015, owabuyisela igunya elibalulekileyo kwimeko. Phantsi kwe-ESSA, lichaza ukuba kufuneka avavanye abafundi ekufundeni nakumanani kunye nengxelo yogcino-lwazi, kodwa ngoku bayila iinkqubo zabo zokuziphendulela, bamisele usukelo, kwaye bagqibe ungenelelo lwezikolo ezinzima. Olu tshintsho lolawulo lorhulumente oluya kumzekelo wobugqeba nolawulo luye lwavelisa umgangatho obanzi wokungena. Amanye amazwe, njengoTennessee, aye asebenzisa iinkqubo zesikolo ezibonisa ukukhula okuntlungela ukuphumelela, amazinga aphezulu, ukuphumelela, kunye nolwimi lwesiNgesi. Olunye luye lwajongana kuvavanyo kwimodeli yendaleko ye-NCC ukuya kutshonisa indlela yokusebenza kwe-Genestea kunye nolawulo lwemeko lolawulo lolawulo lwengingqini.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo: UMthetho woMoya ococekileyo kunye noMthetho weSizwe

I-Eccane Air Act ka-1970, njengoko ilungisiwe, imisela imigangatho yomgangatho womoya okwisizwe (NAAQS) ukwenzela izinto ezingcolisayo eziyingozi kwimpilo kawonke-wonke nakwimekobume. I-Arhente yemekobume ye-U.S. imisela le migangatho, kodwa uxanduva lokuzifikelela nokuzigcina zibekwe kumagunya. Urhulumente ngamnye kufuneka aphuhlise iSicwangciso solawulo sobuRhulumente (SI) esichaza indlela esiza kudibana ngayo nemigangatho karhulumente. Esi sakhiwo sivumela ukuba kubekho ubuchule ekukhetheni imilinganiselo yokulawula imigangatho ye-$8] njengemidatha yokukhupha izityalo, iinkqubo zohlolo, okanye izihlolo zenqwelo-mafutha ezihlaziya amandla. Ngoko, ukuba urhulumente urhulumente akaphumeleli ukuyiphumelela ukuzalisekisa i-SIPS okanye ukuyenza ngokunempumelelo, i-EPA i-eparentine trans (e).

IKhalifoniya ime ngendlela ekhethekileyo phantsi koMthetho we-Ceake Air Act, ifumene urhulumente ozimisele ukumisela imilinganiselo yayo, engqongqo yokukhupha imoto − amandla anokukhethwa ngamanye amazwe. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni iKhalifoniya iqhube umgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe, njengoko abenzi beenqwelo-mafutha befumanise kungasebenzi ukuvelisa iinqanawa ezahlukileyo. Noko ke, ngexesha lolawulo lweTrump, urhulumente wesizwe wazama ukuphelisa i-rapiter yeKhalifoniya ne-ascity, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimfazwe esemthethweni kunye nowinothi oludileyo oludityanisiweyo. Ulawulo lwangoku luye lwabuyisela imilinganiselo yeKhalifoni nemithetho ephakamileyo ye-oklonethi ye-ocet, kodwa igxininisa inkcaciswe ngumbano oluqhubekayo phakathi kwemiqatha ye-oksigqalise ye-ones, i-ozoozoozookisa, i-ozobugcisa obusetyenziswayo nakulawula ulawulo oluthenjiweyo, i-Apt.

Abantu Abanesiphene SoMthetho Wemfundo (IDEA)

I-IDEA iqinisekisa ukuba abantwana abakhubazekileyo bafumana imfundo kawonke-wonke efanelekileyo yamahhala (FAPE) kwimeko-bume engqongqo. Le miyalelo karhulumente ichaza kunye nesithili sasekuhlaleni ukuba, ivavanya, kwaye inceda abafundi abafanelekileyo ukususela kwiminyaka emithathu ukuya kwengama-21. I-IEA ikwafuna ukuba izikolo zivelise iNkqubo yeDisko Yemfundo eBangalinganiyo (IEP) yomfundi ngamnye onesiphene. Umthetho unika inkxaso yemali karhulumente encinane, engakhange ifikelele kwimali emalunga nama-40 ekhulwini ngemali egunyaziweyo egunyaziipropati nganye. Njengomphumo, i-IEA, kwaye imida yemali ivelisa intlawulo ezingundoqo. Lo mdangaphi wokwaluvo uninzi: amaphondo anokunikela iinkonzo ezibanzi, ngoxa imimandla ehlwempungeyo izama ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-A, kodwa i-ondla yemeko ekufuneka isetyenziswe ngumzali.

IMassachusetts ibisoloko iyinkokeli kwimfundo ekhethekileyo, inikela iinkqubo ezigxininisa ekudityanisweni nasekufumaneni izidanga eziphezulu zabafundi abaneziphene. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iMississippi ijongene nokungakhathalelwa nokunqongophala kwabafundisi-mfundo abakhethekileyo abafanelekileyo, okukhokelela kwiingxaki ezingokwasemthethweni nolawulo lukarhulumente. I-IDEA ibonisa indlela igunya lorhulumente elinokumisela ngayo amalungelo abalulekileyo kodwa lishiye ukuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi.

Indlela Inkxaso-mali yeDSD yoManyano

Ngaphandle kwemiyalelo engqalileyo, isixhobo esinye esinamandla urhulumente wengingqi kufuneka asibumbe kunye nesimilo sasekuhlaleni ngamandla esingxobo semali. Umanyano lunika intlawulo yamazwe yaye imimandla ifikelela kumawaka ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka, igquma yonke into ukusuka ekwakhiweni kohola omkhulu nasemakhaya ukuya kwimpilo kawonke-wonke. Ezi zinika phantse ukuba zisoloko zikho kwiimeko. Umzekelo, zichaza ukuba ukwamkela imali yohola wendlela esetyenziswayo kufuneka imisele iminyaka encinane yokusela engama-21-8a imeko ephembelela wonke urhulumente ukuba athobele ekupheleni koo 1980. Ngokufanayo, phantsi kwemithetho yezomthetho yezemfundo yekhaya kunye nemithetho ye-Anglation (FALDPA)[FLD [FLDPA:1], izikolo zimele zifumane imali encinane yokuziingela ukulahlekelwa yimali eqinileyo, kwaneede imigaqo yemithetho yemithetho ye-oventine, kwane, kwaneenguqum yolawulo lwelizwe, okanye yemithetho yemithetho yasekuhlaleni.

Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwemali enemiqathango kungumzekelo ophawulekayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yabonisa ukuba iimeko kufuneka zicace, zinxulumene nenjongo yeSibonelelo, yaye azinyanzelisi mazwe ukuba amkele iinkqubo ezithandabuzekayo. Uwandiso lowandiso loMdicaid wawungumzekelo ophawulekayo: iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba uloyiko lokukhupha yonke imali ekhoyo yeMedicaid ukuba amazwe awayangayamkeliyo ngokusuka kwisivumelwano. Esi sigqibo sigcinwe singukhetho kumongowo kodwa asizange siguqule ukwakhiwa kolawulo lwemali olupheleleyo. Ngoko inkxaso-Phondo ishiye ulawulo oluphambili olukhoyo lwesizwe oluphuma phambili kumaziko akhoyo, ukulondolo lwengozi, ukugqibelela kwentlekele, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemeko-opioidsmeta yonyango lwemeko-oid.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Kwimpembelelo Yomanyano

Ukuzekelisa ngezixhobo zehlabathi zokwenene zokusebenzisana kwesizwe, sihlolisisa uphando oluninzi oluqwalaselweyo olubalaselisa iimpendulo ezingafaniyo kurhulumente kwisakhelo esinye sorhulumente.

Ukufundisisa Imeko 1: Izigqibo Zolwando Eziziingozi

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, ulwando lwe-MEdicaid lwavelisa ulwahlulo olucacileyo. Ulwando lwaseKhalifoniya lwamkela ngokukhawuleza ulwandiso, ukubhalisa izigidi zezigidi nokunciphisa umlinganiselo walo ongakhange uthelekelelwa ukusuka kwi 17 ekhulwini ngo-2013 ukuya malunga nesixhenxe ekhulwini ngo-2016. Iphondo likwasebenzisa imali karhulumente ukwandisa izimali zezempilo yoluntu kunye nokutyala inkxaso ekukhuseleni i-ACedia. Ulwando lwezibonelelo lwemali lunxulumene nokuphucula iziphumo zokulawula okungapheliyo kunye nokufikelela kwempilo yengqondo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iTexas, eneqondo eliphezulu elingakhutshelwanga elikwilizwe, liye layeka ukwandisa. Iinkokeli zikaRhulumente ziphikisa ukuba ulwando lubiza imali eninzi kakhulu kwaye iziphumo zemali ezithenjiweyo zinokutshintsha. I-mali eninzi kakhulu zinokukhombalelwa kwi-minxeba ye-minxeba ye-Mic.

Isifundo Semeko 2: Icebo Elicocekileyo Lokusebenzisa Amandla Nemiphumo Yalo

Ngexesha lolawulo lwe-Obama, i-EPA yakhupha iClean Power Plan (CPP), ejolise ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwe-carbon dioxide kwizityalo zamandla ezikhoyo. Umthetho wanika umthetho ophangaleleyo ububhetyebhetye: bangadibana namaxhoba okukhutshwa komphunga ngeendidi zecebo, kuquka ukususelwa kwigesi yendalo, ukunyuka kwamandla avusekileyo, okanye ukusebenzisa iinkqubo zempumelelo yamandla. Ama-United States afaka ityala e-anti ye-odobon e-atlerbon e-atraccesssss. Inkundla ephakamileyo izakuhlala ilawula umthetho ngo-2016, kwaye ayizange isetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo. Ulawulo lwe-Afford Ecrecut Ecce Eces, lunokusebenza njani ngolawulo olude lwe-oknvose. Ngokunjenje, ingumthetho-onke, inguMvuvuvuvu, ingaka ingumeko ephantsi ye-onke, ingaka, ingumeko esoloko ikhupha ikhupha i-odo

Isifundo setyala 3: Ukuphendula kwimfundo phantsi kwe-ESSA

Ukusuka kwi-NCLB ukuya kwi-ESSA kwachaza ithuba lokuphinda imisele iinkqubo zayo zokuphendula. EKhalifoniya yasebenzisa obu bubhetyebhetye ukunduluka kwiimvavanyo eziphezulu kwaye endaweni yoko yamkela indlela yokunqumla ibhodi elinganisa iizalathiso ezininzi: uvavanyo lwemilinganiso, amaqondo okuphumelela kwezigqibo, ukuphelelwa koomatiloshe, ukusoloko ekholeji kunye nokuzibhokoxa komsebenzi, kunye nemilinganiselo yokusebenza. Umlinganiselo webhodi ephantsi kwenqanawa ugxininisa ukuyeka ukuyeka ngokulula ngokulula ngolwazi olusezantsi ngomfundi. Le modeli yephondo inconywa ngokunika umfanekiso ongaphezulu wendlela yokusebenza kwesikolo, kodwa ikhokelelwe nakundibala impumelelo ekufundeni kwe-Florida, kodwa ibone ukuba ibonelele iziphumo ezicacileyo zokusebenza kwe-enjini eninzi, kodwa i-erodentine, i-e Florida, ikhuthaza imigaqo-yokubonakalisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-ekholiso yesizwe, i-emodentivol eninzi yesizwe, ikholisa ink eninzi, ikhuthaza inkconone

Uxinezeleko Oluqhubekayo Phakathi KweAutonomy Nokufana Kwayo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kunye nemisebenzi yorhulumente kunye nemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni luzalisiwe ngokwemvelo. Kwesinye isandla, imigangatho yesizwe ingakhusela amalungelo asisiseko kwaye iqinisekise umahluko wobunjani kulo lonke elo. UMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964, umzekelo, usebenzise igunya lesizwe ukuphelisa ukukhetheka nokuthintela ukuchana kwemeko-ntle, ulawulo olungenayo kunye nokuchasa kwengiswa kwelizwe. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yemeko yemekobume ithintele umoya wesityalo kunye nongcoliseko lwamanzi okungekho meko inye enokusombulula kuphela. Kwelinye icala, elinye elinobukhulu bemithetho-onke linokungahoyiki iimeko zasekuhlaleni, lizinzisa, lithintele ukurhoxinzeleka. Unyuko lolawulo lwezolawulo lwasekuhlaleni [[FLT: 0] olulawulayo olunolawulo oluphezulu kunye nolucekelelo olucelk-lucellucell olucel olucel olucedayo.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwabonakala intsingiselo ephawulekayo: amajelo asebenzisa amandla awo ukubumba inkqubo karhulumente. Umzekelo, amagqwetha esizwe aye adibanisa urhulumente wesizwe ngokumamela ukufuduka, imithetho yemekobume, nemimiselo yezonyango. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zigqithise [] ukukhulula imithetho ekhoyo ukuvala imithetho yasekuhlaleni kumvuzo omncinci, ulawulo lwemipu, okanye imithetho yengcwele yesixeko, ngelixa kwakhona zizama ukumisela ukuthomalalisa ulawulo lwesizwe ngezicelo ezingenanto. Kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, isixeko noorhulumente bangaba ngabaxhasi abasebenzayo kwimicimbi efana notshintsho lwemozulu, ulawulo, utshintsho, kunye nempilo kawonke, ngokufuthi ekudeni kwemithetho elungele ukulawulwa kwesizwe okanye kwesizwe. Le nkqubo yenkcukulwano elungelelanisayo, isetyenziswa ngokulula; naphantsi, ngoko, ngokokungenelela phantsi, ngoko, ngoko kulandele phantsi.

Isiphelo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yomanyano yobume besizwe kunye nezenzo zommandla ngokudityaniswa kwemiyalelo, inkxaso-mali, kunye nokubekwa kwesiseko sobume. Imizekelo exutyushwayo `ukusukela kukwandiswa kweMedicaid ukuya kuxanduva lwemfundo kunye nolawulo lwemekobume(() ingqinelanisa ukuba iziphumo zemeko-bume zikude lee. Amanye amaphondo atsiba phambili kwiimfuno zikarhulumente, amanye ayazivumela, kwaye ambalwa axhathisayo. Olu tshintsho asilophawu lokungaphumeleli kodwa uphawu lwemithetho eMelika. Ivumela ukuvavanya, amaxabiso ahlukeneyo ezobupolitika, kwaye idala amathuba okufunda ngapha nangapha nangapha kwemiqatha. Abafundi kunye nabafundi, ukuqonda ezi zizathu zibalulekile ekubandakanyeni ngemeko zoluntu, hayi njengomyalelo ophezulu kodwa njengophawu oluntsonko lwemibalwano oluphakathi korhulumente. Njengoko iinkqubo zolawulo lwesizwe ezintsha, enoba kutshintsha kwemozulu, okanye ukukhusela kobucala phakathi kwemipumendo, kunye neemeko zoburhulumente zoburhulumente zoburhulumente zoburhulumente, i-intanethi, kunye nezokuveza phakathi kwemi

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kolawulo kunye nozalisekiso lwenkqubo, jonga i-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo lohlahlo-mali lwe-data yemali kwimiqathango karhulumente, i-ofisi yeGovernment Accountings kwiingxelo zeenkqubo zeburhulumente, kunye ne- Conference of Legastituslatures yemimiselo karhulumente.