Oorhulumente bachazwa ngezakhiwo zabo, kwaye ezi zimo zisisiseko zibumba indlela ibutho labantu elicombulula ngayo iingxaki, ulwabelo, kwaye lisabela ngayo kwiimeko ezinzima. Ukwakhiwa kwemeko-bume . "ukuba inika amandla okanye iyayichitha, nokuba iyayikhuthaza ingxoxo kawonke-wonke okanye iyayicinezela"isantya, ubunjani, kunye nokuzinziswa kwenkqubo yalo yokwenza inkqubo. Kwixesha elichazwayo ngumatshini owenziweyo wotshintsho lwemozulu, ukuphazamiseka kwemozulu, ukutshintsha kwenani, kunye nokungaguquguquki kwe-jikelezi kwe-geothetic, umbilini we-atting, umsebenzi karhulumente [ awusasebenzi kumgangatho ofanelekileyo kodwa uyimfuneko yokusinda. Ukuqonda indlela efunekayo yokuvelisa inkqubo yezobugcisa okanye ukukhuthaza inkqubo yokwenziwa kweprojekthi yenkulungwane yama-21.

Izixhobo Zokulungisa Ulawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Idemokhrasi idlamkile. Yenzelwe ukwenza imiqondiso eyahlukeneyo esuka kwibutho labantu, iguqulela izilangazelelo zokhuphiswano kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke. Ngelixesha le nkqubo inokuthi icothe kwaye ithandane, idala ubuchule obunzulu bokuvelisa obunzima ukufana kwezinye iinkqubo.

Ukhuphiswano, Umbandela, Neentlobo Ngeentlobo Zenkqubo

Imodeli yedemokhrasi iwela kwiindidi ezimbini ezibanzi: ezikhulu kunye nokuvumelana. Imodeli yeWestmister , esetyenziswa kwiUnited Kingdom, Indiya, ne Canada, igxininisa kumandla ezandleni zomphathi oyintloko omnye. Oku kuvumela inkqubo ekhawulezayo, egqibekileyo iguquguquka emva konyulo. Ukhuphiswano phakathi kwamaqela ukuphumelela kunyulo olulandelayo luwanyanze ukuba aqhube imigangatho emitsha, adale umjikelo wophuhliso oqhutywa ngumphathi ophambili weqonga.

Ngokwahlukileyo, i-demokhrasi edumileyo ye-Dutch "imodeli" i-testamente kulo (ngokuba siyaliphepha igama elithi "itestamente" ngemiyalelo, ngoko ke masithi "ngumzekelo oyintloko". Ixhomekeke kwimiba eqhubekayo kunye nokutshintsha kwemiqathango esetyenziswayo phakathi kwabalawuli be-USTALT). Le nkqubo yolwakhiwo-mthetho edumileyo ivumela ukuzinikela okude kwimijikelezo zexesha elikhethiweyo ezikhoyo.

Vula iibrorho ezibuyisela umva kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo

Amandla alungelelanisayo edemokhrasi akwizindululo zayo ezivulekileyo. Inkululeko yenkcazelo yoluvo, imibutho yamaqumrhu oluntu, kunye namaqela achasayo asebenza njengeenkqubo zamandulo zokulumkisa, ukurhoxa kwenkqubo kunye nokuvela kwemiba. Oku kuninzi kuvumela ushishino olukhoyo [[FLT: 0]], ingcamango eyaphuhliswa nguJohn Kingdon. Kwinkqubo evulekileyo, abaxhasi banokutyhala iingcamango zabo kwiimeko ezininzi zokufikelela ``ikomiti zolawulo-mthetho-mthetho-ooothenti, amaziko alawulayo, izikhuphicotho, ii-mediodiote, kunye noluvo lukawonke-wonke. Oku kungenisa ubutyebi, i-evotmoglograte symentssss enokuthi isetyenziswe ngokukhawuleza xa kuvulwa "policy window" ivula, njengangexesha le ngxaki.

Ngokubhekele phaya, iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezineengqikelelo ezinamandla (njengenkqubo yoMongameli wase-U.) zidala ungquzulwano. Ngoxa ukhuhlano lungabangela iqhina elikhawulezayo, lukwathintela izigqibo eziyingozi. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kuvavanywa ngamandla iingcamango ngokuvakalayo, igalelo, kunye nengxoxo kawonke-wonke. Oku [[FLT]] kungumhlaba ongundoqo [[FLT] [[FLT]] [onkel:1] yindawo engundoqo yokuzinzisa, iinkqubo ezilungeleyo. Kuqinisekisa ukuba ukungaphumeleli okungasingeyo akuyitshoni yonke inkqubo. [OFFOLD], i-Freversevreve, i-Freacescesting, kunye nokulungisa ezinye iinkqubo ezisetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo, ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokungenelela, [2] i-octivectivectivetic syvetic travosting, i-ographicssstingsting, i-octivess

Iimodeli Zomqeqeshi: Isimbo Sobuqhawe Obungqongqo

Urhulumente onegunya kunye neqela elinye liveza imposiso enyanzelisayo xa liqwalaselwa ngelens yolwakhiwo. Bayakwazi ukukhawuleza nokugqibela, kodwa basoloko bebonakalisa ukungakwazi okukhulu ukuqhelanisa nobunzima obunzima.

Inzuzo Yokuphunyezwa Nokuceba Ixesha elide

Iinkqubo zobubhali, ezifana nephondo elinye leTshayina okanye isixeko esisenkabeni yesixeko seSingapore, zinoncedo lwesakhiwo ekuphumezeni. Ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokwakha umnqophiso, ukunxibelelana nezindlu zowiso-mthetho, okanye ukudibana kobuso obukhethiweyo, aba rhulumente bayakwazi ukuqokelela ubuncwane obukhulu ngokukhawuleza. Ukwakhiwa komnatha wesiporo esiphezulu se-Tshayina, ukuqulunqa amashumi amawaka eekhilomitha ngethuba nje elilishumi leminyaka, ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wokubulala okuphakathi. Aba rhulumente bayakwazi ukubeka iiplani ezithengi ezinde zinde ngaphandle kokupheliswa kwemijikelezo e-omatilo, bevumela ungeniso kwisakhiwo, imfundo, okanye inkqubo yezoshishino ehlawula amashumi eminyaka.

Le modeli ibonakala ifanelekile kuphuhliso lwenkqubo ejolise kwiinjongo eziphathekayo, eziphezulu eziphantsi. Noko ke, amandla okubulala akwangumthombo wobuthathaka obubalulekileyo: ukunqongophala kwesiphumo somsebenzi obalulekileyo. I-20th-century Soviet Union yayingenako ukulingana kubuchule bokwakha izityalo zentsimbi kunye namadama, kodwa ayiphumelelanga ngentlekele ukuvelisa izinto ezintle kubathengi okanye ukuqhelanisa noqoqosho lolwazi. Isicwangciso esisembindini asinakukwazi ukuqhuba umlinganiselo omkhulu wolwazi olufunekayo kwizoqoqosho oluntsonkothile. Ingxaki "Lwidge' yemagence" yingxaki yokwakha i-Achilles's sces yemithetho yokulawula.

Ingxaki Yokuhlahlela Ulwazi

Amagunya alawulayo anamhlanje ajongene nohlobo olubukhali lwale ngxaki: ukuhlahlela kwemiba yeendaba ezimbi. Kwinkqubo apho ukusinda kwezobupolitika kuxhomekeke kukunyaniseka nokuphumelela, kukho intshukumisa enamandla kumagosa asekuhlaleni ukuba afihle ukungaphumeleli nokugqwetha ulwazi. Oku kudala inkqubo yokubhudla kwemeko. Ukusabela kokuqala kwiCHOVID-19 ngokuphawulekayo kwaye okusebenzayo ngenxa yegunya elisembindini. Kodwa, inkqubo enye ikhokelela kwingozi yenkqubo yokutshixa-ie nge "zeroclov-COVHOVID". Abaphathi bengingqi, isohlwaya kuqaqalo olufihle amanani amanani aphezulu. Ukuthulwa kwemihlathi (oonondaba, intatheli) yathotywa, ukuhlulwa kolwazi oluchuliweyo, ukupheliswa kwendlela yokusetyenziswa kwemali enkulu kakhulu, ukukhutshwa kwezoqoqosho.

Esi siganeko sibalaselisa umlinganiselo ongundoqo: iinkqubo zogunyaziso zilungele ukubekwa phambili kwizisongelo kunye nezisemgangathweni, kodwa zizama kakhulu ngemingeni entsonkothileyo, ephumayo efuna ubuchule kunye nobuchule obusezantsi. Unyanzelo lokungavumelani nolwahlulo lucime umthombo wokuqala weengcamango ezintsha nezilumkiso zokuqala. I-Squarter yezobupolitika ezithelekisayo iye yaphawula ixesha elide ukuba oozwilakhe abahluleki kukungabikho kwamandla, kodwa ekusweleni ulwazi olulungileyo. Zigwetyelwe, kodwa zigqibelele.

Iimodeli ezibukhali nezingquzulaneyo

Iinkqubo ezifana ne-Hungary, i-Russia, ne-Turkey zihlala kwindawo engwevu. Zibamba unyulo kodwa zishiya indawo yokudlala iqinisekisa ukuba akukho gunya. Zivumela uluntu lunganyani kodwa zohlwaya inkcaso yokwenene. Ezi zolawulo olulawulayo [ zizama ukudibanisa ungenelo lwedemokhrasi kunye nokufumana igunya elisesikweni lolawulo-melo-melo. ISingapore ngumzekelo ophumelelayo woku, isebenzisa inkonzo yasekuhlaleni ephezulu nesicelo esibanzi sikarhulumente (ezinemida) ukuze ihlale ilungelelanisa. Noko ke, iSingapore ijongene nemingeni entsokothile nezobupolitika, apho ukukhuphisana kobungelana nokunciphiswano oluvulekileyo lwe-etalente ye-echreyidium.

Umanyano, amaMazwe aManyano, kunye namaSebe oLawulo

Ngaphandle koluhlu lwedemokhrasi, ukusasazwa kwamandla kunempembelelo enkulu kulwahlulo. Ukhetho phakathi kwemithetho yorhulumente nesakhiwo somanyano lulawula indlela ezivavanywa ngayo, zilinganiswe ngayo, zilungelelaniswe ngayo.

Iingenelo Zokuzama Umanyano

IJaji Louis Brandeis yachaza i-US njenge-"ubuchule bedemokhrasi". I-Federalis idala imimandla emininzi, ezimeleyo. Oku kuvumela uvavanyo lwe- oluyi-. Ulawulo olunye lungazama inkqubo , unyango lwezempilo-zwenibanzi, ukukhutshwa kweziyobisi, okanye irhafu yekharbon (xa abanye bejongile kwaye befunda. Oku kunciphisa umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli komntu omnye, intlekele kumgangatho wesizwe. Impumelelo ingamkelwa ngamanye amazwe okanye ekugqibeleni ngurhulumente worhulumente.

Inkqubo yeKhanada yolawulo lwephondo lolawulo lwephondo lonyango kunye nobuncwane bendalo ivumele amaphondo afana neBritish Columbia ukuba aphumeze iirhafu zemali-zekhabhon, anikezele nge-data yehlabathi yokwenene kwezinye iindawo zolawulo. Ukubekwa kwasemthethweni kwe-cannabis kumaphondo afana neColorado neWashington, ngokuchasene nomthetho wesizwe, adala isiseko sobungqina esashintshwayo somgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Le polylycentric ulawulo, ingcamango eyaxhaswa nguNobel orn Ostrom, yi-injini enamandla yokuzinzisa ngokwenkqubo. Ivumela abantu abahlukeneyo ukuba balungisele imeko-mongo zasekuhlaleni, ibangela ukuba bafumane iinguquko-ndaleko.

Ubuchule bokusebenza kunye nocelomngeni lokuhlala

Amaphondo adibeneyo, anjengeFransi, iJapan neNew Zealand, anegunya elisembindini lenkqubo. Oku kuvumela imigangatho efanayo yesizwe kunye nomlinganiselo okhawulezayo weengcamango eziphumeleleyo. Ukuba inkqubo iphuhlisiwe, ingaqengqeleka kulo lonke ilizwe ngaphandle kokuxhathisa kwengingqi. Oku kusebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwimibandela efuna ukuguquguquka kwesizwe, efana nokhuseleko, inkqubo yangaphandle, okanye uphuhliso lwesizwe.

Ngoko, imodeli edityanisiweyo ijongene nocelomngeni lokungaguquguquki: ayikhange iphinde iphinde iphinde iphindeke. Ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo kukungaphumeleli kwesizwe. Intlekele yeFukushima eJapan yabhenca indlela ebekwe ngayo phakathi, inkqubo yokulawula ngamandla yenyukliya eye yahluleka ukukhangela isiganeko esinqabileyo kodwa esiyintlekele. Bekungekho nkqubo efanayo okanye umahluko wengingqi onokuthi uhle emva. Inkqubo yaphumelela kumaxesha aqhelekileyo kodwa ingenayo iinguquko elungelelaniswayo ngamaxesha oxinzelelo. I-New Zealand, esebenza ngendlela ephakathi kakhulu, ibonise ukukhawuleza okukhulu kwimpendulo yayo yesifo, ingqina ukuba amazwe engqukuva anokutshintshwa kakhulu ukuba agcine iziphumelelo ezinamandla kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni kunye nobuchule bokufunda ngokukhawuleza. [FTBY:]

Ngakurhulumente Onamandla: Ulingelo loLawulo lweNtlanganiso yamanani

Umahluko oqinileyo phakathi kwemodeli uyafihlwa. Owona rhulumente utshintshayo uboleka izixhobo ukusuka ngaphaya kolwahlulo ukuze bakhe oko kubizwa ngokuba [[FLT: 0]] Ilizwe le-Expiteristism okanye uRhulumente [[FLT:]] olunobungozi]. Le modeli idibanisa ubuninzi bentsingiselo yedemokhrasi, ukugqibelela kwamandla aphakathi, kunye nolwahluko lwemithetho.

Izixhobo zokuhamba ngeenqanawa ezilawulayo nolawulo

Isantya sotshintsho lobugcisa (AI, i-pimptech, i-biotech) yenze ukuba isiseko somthetho siphelelwe lixesha. Imithetho ebhalwe namhlanje iphelelwe lixesha ngomso. Ekuphenduleni, oorhulumente abafana noManyano kunye neSingapore baye baba ngoovulindlela abalawulayo beebhokisi zesanti. Ezi zizixhobo ezilawulwa apho izifemu zinokuvavanya izinto ezintsha, iinkonzo, kunye neemodeli zezoshishino ngaphandle kokufumana yonke iziphumo eziqhelekileyo zomthetho. Oku kuvumela abalawuli ukuba bafunde ecaleni kwe-invators, balungelelanisa imithetho esekelwe kugcino-data lokwenene yehlabathi kunokuba bacinge.

Le yindlela enzulu yokuguqula intanda-bulumko yokulawula: ukusuka kukuqala kokubhalwa kwemithetho, yokumisa ukuya kwimithetho esekelwe kuyo, kumgaqo-siseko. Ingcamango yokulawula ngokulula, ngeli xesha isengumthetho wesithethe, ibandakanya umgaqo osekelwe kumngcipheko, olandelelanayo oziqhelanisa nomongo okhethekileyo wesicelo se-Al. Oku kukuzama ukwakha ukutshintsha ngqo kwisiseko somthetho. Ingcamango yokulawula ngokuphandle, ihlolwe kakhulu liZiko le Belfer eHarvard, ilungelelanisa ubuchule bokwenza ulungelelwaniso kumthetho.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wogcino-lwazi osetyenziswayo wondla ngezandleni kunye noTshaliso lwamanani

Imeko yamanani iphinda ibhale unxulumano phakathi korhulumente nommi, idala iirhintyelo zexesha lokwenene. Inkqubo ye-X-Road yase-Estonia ivumela ukukhuselwa, ukutshintshiselwana ngogcino-lwazi olufanelekileyo. Olu ncedo lwamanani lunceda urhulumente ukuba adlulisele iinkonzo ngokuqhubekayo kwaye asebenzise i-data (engachazwanga) ukuqonda iziphumo zenkqubo kufutshane nexesha lokwenene. Oku kwenza umbilini we- ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo olufanelekileyo[, apho iingxaki zifumaneka zize zicombululeke phambi kokuba zinyuke.

Le ndlela yogcino-lwazi isetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo inganyusa nayiphina imodeli yezobupolitika. Kwidemokhrasi, ithetha ukujoliswe phambili nokusebenza kweenkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Kumazwe alawulayo, ibeka engozini imo yokuzinzisa ulawulo olunzima olucinezelayo olucinezelayo ukuchasana. Umahluko ukwingqiqo ephantsi kwezobupolitika: ngabazogcino-lwazi olusetyenziselwa ukunika amandla abemi okanye ukulawula? Iinkqubo ezininzi eziziqhelanisayo ziya kuba zezisebenzisa ugcino-lwazi ukunyusa iinjongo zokwenza izigqibo nokusebenzisa amandla asasazwayo, kunokuba ziqinisekise ulawulo oluphezulu.

Isiphelo: Ukuziqhelanisa komgaqo wokuqala

Akukho mzekelo ufezekileyo karhulumente. Isakhiwo ngasinye siphuma ngefashoni phakathi kwesantya kunye nozinzo, ukuphumelela nokuzinzisa, ukuvela nokuzimela. Imodemokhrasi iphumelela ekuveliseni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokulungiselela imiqondiso entsonkothileyo yentlalo, izenza zikwazi ukumelana nezisongelo ezintsha. Iimodeli ezingoomphathi ziphumelela ekwenzeni iiplani eziphezulu eziphezulu ngengqeqesho, zizenza ziphumelele ekuzilungiseleleni ngokukhawuleza nxamnye neengxaki ezaziwayo. Iinkqubo zomanyano zinika ubuchule bokuhlaziya nokuvavanya ubuchule bendaleko, ngoxa iinkqubo zobunzululwazi zinika ubuchule kunye nomlinganiselo.

Oorhulumente abaza kuphumelela kwinkulungwane yama-21 ngabo baqonda ezi ndawo zorhwebo kunye nenkcubeko yabo ngokwabo ngokwengqondo bazicebela ukufumaneka. Bazakwakha iirhintyelo ezivulekileyo (democracy), abanobuchule bokugqibela (ulawulo olunamandla), abavumela ukuvavanya kobulali (ulawulo lobuGcisa), kwaye bamkele ukusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi, ulawulo (umgaqo wamanani). Uphuhliso olupheleleyo lwenkqubo ekwenzeni ayiyo inkqubo entsha, kodwa ukudalwa kwento yokucazululwa kwenqanawa ukuze ifunde, ifunde, ingafundi, ingaqhelani, kwaye ilungele ukuhambelana.