Ukhuseleko olulawulayo lwesizwe lungomnye wemiqobo eyoyikekayo kwisikolo sikawonke-wonke. Ngenxa yokuba inkoliso yemfundo esisiseko neyemfundo esemaphakathi eUnited States ilungiselelwe zisithili zesikolo ezisebenza njengezixhobo zoorhulumente belizwe abahlukeneyo, le mfundiso yamandulo esemthethweni isenokuthintela ukumangalelwa kwezikolo kunye nezikolo.Njengokuba isithili esiphakamisa amalungelo anzulu omgaqo-siseko okanye omthetho. Ukuqonda indlela ukhuseleko lomzimba ozikhuselayo, xa unokuthi woyiseke, kwaye ukhetho olusemgangathweni olukhoyo kumagqwetha omthetho, abalawuli besikolo, namaqela ajongeneencwadi. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olunzulu lwempembelelo yolawulo lwezikolo, iintengono-onqathe, iimfutho zezo zemali ezingaqhelekanga, kunye neziphumo eziluncedo zabo bonke abangenisibondayo.

Yintoni Umanyano Olungoongamiyo Karhulumente?

Imfundiso yokuzikhusela ekuzimela ngokwasemthethweni kwesizwe isuka kumgaqo wokuba urhulumente olawulayo akanakugwetywa ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe. EUnited States, le ngcamango yamiselwa ngokusemthethweni ngoMgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesi-11 we-U.S., wagunyaziswa ngo1795. Le mfundiso inika inkxaso-mvume: “Amandla eejaji eUnited States omthetho womthetho okanye olinganayo akazukuthathwa ukuba adlulisele nayiphi na imilinganiselo yomthetho okanye amiselwe, aqaliswe okanye amangalelwe omnye we-United States yi-Banethis of the State, okanye iParentyss okanye iMicitysss yelivery okanye naliphi na ilizwe.” Nangona umbhalo ubonakala uthetha kuphela ngemithetho eyahlukileyo, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ichaza ukuba i-Aleephalsite Delsedmist Amelvential scep njengeqinisekisa ukhuseleko sokhuselo-mthetho, kungakhathaliseki sesizwe, kungakhathaliseki sokuba ingumthetho esivumelekile, ngaphandle kwesivumelwano esivumelekile soburhulumente esivumelekile.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkundla yandisa ukugonyelwa kwamaqumrhu karhulumente kunye namasebe, kuquka iiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke kunye neenkqubo ezininzi zesikolo sikawonke-wonke. Umbuzo obalulekileyo womthetho nakuyiphi na inkundla yesikolo sikawonke-wonke kukuba isithili sesikolo esikhohliswayo siyakufanelekela ukuba “isandla sikarhulumente” esinelungelo lokuzikhusela kwigunya elinye nelorhulumente ngokwalo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izikolo ezisebenzisa umlinganiselo obalulekileyo wokulawula zinokuphathwa njengoomasilamsha yaye ngoko ziswele ukhuseleko olulawulayo, kodwa inkoliso yeenkqubo zesikolo zikarhulumente zinconywa njengezixhobo zikarhulumente ngenxa yokuba zikhuthazwe, zixhaswe ngurhulumente, kwaye zilawulwa ngurhulumente.

Ukhuseleko lolawulo oluphakamileyo aluphelelanga. INkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele iimfanelo eziliqela ezizizo, yaye iNkomfa ingakhusela urhulumente okhuselweyo xa imisela umthetho phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMphetho-weshumi elinesine. Ezi nkcukacha zichaza ukuba ukhuseleko oluphezulu lwemeko yendalo luyi-albyrinth efuna ukuqhutywa ngenyameko kwimfundo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwenkqubo Yokulawula Izikolo

Izikolo zikawonke-wonke zidla ngokujongwa njengabadlali bakarhulumente. Xa umfundi, umzali, okanye umqeshwa emangalela isithili sesikolo sikarhulumente, isikolo sisenokuzimisela ukuba singawucimi umcimbi wengozi wokuwuphelisa lo mcimbi. Oku kukhusela kunokukhutshwa ekuqaleni, ngokufuthi kusetyenziswa inyathelo lokugxotha phantsi koLawulo lwe-Federal loMsebenzi woMsebenzi 12(b)(1) ngenxa yokungabi nagunya lokulawula imicimbi. Ukuba impumelelo, isuti iyalahlwa ngaphambi kokuba ifikelele iimfanelo.

Ngokucacileyo, ukukhusela akusebenzi kuphela kwimpahla yomonakalo wemali kodwa kwakhona kwizicelo zokukhululeka okulinganayo njengemiyalelo okanye imigwebo ehlasimlis', nangona ex e Young [ ucalulo (olufakwe ngezantsi) lunika umngxuma obalulekileyo werhintyela elibalulekileyo kulowo ulindele ukukhulula ngokuchasene namagosa karhulumente.

Ngenxa yokuba ukhuseleko olulawulayo lunegunya, lungaphakanyiswa nakweliphi na iqondo lokubhena. Oku kuthetha ukuba ityala lingaqhubeka kangangeenyanga okanye iminyaka liphelelw' ukugxothwa ngenxa yokuthintelwa. Amagqwetha namagqwetha awo ngoko kufuneka aphendule umbuzo wokhuselo ngokukhawuleza nangendlela engqongqo.

Isikhokelo Esikhethekileyo Kulawulo Olulawulayo

Igunya Lesizwe Liza Kubhangiswa

Amazwe angawahlutha ngokuzithandela amagorha awo okuzikhusela nawo, kwaye amaninzi aye enjenjalo ngokusebenzisa intengiso okanye eminye imimiselo. Umzekelo, urhulumente ungayivumela ityala kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke ngenxa yokungakhathali okanye ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano phantsi kweemeko ezichaziweyo. Kodwa ke, aba bahluli abanjalo badla ngokumxinwa, bafuna amayeza okukhupha umbane ombane, alandela amaxesha amafutshane okuqaphela, yaye maxa wambi amkela iiketi ezimfakezeko ezilinganiselweyo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwengqungquthela Ngaphantsi KoMthetho - siseko Weshumi Elinane

IBhunga lingakugatya ukukhusela ulawulo lwesizwe xa lisebenza phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine, onika iNkqutyana amandla okunyanzelisa ukukhuselwa koMgaqo-nkqubo (ukukhuselwa kwalinganayo, inkqubo efanelekileyo, amalungelo okanye ukugonywa). Imimiselo emininzi yequmrhu yamalungelo abantu ekwakuvela ukumangalelwa kwesikolo yamiswa phantsi kweli gunya. Imizekelo iquka:

  • ISihloko se-VI soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 (uhlanga, imibala, kunye nemvelaphi yesizwe kwiinkqubo ezixhaswe ngurhulumente);
  • Isihloko se-IX seZigqibo zemfundo zowe - 1972 (ukuchaza ucalucalulo ngesondo kwimfundo);
  • Icandelo 504 loMthetho wokuRehabilita (ukucalucalulo oluchaza ukukhubazeka);
  • Abantu abaneziphene zoMthetho wemfundo (IDEA), onceda abafundi abaneziphene bafumane iziphumo.

INkundla ePhakamileyo ixhase amandla eNkundla eMkhosi ePhakamileyo ekukhuseleni ulawulo olulawulayo kwabanye kodwa hayi yonke lemimiselo. Umzekelo, .FTGgerald v. Barnstable Committee of School Committee[[FL:1] [2009]], iNkundla iqinisekisa ukuba iSihlomelo IX siphosa unyango lwezonondolo olunyanzelekileyo olunyanzelekileyo kumazwe ngenxa yokuba iCongress Congrality igunya eligunyaziswayo. Noko ke, Bhoward of Trust of University of Alabamilla. [FLT][200] [2001], iNkuvoluthelelwa ngokubhekiselele kwemfundo engundoqo yoncedo lwasemthethweni kuluntu, ithenjiswe yi-AD [5] ekwa-Fogromes.[5]

Imfundiso [[UMKCU] Ex Ex Ell [[FTL:1]

Phantsi Ex e Young (08), ummangali-mthetho angamangalela igosa lombuso kumandla asemthethweni oncedo lwalo olumiselweyo lokulungisa ukuqhubekeka komthetho karhulumente. Oku akuphuli uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesithoba kuba igosa elisemthethweni lihluliwe ukunqanda ukuthintelwa kwesizwe xa lisenza okungekho mthethweni, kwaye ukuvuselelwa komthetho akufuni mali emalini karhulumente. Lo myalelo usetyenziswa kakhulu esikolweni ukuphelisa ukuphulwa kwemithetho engekho mthethweni: umzali angatshathanga umgcini-mange okanye ibhodi yesikolo ngenxa yokusilela ukubonelela imfundo elungileyo kawonke (FAP) phantsi kwe-IDE, okanye ukwalandula ukuva ukukhubazeka phantsi kwecandelo 504, kunye nokuyalela inkundla efuna ukubonelela iinkonzo ezifunekayo kwisithili.

Le mfundiso ayivumeli ukuthethwa kwezono zokonzakalisayo; kuphela ukukhangela phambili kuphela njengokuyalela ukuphelisa uqheliselo lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukunikela iinkonzo ezithile zemfundo. Noko ke, iindleko zamagqwetha zinokuba ngcono phantsi kwemimiselo ehlaziywayo naxa isicombululo esingenamsebenzi sikuphela konyango.

Isuti ngaphantsi kwama-42 e-U.S.C. 76 1983

Icandelo 1983 lidala unobangela ofihlakeleyo wokwaphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko wesizwe okanye womthetho phantsi kombala womthetho karhulumente. Nangona urhulumente engenguye “umntu” phantsi konyaka we-1986 kwaye ngoko akanakumangalelwa ngqo, iibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni kwezinye iindawo zithathwa njengabantu. Kwizikolo zelizwe, noko ke, . . .19 1983 ayinako ukunikela unyango ngokuchasene nento ngokwayo. Amachalalfaza kufuneka adlulise amagosa ngamanye kumgangatho wawo wobuqu welahleko, okanye kumsebenzi wawo wasemthethweni woncedo lwasemgangathweni phantsi .

Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo -Monell v. Isebe leeNkonzo zoNtlalo (188]) lathi oomasipala ngabantu phantsi konyaka ka1968, kodwa amatyala akanjalo. Ulwahlulo ludala ulwahlulo olubalulekileyo: imimandla yesikolo ezimeleyo enoomasipala abazimeleyo abanobugocigoci obuninzi `abaninzi kuMntla-mpuma kunye naseMbindini-"i-accene ngqo ngenxa yomonakalo phantsi konyaka ka-1963. Ngokwahlukileyo, isithili ewahlulwa njengabameli belizwe (oqhelekileyo kuMzantsi nakuMmandla omnye welizwe lase-Hawaii) iyathintelwa.

Ukungavisisani Kwenkosi Ngemithetho Ekhethekileyo Yesikolo

Iingcebiso zocalucalulo (Isifo Sesini, Ukungalawuleki)

Ukumangalelwa kocalucalulo kwizikolo zikarhulumente kusoloko kuxhomekeke kwimithetho karhulumente yokuba ukunqanda ukulawulwa kwesizwe. Umzekelo, iSihloko se-IX sixela ukukhathazwa ngokwesini okanye ukuhlaselwa ngabasebenzi okanye oontanga kusoloko sivunyelwa ukuba siqhubeke ngokuchasene nezixhobo zikarhulumente kuba umthetho ogunyazisiweyo wokukhusela ipropati ngenxa yokonakaliswa, njengoko uqinisekisiwe yiNkundla Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education [1999]. Ngokufanayo, uthi phantsi kwe-A kunye neCandelo lama-504 locawalucalucalucalulo unakho ukuqhubekeka, nangona amatyala athe alungele ukubonisa ucalucalucalucalulo oluzenzekelayo kunokuba aphelwe nje ukuba aphephe iziphumo ezinokukhuthane.

Inkohliso Nomonakalo Wobuqu

I-Negligence ithetha ngokuchasene nezikolo zikawonke-wonke zidla ngokusetyenziswa. Amaphondo amaninzi afuna abasebenzi abacacileyo ukuba babhale isaziso sokuzichaza ngexesha elifutshane.

Ukwaphulwa komGaqo-siseko (Inkqubo eQalileyo, iNkqubela-ntetho eMasi, Ukukhangela kunye nokuKhutshelwa)

Abafundi banelungelo lokuzifunela imvume phambi kokuba bakhululwe esikolweni, ukukhulula ukuthetha phantsi [[FLT: 0] .Des Moines, kwaye bakhululeke ekufuneni okungekho ngqiqweni phantsi New Jersey v.T.L.[FL.] [amalungelo omgaqo-siseko] xa ephulwa, abafundi banokuzisa i-1901 amagosa eklasini ngenxa yendlela yabo yomonakalo, okanye basebenzise [[FLT] Inxalenye Yolutsha [[FLT] [FLT:] [5] yokukhululeka. Phoversedroms. Noko ke, isikolo esiphantsi komGwal-omati sisoloko sivithiwe ngaphandle kokuba isongi yoomatili. Isikolo sinosuke siphumele iziphumo ngokwaso sobuqu besikolo, kodwa sisenokuthiwe esona sisohlwaye, kodwa sitsho sifumane umthetho ongenakuthintela ngokuchathayo.

Imfundo Ekhethekileyo (IDEA) Izimpikiswano

I-IDEA inikela ulungiselelo olubanzi lokuqinisekisa iFAPE kubafundi abakhubazekileyo. Iquka inkqubo yolawulo efunekayo yokuva, apho amaqela asenokuzisa umsebenzi woburhulumente kwinkundla yesizwe okanye yephondo. I-IDEA iqulethe ukukhutshwa okukhethekileyo kokhuseleko oluphezulu lwamazwe afumana imali ye-IDEA (oko kwenziwa ngawo onke amazwe), ukuze abazali banokumangalela inkqubo yemfundo karhulumente ukuze bathobele. Noko ke, i-IDEA idla ngokufuna ukudinwa kwamayeza okulawula phambi kokumangalelwa, kwaye amayeza akhoyo alinganiselwe kakhulu ekufumaneni uncedo olulindelekileyo (umz., uhlaziyo we-IEP, i-IP, i-compticlectionation formations) kunye nemirhumo yemali yezo-mali.

IMibutho Elawulayo: Izindululo Eziluncedo

Izixhobo ezilucelomngeni lokuzikhusela kwizifo ezikwizikolo kufuneka zisebenzise indlela eninzi:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ibonisa umtyholi olungileyo. Ukuba isithili sesikolo sisenokuba yingalo karhulumente, igama lamagosa kuwo omabini amandla awo asemthethweni kunye nawomntu ngamnye. Iisuti zomsebenzi osemthethweni zinikezela ngendlela yokukhulula epasejini phantsi [ Ex icandelo leYoung. Iisuti zombilini ngamnye zivumela umonakalo ngqo kwigosa (okanye i-inreserver) kwaye azinikezeli kwigosagoso lolawulo lwenkokeli.
  • Focus kwimimiselo karhulumente esebenzayo yokhuselo lwe-brote. IsiHloko se-IX, Icandelo 504, isiHloko VI, ne-IDEA zizinto ezimele ziqinisekiswe. Abaxhasi kufuneka bavume ukwaphula umthetho ngokungqalileyo kwaye bacaphule amalungiselelo okurhoxa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Amayeza esizwe. Ukuba urhulumente unesenzo setort exeliweyo, ukuthobela isaziso kunye neemfuno ze-procedro kubalulekile. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza njalo kungalisusa ilungelo lokugweba.
  • Funa isiphumlisi sokukhupha kunye nokukhupha ipesenti. Nangona umonakalo ungekho nxamnye norhulumente, umyalelo wenkundla ofuna isikolo ukuba sitshintshe inkqubo yaso okanye sinikezele iinkonzo ezithile unokuba luncedo.
  • Cwangcisa inkundla yephondo. Ezinye zithi ukhuseleko lwezilawuli zisemgangathweni kwiinkundla zazo ezithile. Umzekelo, urhulumente unakho ukuvumela iisuti zokwaphula isivumelwano esichasene nezikolo kwinkundla yephondo nokuba iinkundla zikarhulumente zivalwe.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje LweNkundla Ephakamileyo Luchaphazela Ukubhaliswa Kwesikolo

INkundla ePhakamileyo iyaqhubeka ilungisa imida yokuzikhusela kwimfundo. Kumthetho weSikolo seSizwe kunye neSibhedlele v. Halderman (19984), iNkundla yabambelela kwelokuba inkundla yePremistile yeshumi elinesibhozo yoMphetho-Mdalelo ithintele amagosa karhulumente ukuba athobele umthetho karhulumente, ewathintele kakhulu amandla omthetho oqhelekileyo ukunyanzelisa imilinganiselo yemfundo ngomthetho karhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba ummeli akanakusebenzisa umgaqo-mthetho okanye imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko wesizwe, kumele kusebenze.

Allen v. Cooper [20], iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba iBhunga alizange ngokusemthethweni lifake ukhuseleko lombuso oluphezulu lwebrorhosi kulwahlulo lobumgunya phantsi koMthetho we-Copyright Remedification Claritive, kuba Icandelo 5 loMphetho we-145 alikhange linikeze isiseko esaneleyo. Ngelixa linganikwanga ngqo izikolo, le miqondiso ikukusondela ngokulumkileyo kwibrogicration enokuthi ichaphazele imfundo enxulumene nezomgamthetho wexesha elizayo ukuba iNkqulundlund izama ukwenza ulwelo olutsha.

Kutshanje, iNkundla ibethelele ukubaluleka kolwimi lokuhlambulula. Tores v. Isebe leTexas lokhuseleko loluntu [202], iNkundla ixhase umahluko olinganiselweyo worhwebo lwamazwe, kodwa elo tyala libandakanya iinzuzo zomkhosi kwaye linesicelo esithe ngqo kwizikolo zeK-12. Noko ke, ukuthambeka okuthe ngqo kweNkundla yangoku kucebisa ukuba ukuvuleka kokhuseleko lukarhulumente kujongene nohlolo olungqongqo, lwenze kube yimfuneko kubenzi bomthetho wemfundo ukuba bafumane iziphumo ezisemgangathweni ezikhoyo ngaphandle kwe-'iprojecteds.

Ukuhlala ngoku, amagqwetha kufuneka ajonge i- Cornell Legal Information Institute yesishwankathelo sePhinda Imithetho yeshumi elinesine aze ajonge izigqibo ezintsha zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezingokwasemgangathweni.

Izicelo ezisebenzisekayo zabaphathi besikolo nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo

Kwiibhodi zesikolo, abaveleli, nakumthetho osemthethweni, ukugonyelwa kolawulo oluphezulu olunengqiqo kuyimfuneko ekulawuleni nasekuphuhlisweni kwenkqubo. Nangona ukukhusela ukukhusela ukukhusela ukuma kwephondo kusemngciphekweni, akukuphelisi ukuchanabeka okusemthethweni, ingakumbi xa amagosa esebenza ngaphandle komgangatho wemisebenzi yawo okanye xa imimiselo karhulumente isetyenziswa ngokugqitha. Ukhuseleko olungundoqo luquka:

  • Musa ukuxhomekeka kukhuseleko njengekhusi elipheleleyo. Uninzi lwezomthetho zemfundo eziphezulu luqhubeka ngempumelelo phantsi kweSihloko se-IX, ISEA, okanye iCandelo lama-504. Isikolo esingakwaziyo ukuthobela le mithetho karhulumente sisenokujamelana nemiyalelo exabisa imali eninzi, iindleko zegqwetha, kunye nomonakalo wodumo ukuba ilahleko yemali ayifumaneki kurhulumente.
  • Abasebenzi beSikolo kwiimbopheleleko zomthetho zorhulumente. Kuba amagosa ngamanye enokumangalelwa ngomonakalo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ootitshala noomphathi bayayiqonda imbopheleleko yabo ngokuphathelele ucalucalulo, uqeqesho, kunye nemfundo ekhethekileyo inciphisa iimfanelo zobuqu.
  • Gcina i-inshorensi efanelekileyo. Amanye amazwana athenga i-inshorensi yetyala egquma amaphondo esikolo apho ukhuseleko lwezolawulo oluphezulu lunokusetyenziswa. Iinkqubo ze-inshorensi zidla ngokuphazamisa ukhuseleko kwimiqathango yenkqubo, ngoko ukukhangela kuyimfuneko.
  • Ingxelo yengxelo yenkqubo yentengiso. Uninzi lwamazwe lufuna isaziso esikhawulezileyo sento enokwenzeka. Ukuseka iprotocol yangaphakathi kwiziganeko zeflegi ngeentsuku nokuzixela kwisiluleko somthetho ukuze amaxesha okusebenza angaphoswa.
  • Ngaphantsi kokwahlula umahluko phakathi korhulumente nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Kumazwe apho izikolo zizimeleyo, ukukhusela imfumba kusenokungasebenzi, okwenza isithili sibe semngciphekweni wokonakaliswa phantsi konyaka we-1998. Kulo gunya, ulawulo lomngcipheko kufuneka lomelele ngakumbi.

Isiphelo

Ukhuseleko olulawulayo lwemeko luhlala lunamandla kugcino-sango lwesikolo sikawonke-wonke. Lukhusela iinkqubo zesikolo ezisebenzisana norhulumente kwiinkundla ezininzi zokumangalela, kodwa alungeniseki. Ngokungafaniyo .(8) imvume yombuso, ukuqulunqwa kwengqungquthela, ex inxenye yeYoung isiqabuliso soncedo, kwaye ubuchule bobuqu buthetha ngokuchasene namagosa . .[1]

Kubafundi, abazali, nabasebenzi abafuna okusesikweni kwinkqubo yemfundo kawonke-wonke, ukukhusela ukuthintelwa kolawulo oluphezulu akumele kube ngunobangela wokuphelelwa lithemba; kunoko, kumele kubangele ukucinga okufanelekileyo. Ngokubhekisa kwimithetho karhulumente ephazamisa ukukhusela ukukhusela, ukumangalela igosa ngalinye apho kufanelekileyo, nokusukela ukuthomalalisa, izinto ezininzi ezinokuqhubekeka. Kubaphathi besikolo, ukuvuma imida yokuzikhusela ekuhlaleni nokuzibandakanya nemithetho yemfundo ekhethekileyo, bamele bafumane imiphumo engcono kunokuxhomekeka kwimigaqo esemthethweni enokuthi ekugqibeleni, ingaphumeleli.

Njengokuba ulawulo olusemthethweni luqhubeka luguquka ngokwezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nomthetho wesizwe, ukuhlala unolwazi kubalulekile. ISebe lezemfundo ye-Ofisi ye-Fomati yoluntu linikela ukhokelo ekunyanzeleni imimiselo egqithileyo yokuthintelwa kwezifo, ngoxa amasebe emfundo karhulumente enikela ulwazi malunga neemfuno ze-odoli ezithe ngqo. Ekugqibeleni, ukusetyenziswa kokhuselo lolawulo lobuzwilakhe kunye nokumangalelwa kwezikolo kubonisa uxinezeleko olunzulu phakathi kombuso kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye, nto leyo eya kuqhubeka iinkundla zihamba phambili kwiminyaka engaphambili.