IBhunga le-United States limi njengenye yezona zakhiwo zinamandla zowiso-mthetho ehlabathini, zisebenza kwinkqubo ye-bimeral eyahlula amandla phakathi kwamagumbi amabini ahlukeneyo: iNdlu yeeNdlu kunye neNdlu yabameli. Esi sakhiwo secamba sibini asiyondlela nje yolawulo olululo kodwa singuphawu olusisiseko lwedemokhrasi yaseMerika olubumba indlela imithetho emiswa ngayo, ephikisana ngayo, kwaye emiswa. Ukuqonda indlela la magumbi amabini asebenza kunye ngayo kunye, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kunye nenye, kubaluleke ukuqonda inkqubo yowiso-Rografication kunye nenkqubo ebanzi yemiqathango kunye nemilinganiselo echaza urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokungalandeli

Inqaku I lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. linika onke amagunya owiso-mthetho kwiNgqungquthela yeBhunga: Indlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkululo ezibangelwa "Ukulalanisa Okukhulu" efuna ukulungelelanisa iziphumo zemicimbi emikhulu ephambili nezilangazelelo zamazwe. Oku kulalanisa, okwaziwa ngokuba yiConnecticut Ukungavumelani, kwavela kwiingxoxo ezinzulu kwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787, apho abathunywa bezama ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisayo zamazwe amakhulu namancinane.

Ukuyekelela Okukhulu kwanikelwa kwiNdlu yabameli ehlulwe ngokulinganayo, kunye neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso apho amaphondo ayemelelwe khona. Eli lungiselelo lanelisa iSicwangciso saseVirginia, esasifuna umelo olusekelwe kubemi, kunye neSicwangciso saseNew Jersey, esasixhasa ukumelelwa okulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu besizwe. Isiphumo sasiyisakhiwo sowiso-mthetho esasiza kuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaphondo anabemi abaninzi kunye namaphondo amancinane ayeneenjongo kurhulumente worhulumente wezwe.

Nangona iLizwekazi leNgqungquthela laliyindlu enemibhobho engekho mgangathweni, abaxhasi bamkela indlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bamagenal kaRhulumente wase-U. Ngokwenza esi sigqibo, embalini nangoko amava atshayo bazisa isigqibo sabaFramers. Abaseki abaFuma bafumana impembelelo kwiiRiphabliki zamandulo kunye nePalamente yaseBritane, belungisa le mizekelo ukwenza inkqubo ekhethekileyo yeMelika eyakuthi ithintele ukuxinana kwegunya ngexa kuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo olunempumelelo.

Ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa kwegumbi ngalinye

Indlu Yabameli

Inkqubo ngoku inikezela ngexesha leminyaka emibini leofisi yamalungu eNdlu ukusuka kwimimandla engama-455 esekelwe kubemi. Urhulumente ngamnye ufumana inani labameli abayalela ngokwamanani abemi bakhe, kunye nolwabiko oluphinda lubalwe rhoqo kwiminyaka elishumi emva kobalo lwabemi base-U.S. olu melo lusekelwe kubemi. luqinisekisa ukuba iNdlu ihlala isabela kutshintsho lwabemi kwaye ibonisa ukuthanda kwabantu baseMelika ngokuthe ngqo.

Indlu yayenzelwe ukuba ibe ligumbi elikufuphi nabantu. Abameli basebenzisa amagama amafutshane kunamalungu esizwe, abafuna ukuba bajongene nabavoti rhoqo. Esi sakhiwo sasisenziwa ngempazamo, sidala umzimba oya kusabela ngokukhawuleza kuluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye neemfuno ezitshintshayo zomjikelo. Umjikelo omfutshane uthetha ukuba amalungu endlu kufuneka ahlale enxibelelane nenkxalabo yesithili kunye nezinto eziphambili ukuba anethemba lokukhusela unyulo.

IBhunga

KwiCathen, abavoti belizwe ngalinye abanyuliweyo ababini abaGqibini bephondo, abasebenza amagama aneminyaka emithandathu adibanisa (ngokunjalo igumbi elinye lesithathu legumbi liphezulu ukuze linyulwe nakweliphi na umjikelo wonyulo). Lo melo ulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ubungakanani borhulumente uqinisekisa ukuba amazwe amancinci agcina impembelelo ephambili kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, athintela izilangazelelo zemimandla engami kakuhle ukuba inganqotshwa ngumazwe amakhulu.

IBhunga leNtsimbi leNdlu yeMimandla yasungulwa ekuqaleni njengesiqu esizinzileyo, esilungiselelwe ukulungiselela uzinzo nobulumko ukuze kuhlangatyezwane noko abanye abalawuli babesoyikela ukuba yi "iintambo kunye nenkanuko" yendlu. Amabinzana amade avumela abaququzeleli ukuba bathathe imbono ebanzi, ende kakhulu yexesha ngaphandle koxinzelelo oluzinzileyo lwenkxalabo yonyulo olukhawulezileyo. Ucwangciso olushukumayo luqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kwiBhadrena, ngenxalenye yegumbi etshintshayo kuphela ngalo naliphi ixesha elinikiweyo.

Amagunya omGaqo-siseko aDlulisayo kunye neembopheleleko

Amandla Akhethekileyo Endlu

Yindlu kuphela enokuthi ivelise umthetho wengeniso, kwaye kuphela yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso eziqinisekisa ukubhaliswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ezivunyiweyo, kodwa ukumiswa komthetho kusoloko kufuna ukuba omabini amaziko avumelane ngokwahlukeneyo kwisivumelwano esinye phambi kokuba anikwe uMongameli. Amandla apheleleyo eNdlu achaza intengo yemali ehlawulwayo yabalawuli abonisa inkolelo yokuba irhafu imele ivele kwigumbi elinetyala elithe ngqo kubantu.

Indlu iyaqalisa ize igqibe ukugwetywa ngexesha iBhunga livota ngokuvalwa kwetyala nokususwa kwesikhundla ngenxa yamatyala angacetywanga. Eli candelo lamandla okungathobeli lidala inkqubo yeqonga elineemigangatho ezimbini: iNdlu yezenzo njengomtshutshisi, ukuphanda nokuvota kwiingcebiso zobugcwabiso, ngoxa iBhunga lisebenza njengenkundla yokuchophela ityala, ukuqhuba ityala nokugqiba enoba lifanele ukubanjwa nokususwa kwegosa eofisini.

Amagunya Akhethekileyo EBharte

INdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso iqinisekisa izivumelwano nokumiswa komongameli ngeli xesha iNdlu iqalisa ukusungula iindleko zengeniso. Indima yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ekuqinisekiseni ukumiswa komongameli iquka amalungu eKhabhinethi, abagwebi besizwe kuquka amaJaji eNkundla ePhakamileyo, ii-amirari, kunye namanye amagosa esebe akwiqondo eliphezulu. Lo msebenzi "umsebenzi kunye nokuvuma" unika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kuqaliso lwamasebe aphetheyo kunye nezomthetho.

Ivoti yesithathu esibini yeBhunga leNtsimbi yeNtlanganiso iyafuneka phambi kokuba umntu ongacekiswanga asuswe eofisini. Le mfuneko iphezulu iqinisekisa ukuba ukususwa eofisini kufuna uvumelano olubanzi kunokuba kulula ukungenelwa, okubonisa uxinzelelo lomhlaba lokubhukuqa iziphumo zonyulo okanye ukususa igosa elihleliyo.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Indlela Iibhiliyo Eziba Ngayo Imithetho

Impinda yokwazisa neyomsebenzi weKomiti

Ingcamango yomthetho ingavela kumalungu, abaququzeleli bemithetho, kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, kwizikhululo, kwizabelo zemithetho, okanye kumasebe aphetheyo. Nabani na angabhala ityala, kodwa kuphela amalungu eBhunga angazisa amatyala. Xa eveziweyo, amatyala anikwa iikomiti ezisekelwe kumbandela wawo. Ezi komiti zisebenza njengamathala eencwadi eencwadi, ziqhuba uhlolo oluneenkcukacha, zibamba iindlebe, yaye zenze izigqibo zokuqala malunga nezimvo ezifanele ziqwalaselwe ngokubhekele phaya.

IiKomiti zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni umthetho. Zinamandla okulungisa amatyala, ukudibanisa izindululo ezininzi, okanye ukubulala ngokunempumelelo umthetho ngokungavumi ukuwenza. Izihlalo zekomiti zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo enokuthi kuphi amatyala afumane ingqalelo kwaye akhawuleza kangakanani ukuqhuba inkqubo. Ikomiti ezincinci zisoloko ziqhuba uhlalutyo olunobuchule obungakumbi, zivumela amalungu anobuchule obuthile ukuhlolisisa iinkalo ezithile zomthetho ocetyiweyo.

Ukujongana Nomgangatho Nengxoxo

Ngenxa yokuba igumbi ngalinye linegunya elisemthethweni lokwenza imithetho yalo, iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu iye yavelisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungiselela umthetho. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imithetho nezenzo zendlu zivumela uninzi lwamanani ukuba luqhube umthetho ngokukhawuleza. Imithetho nenkqubo yeNdlu yeeNdlela, kwelinye icala, ukucetyiswa kwesenzo esikhawulezileyo, njengoko zinika abaPhathi-mikhosi ngabanye isixhaso esinentsingiselo.

Kwindlu, iKomiti yeMimiselo imisela imigaqo yokuxoxa, kuquka imida yexesha kunye nokulungisa okunganikelwayo. Le ndlela ivumela iqela elininzi ukuba ligcine ulawulo kucwangciso lowiso-mthetho lize lishenxise iindleko kwigumbi. USomlomo weNdlu kunye nokhokelo oluninzi basebenzisa amandla amakhulu ukugqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala afikelela kumgangatho naphantsi kweemeko abaza kuphikisana ngazo.

IBhunga leNtlanganiso lisebenza phantsi kwezithethe ezahlukeneyo. Abaququzeleli ngabanye banamandla amakhulu okuphembelela iingcebiso ngobuchule obufana nomntwana, babambe umthetho, namandla okunika imbuyekezo. Oku kunika iqela elincinane kwanee-senteners ezibalulekileyo, ezifuna ukwakhiwa kwesivumelwano esikhulu kunye nengxoxo ukuqhubela phambili umthetho.

Ukulungisa Umahluko Phakathi Kwamagumbi

Indlu neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlela zowiso-mthetho zingamaqabane alinganayo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho – umthetho awunakwenziwa ngaphandle kwemvume yamagumbi omabini. Xa la magumbi amabini edlula iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, kufuneka axolelanise ezi ntlobo zingafaniyo ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uthunyelwe kuMongameli. Le nkqubo yoxolelwaniso isoloko ilapho kuvela khona eyona ngxoxo enzima, njengoko amalungu esebenzela ukwenza uhlobo lokugqibela olunokukhusela inkxaso yoninzi kuzo zombini iigumbi.

Xa iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu zeNdlu yeMasipala zithatha iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zesivumelwano sokuxolelanisa, kufuneka zicombulule ukungavisisani kwazo ngaphambi kokuba zinikwe uMongameli. Isivumelwano singaphunyezwa enye yeendlela ezintathu: yikomiti yengqungquthela, ngokutshintshisana ngezilungiso, okanye ngegumbi elinye elidlulisa umthetho woxolelaniso welinye ngaphandle kokutshintsha.

Iikomiti zenkomfa zihlanganisela amalungu aphuma kuwo omabini amagumbi ukuze athethe inguqulelo yokulungelelanisa umthetho. Ezi komiti ziquka amalungu aphezulu avela kwiikomiti ezifanelekileyo kwigumbi ngalinye, kunye nabameli abavela kuwo omabini amaqela. Ingxelo yekomiti yenkomfa-.

Iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zoMthetho: Ukuhlaziywa koHlelo

Ukubuyisana sisixhobo – inkqubo ekhethekileyo eyenza kube lula ukudlulisa umthetho kwiBhunga. Endaweni yokuba kufuneke amavoti angama-60, isindululo sokuxolelanisa sifuna kuphela isininzi esiqhelekileyo kwiBhunga leNdlu. Le nkqubo ixokelelwano yadalwa nguMthetho woHlahlo-mali lweBhunganiso lonyaka ka- 1974 ukulungiselela ukudluliswa komthetho onxulumene noqingqo-mali nokuqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga-mthetho likwazi ukuzalisekisa izinto zalo eziza kuqala.

Ingxoxo ngemali yokubuyisana okanye ingxelo yenkomfa yoxolelaniso ibekelwe umda kwiiyure ezingama-20, ngoko ayinako ukukhutshelwa phantsi kweNdlu yeNtlanganiso. Isiphumo esisebenzisekayo sikukuba ityala lingadluliswa ngevoti elula, ngokwahlukileyo kumthetho omninzi, ofuna ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezingaphezulu ezingama-60 ukucela ihlwili kunye nengxoxo. Oku kwenza ukuba uxolelwaniso lube lukhetho olunomtsalane kwiqela elininzi xa lingenazo ivoti ezingama-60 ezifunekayo ukuphelisa i-Driasbuster.

Ngoko ke, uxolelwaniso lunemiqathango ebalulekileyo. Okuqulethwe ngumthetho woxolelaniso kunyanzelwa yimithetho emininzi, ngokuphawulekayo icandelo 313 loMthetho woHlahlo, obizwa ngokuba ngumthetho weBhathena weBhodi. Eli lungiselelo lithintela ukufakwa kwento kwisivumelwano soxolelwaniso esisuka ngaphaya kwenjongo yoxolelwaniso kunye nemigaqo yekomiti. Umthetho we-Byrd uqinisekisa ukuba uxolelwaniso lusetyenziswa kuphela ngenjongo yayo enenjongo.

Indima Yokhokelo Nentsebenziswano Yeqela

Isenzo sombutho sicwangciswe kwaye siququzelelwa ziinkokeli zeqela kwigumbi ngalinye, ezikhethwe ngamalungu ecaucus okanye ingqungquthela --mfuno - oko kukuthi, iqela lamalungu akwigumbi ahlanganyela iqela. Iinkokeli zeqela kwiNdlu zinegunya elibalulekileyo negunya lokumisela ngokunempumelelo udweliso lwenkqubo kwaye zigqibe ukuba ziziphi izicelo eziza kuqwalaselwa phantsi.

Ukhokelo lweqela lunendima ebalulekileyo ekuququzeleleni intsebenziswano phakathi kwamagumbi. Iinkokeli ezisuka kuzo zombini amaziko zisoloko zinxibelelana ukudibanisa umgaqo-nkqubo wowiso-mthetho, ukuchaza izinto eziza kuqala, nokuncokola. Xa iqela elinye lilawula zombini iigumbi, olu manyano ludla ngokuba luhle, nangona ukungavisisani kusaqala ngokusekelwe kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo nakumasiko asekuhlaleni egumbini ngalinye.

Xa amaqela awahlukeneyo elawula iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela, eyaziwa ngokuba ngurhulumente owahluleleneyo, kuba nzima ngakumbi kodwa kukwafuneka ngakumbi. Iinkokeli kufuneka zibe nenxaxheba kwingxoxo ebanzi ukufumana indawo efanayo, ngokufuthi okuphumela ekubeni kufumane inkxaso elungeleleneyo enokuthi itsale i-bipartisan. Le mpembelelo ingakhokelela ekubopheleleni imigaqo-mthetho xa amaqela engakwazi ukufumana ulalanisa okwamkelekileyo, kodwa ikwanokuvelisa umthetho ode waneleyo obonisa ukuvumelana okubanzi.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Kwisebe Lomthetho

Isakhiwo se-bidamaral sisebenza njengovavanyo lwangaphakathi kwisebe lowiso-mthetho ngokwalo. Ukuba umlinganiselo ulungile, oye wavunywa lisebe elinye, elinye liyakuqinisekisa ukuba liphosakele; ukuba kuphosakele, kuhle ukuba kukho elinye isebe elichasayo okanye elililungisayo. Le nkqubo yokuhlolana inceda ukunqanda ukungxama okanye umthetho oqwalaselwe kakubi ekubeni ube ngumthetho.

Ukuze kwenziwe ulungelelwano, amasebe karhulumente ahlulwa, kwaye njengendlela efunekayo yokuhlola, iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho lenziwe ngamasebe amabini. Ubuchule nobulumko buye buqinisekiswe kakuhle xa kukho isebe lesibini, ukulinganisa nokukhangela elokuqala. Ubude begama elahlukileyo, ulawulo, kunye nemithetho yesiseko segumbi ngalinye iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uhlolwa ngokweembono ezininzi phambi kokumiswa.

Le nkqubo yokuhlola kwangaphakathi idlulela ngaphaya kokuqwalasela umsebenzi womnye. Amagumbi angasebenza njengobunzima bepolitiki, ngegumbi elinye elinamandla okuthintela iminqweno egqithisileyo yelinye iCanten. Iintetho ezinde kunye neenkcubeko zelizwe ngokubanzi zingayikhokelela ekufikeleleni ngokulinganisiweyo kwimibandela ebangela iminqweno enzulu yexesha elifutshane kwindlu. Ngokuphikisanayo, unxulumano lwendlu olusondeleyo kwiimvakalelo eziqhelekileyo lungatyhalela iNxa-mfa kuluntu ukuba iphendule ngakumbi kwimicimbi kawonke-wonke.

Iingxaki Zentsebenziswano Yamaqumrhu

Name

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukwanda kokuhlaliswa kwamacandelo okujikeleza komhlaba kwenza intsebenziswano phakathi kwamagumbi kube nzima ngakumbi, ingakumbi xa amaqela ahlukeneyo elawula igumbi ngalinye. Amalungu ajonga iimfazwe zowiso-mthetho ngokukhulayo ngelens yokukhetha, enza ulalanisa kube yingozi kakhulu ngokwezobupolitika. Uxinzelelo oluvela kwisiseko seqela nakumaqela angaphandle enza intsebenziswano esebenzayo ye-bidamaral efunekayo.

Oku kuthatyathwa-nxaxheba akuchaphazeli nje kuphela ulwalamano phakathi kwamaqela kodwa kwanemisebenzi yecawa phakathi kwamagumbi. Xa ukunyaniseka kweqela kuthatha indawo yokunyaniseka kwequmrhu, amalungu asenokuxhalabela kakhulu ukuqhubela phambili ucwangciso lweqela lawo kunokukhusela amalungelo alo aphantsi okanye ukufumana ulalaniso olusebenzayo kwelinye igumbi.

Imiqobo Engokwendalo

Imithetho eyahlukeneyo yegumbi ngalinye ingadala imiqobo ebalulekileyo kwintsebenziswano. Indlu yendlu yolawulo isuke yaba yeyona nto iphambili yokuxambulisana. Ngoxa ikhuthaza ulwakhiwo ngokufuna inkxaso enkulu kumthetho omkhulu, ingenza ukuba iqaqobana elizimiseleyo lithintele amanyathelo agqithe kwiNdlu ngenkxaso eqinileyo. Oku kungakhokelela ekunxunguphaleni kwiNdlu, apho uninzi lunamandla okuqhuba amacebo alo.

Indlela ecwangcisiweyo yendlu yokuthethana nokulungisa inokubangela ungquzulwano. Abaququzeleli basenokuvakalelwa kukuba amaphepha agqithiweyo endlu awazange axoxwe ngokwaneleyo okanye ukuba iinguqu ezibalulekileyo zivalwe yimithetho engqongqo. Oku kungqubana kwezithethe kubonisa izithethe ezicacileyo zegumbi ngalinye kwaye zingenza kube nzima ukufumana isiseko esinye.

Iintlawulo zophuhliso

Ngaphandle komahluko ophakathi kwamagumbi ocalucalulo, imibango phakathi kwamagumbi ingaphazamisana. Igumbi ngalinye likhusela umgaqo-siseko walo kwaye lingakuchasa oko likugqala njengokungenelela kwelinye igumbi. Abaququzeleli basenokuzijonga njengabamela ngokubanzi, ii-continuts ezithelekisayo kunye nokusebenzisa indlela elula yokungena kwimiqathango, ngeli lixa amalungu endlu ezibona ekufutshane nabantu kwaye esabela ngakumbi ekufuneni ukuthanda okuthandwayo.

Ezi mpikiswano zowiso-mthetho zingabonakala kwimpikiswano malunga nemithetho ephambili, umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wegunya legumbi ngalinye, kunye nolungelelwano olufanelekileyo lwamandla phakathi kwazo. Maxa wambi iikomiti zeNgqungquthela ziba ziindawo zokulwa apho ezi ngxaki zidlalwayo, kunye nabanikeli begumbi ngalinye belwa ukulondoloza uhlobo lwegumbi lokukhuphisana ngamalungiselelo.

Umatshini Wokusebenzisana

IiKomiti ezidityanisiweyo nomanyano

IBhunga limisele iindlela eziliqela zokunceda intsebenziswano phakathi kwamagumbi. Iikomiti ezidityanisiweyo zihlanganisa amalungu asuka kuzo zombini iigumbi ukuze zicombulule inkxalabo ephakathi kwazo, nangona ezi komiti zinegunya elilinganiselweyo kuneekomiti ezimileyo kwigumbi ngalinye. La maqela anganceda ekwakheni ulwalamano kwiindawo ezinamagumbi ahlukeneyo kwaye achaze iindawo ezinokudityaniswa.

Kubalulekile ukuba amalungu asebenza ngokwamaqela asebenzisanayo ngokwethutyana. Amalungu asebenza kuzo zombini izitonela asoloko enxibelelana ukuze achaze iinkcukacha kunye neengxaki ezinokubakho ngaphambi kokuba abe yimiqobo emikhulu. Iiofisi zoonkokeli zigcina incoko eqhubekayo ukuze zilungelelanise ucwangciso lomgangatho, zibone umthetho ophambili, zincokole ngeembambano.

Ukuthethana Ngemincili

Xa kusungulwa umthetho omkhulu, iinkokeli zidla ngokubandakanyeka kwingxoxo ye-badamary ukususela ekuqaleni kunokuba zilinde de igumbi ngalinye lidlule inguqulelo yalo. Le ndlela, maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba "ulungelelwaniso lwamalungu esizwe," inganceda ekuboneni iingxaki ezinokwenzeka kwangoko kwaye yakhe ukulungelelanisa kuzo zombini iigumbi. Ngoxa inokuthi ithoba inkqubo yokuqala, ekugqibeleni ikhokelele kwinyathelo lokugqibela ngokuphepha imfuneko yokuthethana ngentlanganiso enkulu.

Ezi ngxoxo aziquki nje kuphela iinkokeli zeqela kodwa zikwabandakanya izihlalo namalungu aphezulu eekomiti ezifanelekileyo kwigumbi ngalinye. Ngokuzisa kunye abadlali abaphambili ekuqaleni kwenkqubo, iBhunga maxa wambi lisenokuyidlulisa imithetho yezandla enokuthi idlule zombini iigumbi ngeenguqu ezincinane, iqukuqela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho jikelele.

Ingxowa Yamathub ’ Anethutyana Nolwalamano

Ulwalamano lobuqu phakathi kwamalungu amagumbi ahlukeneyo lunganceda intsebenziswano ngendlela engenakusetyenziswa. Xa iqumrhu nabameli besebenza kunye kumthetho ongaphambili, besebenza kunye kwiikomiti ezimanyeneyo, okanye bevelisa intlonelo ngokunxibelelana ngokungacwangciswanga, banokufumana ulalaniso kwimibandela enzima.

Izithethe zombutho ezigxininisa ukumanyana, ukuhlonela amagunya asemthethweni, nokubaluleka kokugcinwa kwelizwi lomntu kukwanceda ukusebenzisana. Nangona le mithetho ithe yanciphisa kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa yokuthamba ngokweentlalo-ntle, zihlala zibalulekile kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Amalungu avelisa udumo oluthembekileyo njengamaqabane athembekileyo akufumanisa kulula ukwakha iminqoqo-siseko efunekayo ukudlulisa umthetho kuwo omabini amagumbi.

Impembelelo Yokungalawulwa Kweziyobisi Kumgangatho Ophezulu

Umlinganiselo kunye nokwakhiwa kwenkozo

Inkqubo ye-bimadral idla ngokuvelisa umthetho othe cala kunalo naliphi igumbi elinokugqithisa ngokwalo. Imfuneko yokufumana imvume kuwo omabini amagumbi ngezantsi.

Le miphumela yokulungisa ingabonwa njengamandla okanye ubuthathaka, kuxhomekeke kwimbono yomntu. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ithintela iinguqu ezinkulu kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho omkhulu ubonakalisa ukuvumelana okubanzi. Abahlalutyi bathi ingenza utshintsho olufunekayo kwaye yenza kube nzima ukucombulula iingxaki ezingxamisekileyo ezifuna isenzo sobukroti.

Uqikelelo noHlola

Imfuneko yokuba umthetho udlule kumagumbi amabini iqinisekisa amathuba amaninzi okucinga nokuhlolisisa. IiBhili ezisenokuba neengxaki okanye iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga zibonakala zize zilungiswe xa kufuneka ziphile ngokuhlola imizimba emibini eyahlukeneyo eneembono ezahlukeneyo. Oku kunokukhokelela kumthetho owenziwe ngokulunge ngakumbi onokuba nokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuzalisekisa iinjongo zayo.

Uphicotho-xesha olude olwenziwe yi-bicameral luvumela ungeniso oluphangaleleyo lukawonke-wonke kunye nengxoxo. Amaqela anomdla, abaququzeleli, kunye nabanye abagcini-matyala banamathuba amaninzi okwenza ukuba amazwi abo aviwe xa kuqhutywa umthetho kuwo omabini amagumbi. Oku kunokunyusa ukugunyaziswa kwedemokhrasi, nangona kunganika amathuba angakumbi okuxhamla okuzixabisiwa okukhethekileyo okuphembelela inkqubo.

Ukuzinza Nokuzinza

Inkqubo ye-bidamaral ifak-negalelo ekuzinziseni komthetho kunye nenkqubo yaseMerika. Ubunzima bokudlulisela umthetho kuwo omabini amagumbi kuthetha ukuba imithetho, xa ithe yamiswa, ikhuseleke ngokunxulumene nokukhawuleza okanye ukutshintsha. Olu zinzo lunokuba luncedo kucwangciso olude notyalo-mali, njengoko amashishini nabantu benokuba nentembelo engakumbi yokuba isiseko esisemthethweni siya kuhlala singaguquguquki.

Noko ke, oluzinzo lunye lungenza kube nzima ukuqhelanisa nokutshintsha kweemeko okanye iimpazamo ezilungisiweyo zexesha elidlulileyo. Xa omabini amagumbi kufuneka avume ukutshintsha umthetho okhoyo, imeko yemo iluncedo kakhulu. Oku kungakhokelela ekuzingiseni kwimigaqo ephelelwe lixesha okanye engasebenzi kuba nje ezopolitiko zifuna ukuzitshintsha azinakuhlanganiswa kuzo zombini amagumbi ngaxeshanye.

Iingxaki Nempikiswano

Umqulu othe ngqo we Grid

Olunye ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo olukhoyo olujongene nenkqubo ye-bamaral lulawulo lweziko lomthetho. Xa amagumbi engenakuvumelana ngomthetho ongundoqo, imibandela ebalulekileyo ingasuswa kwimiba. Lo mqulu uxhaphakile kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje njengoko ukuthamba kwemimandla yecawa kuxhaphakile kwaye amaqela ahlukene kakhulu ngokweengqiqo.

I-gridlock inokuba neziphumo ezinzulu zokulawula. Xa iKhomishini ingakwazi ukudlulisa umthetho ofunekayo, iingxaki zingaba mandundu, kwaye isebe elilawulayo lingangenelela ukuvala ikhefu ngemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo nangenkqubo yokulawula. Oku kunokususa amandla kwisebe lowiso-mthetho kwaye kuphakamise imibuzo ngokuphendula ngedemokhrasi.

Ingxoxo Ye - Filibuster

ICandelo leNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeMidlalo yeNkcubeko yeNtlalo yeNtshona Koloni liyindawo ephambili yeengxoxo ngentsebenziswano ye-bankal-magena kunye nokusebenza kwemithetho. Nangona lingakhankanywanga kumGaqo-siseko, i-monibulisster iye yaba luphawu oluchazayo lwenkqubo yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtloko, ifuna ngokunempumelelo iivoti 60 ukudlulisa umthetho omninzi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ikhuthaza intsebenziswano ye- bipartission kwaye ikhusela amalungelo amancinane. Abahlalutyisi bathi ibangela ukuba kungabi nako ukuphumelela ukudlulisela umthetho obalulekileyo.

I-finbuster ichaphazela unxulumano oluphakathi kwamagumbi kuba ithetha ukuba umthetho odluliswa yindlu ungafa kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMali nokuba inenkxaso eninzi apho. Oku kungenza unxunguphalo noxinezeleko phakathi kwamagumbi, namalungu eNdlu evakalelwa kukuba umsebenzi wawo uthintelwa yimithetho yeBhunga kunokuba kupheliswe ukungavumelani okusezantsi.

Iindima Ezipheliswayo Nolwalamano

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamagumbi luyaqhubeka luguquka ngokuphendula ekutshintsheni iimeko zezobupolitika kunye nophuhliso lwamaqumrhu. Ukusetyenziswa okukhulayo komthetho we-omnibus--iindleko ezidityanisiweyo zemali edityanisiweyo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ngokutshintsha indlela amagumbi asebenzisana ngayo, kunye nokuncokola okuninzi okwenzeka kwii-ofisi zokhokelo kunokuba kwenziwe kwinkqubo yesithethe yekomiti.

Ukunyuka kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano kunye nokupapashwa kweeyure ezingama-24 kweendaba kuchaphazelele ulwalamano lwe-bigamel. Amalungu aphantsi kwengcinezelo enkulu yokubamba izikhundla zikawonke-wonke kwaye angakufumanisa kunzima ngakumbi ukubandakanyeka kuhlobo lwengxoxo ezolileyo kunye nokulalanisa okufunekayo kwintsebenziswano esebenzayo. Izihlomelo zokulwa okuphezulu kunye nokulwa kwamaquququ-kulwana ziye zanda, ngethuba lokuncitshiswa kolwano olunceda intsebenziswano.

Ikamva Lentsebenziswano Ephambili

Ukusebenza kwexesha elizayo kwenkqubo ye-bidamaral kuza kuxhomekeka kubuchule beBhunga ukuqhelanisa neengxaki zale mihla ngeli xesha kugcinwa imisebenzi engundoqo ejongwa ngabaququzeleli. Oku kuza kufuna iindlela zokufumana intsebenziswano ngapha nangapha kwemimandla edityanisiweyo, imiqobo yemiqobo, kunye neentshaba zolawulo.

Ezinye iinguqu ezicetyiweyo okanye eziphunyezweyo ziquka utshintsho olubandakanya ulwakhiwo lwekomiti ukukhuthaza umanyano oluthe lwamaqumrhu, utshintsho kwimithetho yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso yokunciphisa izithintelo ngexesha lokulondoloza amalungelo amancinane, kunye nemigudu yokubuyisela izithethe ezingacwangciswanga kunye nentsebenziswano. Impumelelo yale migudu iya kubumba kungekuphela nje ulwalamano phakathi kwamagumbi kodwa ubuchule bedemokhrasi baseMelika jikelele.

Ubugcisa bungadlala indima ekuququzeleleni intsebenziswano. Izixhobo zonxibelelwano ezingcono zinokubanceda amalungu nabasebenzi abasuka kuzo zombini iigumbi balungelelane ngokunempumelelo. Uhlalutyo logcino-lwazi kunye nokufuzisela iziphumo ezinokwenzeka zezicelo zolalanisa. Kodwa ke, ubugcisa bubodwa abunakoyisa iimpikiswano ezisisiseko zezopolitiko okanye iimbambano ezingokweziko.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kwentsebenziswano Engunozala

Nangona indlu neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtloko zilungelelaniswe ngokwahlukileyo kwaye zineendima neembopheleleko zazo, zisebenza kunye ukuwisa umthetho. Akukho mthetho unokuba ngumthetho ngaphandle kokudlula ezindlu zombini zeBhunga. Le mfuneko ingundoqo iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yebhankal ihlala isemgangathweni kulawulo lwamaMerika, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ijongene nocelomngeni olunjani.

Intsebenziswano phakathi kweNdlu yeeNdlu kunye neNdlu yabameli imela olunye lolwalamano olubaluleke kakhulu noluntsonkothileyo kurhulumente waseMelika. Ngelixesha inkqubo inokuba yedimazisayo ekukhawuleziseni kwayo nokungaqondakali kwayo kwiqhina lentsimbi, ikwanika nezokhuselo ezibalulekileyo nxamnye nenyathelo longxamiseko kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezininzi ziqwalaselwe phambi kokuba umthetho ube ngumthetho. Ii-contipecitys ezahlukileyo, ubude, kunye nemithetho yesiseko segumbi ngalinye yenza inkqubo yokuhlola kwangaphakathi elungele ukwahlukana kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente.

Ukuqonda indlela amagumbi asebenza ngayo kunye, ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ezifana neekomiti zenkomfa, iinkqubo ezingacwangciswanga ezifana nokusebenzisana kwenkokeli, kunye nolwalamano lobuqu oluninzi olubangela ukulalanisa, lubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda idemokhrasi yaseMerika. Le nkqubo ibonakalisa ukuzinikela kwabaxhasi kurhulumente olungeleleneyo, urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nokhuseleko lolawulo oluninzi namalungelo amancinane.

Njengokuba i-United States ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha kwinkulungwane yama-21, amandla eBhunga kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeeNdlu zoLawulo lweNtshona Koloni aya kuhlala ebaluleke ngokunempumelelo kumandla ohlanga okucombulula iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo ngoncedo lwedemokhrasi. Ngeli xesha inkqubo ingafuneka iguqulelwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zale mihla, umgaqo ongundoqo wentsebenziswano ye-biyameral . Izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kufuneka zibonise ukuvumelana kwemizimba emibini eyahlukeneyo emela i-polity .-* zihlala zisemgangathweni njengaxa kubhalwa umGaqo-siseko.

Kubemi abafuna ukuphembelela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, intsebenziswano ye-bagoral ibalulekile ngokufanayo. Ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo kufuna ukubandakanyeka kuwo omabini amagumbi, ukwamkela izithethe neenkqubo zawo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nokwakha imibutho enokuthi iphumelele kuyo yomibini imizimba. Ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo kusenokuba nzima, kodwa kwakhona kunika iindawo ezininzi zokufikelela ukuze kubekho inxaxheba yedemokhrasi kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba amazwi ahlukahlukeneyo anokuviwa kwinkqubo yemithetho-wiswano.

Ukufunda okungakumbi ngeNgqungquthela yase-U.S. nangendlela esungulwa ngayo umthetho, tyelela i-Cebster .Gov webhsayithi, enika iinkcukacha ezibanzi malunga neendleko, imisebenzi yeekomiti, kunye nenkqubo yemithetho-wiso-mthetho. [ U.S. Catenate[ kunye [FLT:] U.S.Indlu ye-ofisi yoomeli[ inikela ubuncwane obungakumbi malunga neendima neenkqubo ezithile zegumbi ngalinye. Abo banomdla ekutyeleleni iCapitol kunye nokufunda okuninzi ngomntu, [[FLT:].[FLT].U.S.S. Centers .[FLD]