Indlela Ingqikelelo Esetyenziswa Yinkundla Ekuchaphazela Ngayo: Izizathu Eziyintloko Kubemi

Inkqubo yenkundla yenye yezona ntlangano zibalulekileyo kwibutho lamaMerika. Itolika imithetho, isombulula iimpikiswano, ikhusela amalungelo abantu. Kodwa kubemi abaninzi, inkqubo yenkundla ihlala iyinkqubo entsonkothileyo, eyoyikisayo, yenkqubo kunye nesixhobo sokulinganisa. Nokuba ngaba ubizelwa kwinkonzo yabachopheli-tyala, ufaka ityala, okanye ufuna nje ukuwaqonda amalungelo akho, ukwazi iziqalelo zendlela umsebenzi wenkundla onokwenziwa ngayo umahluko obalulekileyo.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Ukuyiqonda Inkqubo Yenkundla

Ntsuku nganye, iinkundla zisenza izigqibo ezibumba abantu, imali nenkululeko yakho.

Ulwazi ngenkqubo yenkundla lukwanciphisa ixhala. Ukuthethwa kwasemthethweni kunokubangela uxinezeleko, kodwa ukwazi oko umele ukulindele kukunceda ulawule le nkqubo ngentembelo. Ukuba ungummangalelwa, ungummangalelwa, unikela ubungqina okanye ugwebo, ukuqonda inkqubo kukunika amandla okusebenza ngokunempumelelo.

Ukucaciswa okubanzi kwendlela isebe eligwebayo elifaneleka ngayo kurhulumente wesizwe, hlola ingcaciso yendima yenkundla yenkundla ye-.

Ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yenkundla

Inkqubo yenkundla yase-U.S. asiyonkwili enye, edityanisiweyo. Endaweni yoko, ineenkqubo ezimbini ezihambelanayo: inkqubo yenkundla yelinye nemithetho yenkundla yelizwe. Nganye inegunya layo, isakhiwo, kunye nemithetho yayo. Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo sibini linyathelo lokuqala ekuqondeni indlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo.

Iinkundla Ezimanyeneyo

Iinkundla zoManyano ezibandakanya umGaqo-siseko wase-United States, imithetho karhulumente, iimbambano phakathi kwamazwe, kunye namatyala athile abandakanya abemi abavela kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Inkqubo karhulumente inemigangatho emithathu engundoqo:

  • IiNkundla zeLifa leMveli: Ezi ziinkundla zokumangalela inkqubo karhulumente. Kukho iinkundla zesithili ezingama- 94 kulo lonke ilizwe, kwaye amatyala amaninzi aqala apha. Iinkundla zesithili ziva amatyala oluntu nawolwaphulo-mthetho phantsi komthetho worhulumente.
  • Amatyala ezibheno: Zikwabizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zesiphaluka, ezi zigqibo zohlolo ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili. Kukho iziphaluka ezili-13 ezifumanayo. Azibacimi iimvavanyo okanye zive ubungqina obutsha; endaweni yoko, bahlola inkqubo engokwasemthethweni neempikiswano ezivela kwinkundla esezantsi.
  • Inkundla yetyala ephezulu yeUnited States: Le yinkundla ephakamileyo kwelo lizwe. Inengqiqo yokuba ngawaphi amatyala okuva, ngokuqhelekileyo ikhetha lawo abandakanya imibuzo ebalulekileyo okanye ungquzulwano phakathi kweenkundla ezisezantsi.

Iinkundla Zelizwe

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala eUnited States. Urhulumente ngamnye unenkqubo yakhe yenkundla, kodwa uninzi lulandela inkqubo efanayo:

  • IiNkundla zase-Adelawo: ezisoloko zibizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zikamasipala okanye zezobulungisa, ezi zisingatha amatyala amancinane asekuhlaleni, ukwaphulwa kweetrato, kunye neengxelo ezincinane. Ziinkundla ezininzi zabemi ezisebenzisana ngqo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] IiNkundla eziBalulekileyo: Ezi zizinkundla eziphambili zamatyala anzulu oluntu nolwaphulo-mthetho. Zinegunya jikelele kwaye zive ubungqina, zibiza amangqina, kwaye zinika izigwebo.
  • IiNkundla ezinika imvume: Uninzi lwamazwe luneenkundla eziphakathi ezihlola izigqibo zenkundla evavanyiweyo. Ezi nkundla zilungisa iimpazamo kwinkqubo esemthethweni okanye utoliko.
  • Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeSizwe:[ Inkundla ephakamileyo kwiphondo ngalinye, edla ngokuva izibheno kwimiba ebalulekileyo yomthetho karhulumente. Izigqibo zabo zigqibele ngaphandle kokuba kuphakanyiswe umbuzo worhulumente.

Ukuqhekeka okunenkcukacha ngendlela urhulumente wakho alungelelanisa ngayo iinkundla zawo, tyelela i- Iziko lesizwe le-website yeBhunga leRhulumente , elinikezela ngobuncwane kunye namakhonkco kwisebe ngalinye lezomthetho.

Indlela Iimeko Eziviwa Ngayo: Inkqubo Esusela Ekuqaleni Kuse Ekugqibeni

Ukuqonda inyathelo lenkqubo yetyala lenkundla kuyakunceda ukwazi oko umele ukukulindela. Ngelixesha iinkqubo zohluka-hlukeneyo ngokolawulo nohlobo lwetyala, uqukuqelo jikelele luyaguquguquka.

Ukujija Igama

Ityala liqala xa umntu efaka isikhalazo okanye isicelo kwinkundla efanelekileyo. Ukufakwa kwesicelo kumele kuquka isiseko esisemthethweni setyala, amatheko abandakanyekileyo, kunye neso nkululeko efunwayo. Inkundla ihlola ijelo lokuqinisekisa ukuba linegunya kwaye ityala lihlangabezana neemfuno ezisisiseko zomthetho. Ukuba ijelo lamkelekile, inkundla ikhupha isaziso kwaye ityala liqalisa ngokusemthethweni.

Ukuqhubekeka

Phambi kwetyala, omabini amacala abandakanyeka ekufumaneni, abelane ngobungqina nangenkcazelo. Eli qonga liquka ukudityaniswa, ukuncinwa kwetyala, nokucelwa kwamaxwebhu. Iinkqubo zenkundla zisenokucela inkundla ukuba ikhuphe ityala, ingabi nabungqina, okanye iphose ityala elithile ngaphandle kokuvavanywa ityala elipheleleyo. Amatyala amaninzi alungiswa ngeli xesha ngezivumelwano okanye ngezicelo.

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala

Ukuba ityala liqhubeka liqukunjelwa, omabini amacala anikela iimpikiswano zawo kunye nobungqina. Kwityala lebhentshi, ijaji yenza isigqibo. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, iqela labemi libuva ubungqina lize lifikelele kwisigqibo. Inkqubo yokulingwa iquka iingxelo zokuvula, ubungqina, ukuvavanya, ukunqamla iimpikiswano, kunye nemiyalelo yejaji. Umgangatho wobungqina uyahluka: amatyala afuna "ukuqwalaselwa kobungqina," ngelixa amatyala efuna ubungqina obusengqiqweni

Umgwebo Nomtsalane

Emva kwetyala, ijaji ingena kwisigwebo esisekelwe kwisigqibo. Kusenokuba icala linokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo ukuba ikholelwa ukuba kukho impazamo engokwasemthethweni. Izibheno zijolise kwimibuzo yomthetho, hayi kwinyaniso. Inkundla yezicelo isenokuqinisekisa, iphinde iphinde iguqule, okanye iphinde ifake ityala xa kusenziwa ityala elibhekele phambili. Kwezinye iimeko, isibheno singaqhubeka kwinkundla ephakamileyo yelo lizwe okanye kwanakweNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.

Ukunyanzelwa Kwemigwebo

Ukuphumelela ityala kusisiqingatha sedabi. Umgwebo kufuneka unyanzeliswe. Kwimigwebo yemali, oku kungabandakanya umvuzo wemali, iintlawulo zebhanki, okanye imfuno yempahla. Kwimiyalelo okanye imiyalelo ethile yokwenza okuthile, inkundla isenokulibeka ihlazo elo qela lilahlekileyo ukuba aliphumeleli. Ukuqonda ukhetho lonyanzelo lujongelwe ityala elisemthethweni.

Impembelelo Kubemi: Amalungelo Neembopheleleko Zakho

Ukwazi amalungelo neembopheleleko zakho kukunceda uqiniseke ukuba uqhuba kakuhle.

Jury Duty

Ukusebenza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala yenye yezona misebenzi zibalulekileyo. Abachopheli bagqiba izibakala zetyala baze basebenzise umthetho njengoko ijaji isiyalele. Ukuba ubizwa ukuba ube ngumgwebi, unelungelo lokugwetywa ngezizathu ezivakalayo, kodwa kwakhona unembopheleleko yokukhonza ukuba ufanelekile. Inkonzo kaJury iqinisekisa ukuba abemi banendima engqalileyo kwinkqubo yokugweba.

Ubungqina

Ukuba ubona ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye ubandakanyekile kwisiganeko esithile, usenokubizwa ukuba unikele ubungqina. Njengengqina, unelungelo lokukhuselwa ekoyikeni nasekufumaneni inkcazelo ngetyala. Ukwanembopheleleko yokuthetha inyaniso phantsi kwesifungo. Ubungqina bobuxoki bunokuphumela kwizityholo eziphosakeleyo.

Ukuba Ngummeli

Ukuba utyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho okanye umangalelwa kwinkundla yamakhaya, unamalungelo akhethekileyo. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ezi ziquka ilungelo lokuthetha negqwetha, ilungelo lokuhlala uthe cwaka, nelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza. Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, unelungelo lokuphendula kwisikhalazo, ubungqina obukhoyo, yaye ubhenele kwisigqibo esingafanelekanga. Ukuqonda la malungelo kukunceda ukuba uzikhusele.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Inkqubo yenkundla yenzelwe ukufikeleleka, kodwa kukho imiqobo esebenzayo. Iindleko zenkundla, iindleko zomelo lomthetho, kunye neenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zinokwenza kube nzima ngabantu ukuba bahambe ngendlela ekhoyo. Iinkundla ezininzi zinika amaziko okuzinceda, iimali zokuhlawula abantu abahlawulwayo, kunye neekliniki ezikhululekileyo ezisemthethweni. Ukwazi apho banokufumana ezi nkxaso kubalulekile.

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olungakumbi ngamalungelo akho xa uqhubana nenkqubo yenkundla, jonga iMelika Bar Association's projekthi yemfundo kawonke-wonke ye-.

Isibakala Esiyintloko Sokukhunjulwa

Ukushwankathela, nazi ezona ngongoma zibalulekileyo umntu ngamnye afanele azi ngenkqubo yenkundla:

  • Inkqubo yenkundla yahlulwe yaba ngamanqanaba orhulumente norhulumente. iinkundla zoManyano zisingatha imithetho yesizwe nemicimbi yamazwe; iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala emihla ngemihla.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izahlulo zilandela inkqubo esezantsi. Ukusuka ekugqibeni ngokufumana, ukuvavanya, umgwebo, kunye nesibheno, iqonga ngalinye linemithetho ekhethekileyo nexesha elimisiweyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Amatyala anamalungelo acacileyo noxanduva. Ezi ziquka ilungelo kwigqwetha, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokulungileyo, nomsebenzi wokusebenza kumatyala xa ebizwa.
  • Imicimbi yetyala ichaphazela ubomi bakho ngqo. ukusuka kumathikithi ezithuthi ukuya kwiimpikiswano zentsapho ukuya kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, iinkundla zisombulula iingxabano ezichaphazela imali yakho, inkululeko, kunye nekamva.
  • Ezibonelelo zemali ziyafumaneka. Uncedo olusemthethweni olukhululekileyo okanye oluphantsi lukhona kuwo onke amazwe ngemibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, amaziko oncedo lwawo ngokwawo, kunye neenkonzo zebhari.
  • Ukuqonda inkqubo kunciphisa umngcipheko. Ukwazi indlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo kukunceda uphephe iimpazamo, ufezekise ixesha elimisiweyo, wenze izigqibo zolwazi.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okubandakanyeka Kwinkqubo Yenkundla

Enoba ufunda ngokungxama okanye usabela kwimeko engokwasemthethweni, thabatha la manyathelo asebenzisekayo ukuze ukhusele izilangazelelo zakho.

Yazi Inkundla Yasekuhlaleni

Fumana ukuba yeyiphi inkundla elawula ummandla wakho. Funda apho kukho inkundla, iiyure ezisebenza khona, neentlobo zamatyala ekuwaphetheyo. Iinkundla ezininzi zineewebhsayithi ezineefomu, ucwangciso lwemirhumo, kunye nezikhokelo zeprocedfo.

Gcina iiRekhodi

Ukuba ubandakanyekile kulo naluphi na umba womthetho, gcina iikopi zawo onke amaxwebhu agcinwe enkundleni, ubhalelana namagqwetha okanye amaqela aphikisanayo, kwaye uphawula ngeencoko okanye iziganeko. Iingxelo ezilungileyo zinokugqibelela kwimpikiswano.

Funa Amacebiso Asemthethweni Kusekuseni

Ukuba unengxaki engokwasemthethweni, musa ukulinda ukuze ufumane icebiso. Imiba emininzi yomthetho iya isiba nzima ekuhambeni kwexesha. Kwanokubuzana negqwetha isenokucacisa ukhetho lwakho kwaye uthintele iimpazamo ezibiza imali eninzi. Kubo bangakwaziyo ukuthenga igqwetha, imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni kunye neenkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni zikhona kulo lonke iphondo.

Sabela Kwizincomo ZeNkundla Ngokukhawuleza

Ukuba ufumana isaziso, i-subpoena, okanye olunye uxwebhu lwenkundla, phendula ngoko nangoko. Isiphelo esilahlekileyo singaphumela kwisigwebo esingagqibekanga, intlawulo, okanye ukubanjwa kwemvume. Ukungahoyi isaziso senkundla akuyenzi ingxaki iphele; kwenza ibe mbi kakhulu.

Qonda Enye Impikiswano

Asiyompikiswano yonke ekufuneka iye engqinekenisweni. Ukuthethwa kwetyala nokukhutshelwa kwetyala kusoloko kukhawuleza, kubiza imali encinane, yaye kungenaluxinezeleko luninzi kunetyala lenkundla. Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna amaqela ukuba azame ukuzama ukuphendula phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Ukuqonda ezi zinto zinokusindisa ixesha nemali ngoxa zisafikelela isigqibo esifanelekileyo.

Iimbono Eziqhelekileyo Eziphosakeleyo Ngenkqubo yeNkundla

Ukuphelisa ukungaqondani kukunceda ujonge inkqubo ngendlela esengqiqweni.

Ukwenziwa kwetyala: Ufuna igqwetha kwityala ngalinye. Ngexa umelo olusemthethweni lulumkile kwimicimbi enzima, iintelekelelo ezininzi ezincinane kunye namatyala endlela angasingathwa ngaphandle kwegqwetha. Iinkundla zisoloko zinika abantu izibonelelo zobuqu.

I-Miscception: Inkqubo yenkundla ijongene nabantu. Njengalo naluphi na ulawulo lwabantu, inkqubo yenkundla ineempazamo. Noko ke, yenzelwe ngokhuseleko oluninzi, kuquka izibheno, imithetho yemigaqo yemigaqo yokugweba, kunye nongameli bochotho, ukukhuthaza okusesikweni nokungakhethi buso.

Uqikelelo lwe-' I-Misc: Ukumangalelana kulula kwaye kulula. Ngenene, uqikelelo luxanduva lwexesha kwaye luntsonkothileyo. Iimeko zingathatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka ukusombulula, kwaye inkqubo ifuna umgudu obalulekileyo kuwo onke amaqela.

Ukungavumelani kweminye imiba: kuphela amatyala anzima aya enkundleni. Iinkundla zisingatha amawaka amatyala amancinane yonke imihla, kuquka ukwaphulwa kwendlela, iimpikiswano zomninimzi, kunye nezityholo ezincinane. La matyala achaphazela abantu abaqhelekileyo kwaye ayinxenye eyimfuneko yenkqubo.

Indlela Ehlaziywa Ngayo Inkqubo Yenkundla

Inkqubo yenkundla ayimi nje. Ivela ngomthetho, izigwebo zomthetho, kunye neenguqu zezentlalo. Iimeko zakutshanje ziquka ukwanda kweenkundla ezikhethekileyo (njengeenkundla zeziyobisi kunye neenkundla zamava), ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kobugcisa ekuchotshelweni kude, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo ngokugwetywa nokufikelela kobulungisa. Ukuhlala wazi ngezi nguqu kukunceda uqonde inkqubo njengoko ikho namhlanje.

Ukuhlaziywa kwenkqubo yenkundla yotshintsho kunye namanyathelo, U.S. inkundla yendaba iphepha inika ulwazi oluthembekileyo olukwinkqubela-phambili yenkundla yequmrhu lorhulumente.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yenkundla sisakhiwo esisisiseko esichaphazela wonke ummi. Ukuba uphumeza umsebenzi wakho kwinkundla yesizwe neyorhulumente ukuya kumalungelo owenzileyo njengeqela okanye umxhasi, ulwazi sisixhobo sakho esingcono. Ukuqonda indlela amatyala aqhubeka ngayo, oko ukuko iimbopheleleko zakho, kwaye apho ungafumana uncedo kukunika amandla okusebenzisa inkqubo ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuba uyawufeza umsebenzi wakho wezentlalo-ntle kwinkundla yetyala, ukucombulula impikiswano, okanye ngokulula ukufunda njengommi onoxanduva, izibakala kulo mbandela zikunika isiseko esiqinileyo. Inkqubo yenkundla ikho ukuze ulungiselele okusesikweni, kwaye uwonke-wonke umele usebenze loo msebenzi.