Isiseko somGaqo-siseko solawulo lweBhunga

Ulawulo lweKhomishini asilosithethe nje esingokwesithethe; lungumGaqo-siseko onyanzelekileyo omiselwe kukwahlulwa kwamagunya. AmaFremers omGaqo-siseko ayila inkqubo apho isebe ngalinye lorhulumente lisebenza njengelihlola amanye. IGatya leNkqutyana lokunika onke amandla owiso-mthetho, kuquka amandla okuphengulula nokuphatha ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho. Le Konqueror ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ukuba eli gunya likwimeko ezingqinelanayo ezifana ne Mcrain v. Daugherty [1977], elikholelwa ukuba amandla okuphengulula ayimfuneko nomsebenzi ofanelekileyo weBhunga. Esi siseko siqinisekisa ukuba isebe lingakwazi ukusebenza ngokufihlakeleyo okanye ngaphandle kokuphendula abameli babantu.

Ukuqalisa Kwendlela Yokulawula

Ulawulo lwangaphambili lwabasemaqulwini lwabasemagunyeni, ngokubhekiselele kakhulu kwihambo yemfazwe kunye nokungalawuleki kwezezimali. Ixesha langoku lokuvelela laqala ngoMthetho we-Gradiation Reorganisation Act ka- 1946, apho amaqumrhu ekomiti alungelelanisiweyo agunyazisiweyo anikwe igunya lokuqhuba uhlolo oluqhubekayo lwamaziko alawulayo. IBhunga loLawulo loLawulo lwezezimali neImpondomentmental Control Act yowebo boMlawuli weCandelo lweCandelo loMkhosi kunye nokunika izixhobo zeKhonklamfa ekulawuleni uqingqo-mali. Namhlanje, ukuvelela kubandakanya iikomiti ezininzi, amawaka abasebenzi, kunye nokudlalwa kweeNtengo, iingxelo, ii-Pudies, kunye nee-Pudies.

Iintlobo zolawulo lweBhunga

Iingqungquthela ziqhuba ulawulo ngeendlela eziliqela ezahlukeneyo, nganye iphumeza injongo ekhethekileyo yokuba isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu liphendule. Ezi ntlobo azibodwa; iikomiti zisoloko zisebenzisa ukufikelela okuninzi ngaxeshanye.

Ulawulo lomthetho

Ulawulo lomthetho lubandakanya ukuqwalasela indlela abameli besizwe abasebenzisa ngayo imimiselo edluliswa yiBhunga. Oku kuquka ukuqwalasela imimiselo yemibutho, ukuvavanya ukuhambelana neenjongo zowiso-mthetho, nokumisa enoba imithetho iyafuneka kusini na ilungiswe. Umzekelo, emva kokudlula koMthetho weNtolongo eNgamandla, iikomiti ezininzi eziviwo zokuvavanya ukurhoxiswa kwemali ye-inshorensi yempilo kunye nempembelelo yabathengi. IBhunga likwasebenzisa ulawulo lowiso-mthetho ekutshoneni kweenkqubo eziphelelwe lixesha okanye ukugunyazisa ii-acroptations ezitsha ezisekelwe ekusebenzeni kwemibutho. I-Akhawunti ye-Accontacy Office (GAO) isoloko inceda iiNkxamsko zeenkqubo zokuhlola iinkqubo ze-inshorensi zempilo kunye neengxelo ezizisa iinguqulo-mthetho.

Uphando

Uphando lwe-projekthi lubonakala kakhulu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha lolona hlobo lwekomiti elwayo. Uphando lungajolisa ityala lokungalungisi, lokuqhatha, ukulahlwa, okanye ukuxhatshazwa kwiSebe Elilawulayo. Imizekelo ephezulu-profile iquka ukuchotshelwa kwetyala leWatergate, uphando lwe-Iran-Contatra, uphando lwekomiti yokukhetha, kwaye uphando lwekomiti yeyeSihlanu. Iikomiti zingayibeka ityala le-secuba, amangqina, kwaye ziqokelele ubungqina obuyingqikeleyo. Amandla okunyanzela ubungqina kunye namaxwebhu agxeka ukubhenca inyaniso, nangona isoloko ikhokelela kwimfazwe esemthethweni yelungelo lokulawula. Uphatho lobuliso lukwasebenza umsebenzi wokuthintela, umqondiso kubaphathi bequmrhuluko oluzakuba luqwalale.

Ulawulo loqingqo-mali (Amandla entengo)

Inqaku I leNkqutyana yoMgaqo-siseko linika iKhomishini amandla apheleleyo emali efanelekileyo. Ulawulo loqingqo-mali yinkqubo apho iKhomishini ihlola isicelo soqingqo-mali soMongameli, ihlolisisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali yombutho, iqinisekisa ukuba ii-dola zerhafu zisetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo. IiKomiti zeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlela zibamba iindlebe neentloko zezikomponi, ihlola ukuthethelela ukuchithwa kwemali, kwaye inxibelelanisa iimeko kwiindleko zemali zoqingqo-mali. I-mali yeCandelo le-mali inika uHlamfazelo lwemali engathathisi nxaxheba kwiziphumo zezoqoqosho. NgoMthetho weRhulumente (GPRA), iBhunga-ondrement neMithetho, ifuna ukuba kumiselwe iinjongo kunye neziphumo, ukunxibelelana kwemali ezikhoyo.

Ukulawula nokuvumela ukuqinisekisa

Indima yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ekuqinisekiseni ukumiswa komongameli kukuxilonga ngqo kwiSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu. Oku kusebenza koonobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi borhulumente, oonozakuzaku, nakumagunya amaninzi aphezulu. Le nkqubo iquka ukuva phambi kwekomiti enxulumeneyo, uphando lwemvelaphi, kunye nevoti yomgangatho. Abaququzeleli basebenzisa ezi zicelo ukuphanda iimfaneleko zabachongi, iimbono zemigaqo-nkqubo, kunye nemilinganiselo yemithetho. Ukugatywa okanye ukulibazisa kunakho ukubumba imigaqo yolawulo. Ngaphezu koko, iNxati yeeNtena kufuneka bavume ukuvumelana, banike omnye umaleko wolawulo kwiinkqubo zamazwe angaphandle.

Abahloli jikelele kunye nomkhosi we-arhente ozihambelayo

Nangona ingeyonkqubo ye-INSpecters General (IG) esebenza njengolwandiso. Ii-IGs ziinkumbi ezizimeleyo ezijonge ngaphakathi kombutho ngamnye wesizwe, zisebenza ngokukhangela ubuqhetseba, inkunkuma, kunye nokuxhaphaza. IBhunga lenza i-IG Act yowe 1978 kwaye kamva layiqinisa nge-IG Reformation Act ka-2008. IGs inikela ingxelo ngeziphumo zalo zombini kwintloko yombutho kunye neBhunga. Iikomiti zombutho zisoloko zixhomekeke kwingxelo ze-IG ukuxhobisa ii-empelesi okanye ukuva kwazo. IBhunga le-ISSQheenertsG kwiNstry kwi-hearstial ne-emoner (CIE) lilungele ukuququququze urhulumente wonke.

Iikomiti Eziphambili Zibandakanyekile Ekulawuleni

Ukulawula kusetyenziswa kakuhle kwiikomiti ezininzi nakwiikomiti ezincinci kwiNdlu neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Ngoxa zonke iikomiti zinolawulo oluthile, iindawo ezithile zisebenza ngokunobuchule ekubekeni ityala kwiSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu.

IKomiti eLawulayo neBambele iNdlu (Indlu)

I-Province House Oversing and Government Committee yoHlalulo, eli qela linegunya elibanzi kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Lihlola ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ukuqhatha, nokuxhatshazwa, lihlola imimiselo yeenkonzo, lize lihlole ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho. Amandla alo angaphantsi kwe-pona aphakathi kweyona ibanzi kwiBhiden. Ukuvelela kwakutshanje kubandakanya iinkqubo zolawulo, ukurhoxa kwi-Afghanistan, kunye nemvelaphi ye-COVID.

IKomiti yoKhuseleko lweNtlanganiso yeNtlanganiso yeNtlanganiso yeNtlanganiso yeNtshona Koloni

Le komiti ijonge iSebe loKhuseleko lwaseHomeland, i-Agency yezeNkcubeko zezeeMergency (FEMA), kunye nemiba yolawulo lukarhulumente ngokubanzi. Iqhuba uphando kwimiba yokungakhuselwa kwekhompyutha, ukusabela kwintlekele, kunye nokuphumelela kukarhulumente.

IiKomiti zeZihlolo

IiKomiti zoNyaka neNdlu yeeNdlu zeeNdlu zeeNdlu zeSebe ziqhelisela ulawulo loqingqo-mali ngemibutho eli-12 encinci exhasa umbutho ngamnye wesizwe. Ngexesha lokuchongwa, abaphulaphuli babuza ngokusebenzisa iziko eliphambili, umsebenzi odlulileyo, kunye nezicwangciso zexesha elizayo. Bangabeka imiqathango kwiimali okanye bafune iingxelo njengeemeko zokukhululwa.

Khetha kunye neeKomiti ezizodwa

Maxa wambi iKhomishini idala iikomiti zokwexeshana ukuze ziphande imibandela ethile enqumla imimandla emininzi. IKomiti Yokukhetha Ukuchanaba i-Pintegion the Desease on United States Capitol ngumzekelo wakutshanje. Ezi komiti zisoloko zinyusa amandla angaphantsi kwe-poena kunye nogunyaziso oluqwalaselweyo, ziwavumela ukuba aqhube uphando olunzulu ngaphandle kokuthintelwa kwemibutho yeekomiti eqhelekileyo.

Umatshini wolawulo: Izixhobo neenkqubela

IBhunga lineendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokunyamekela abasebenzi, ezinye zigunya elisemthethweni; ezinye zizixhobo eziluncedo ekuqokeleleni inkcazelo.

Ukuva Nobungqina

Ukuvakala kolwazi lolona ngqiqweni luphambili lukawonke-wonke. IiKomiti zibiza amangqina avela kumasebe alawulayo, iingcali ezizimeleyo, kunye nabemi abachaphazelekayo. Ukuva kusenokuba yimithetho, i-operationve, okanye ukujonga indalo. Indlela engafaniyo: ezinye zizinto ezishwankathela ulwazi, ezinye zizinto ezihlola umnqamlezo. AmaNgqina afakwa phantsi kwesifungo, kwaye ubungqina bawo buyinxalenye yengxelo yoluntu. Ukusetyenziswa koluhlu lwemibaliso nodliwano-ndlebe olungaphandle kolwazi lwasekuhlaleni kuye kwanda kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ingakumbi kwimicimbi enzulu.

Iinqanawa ezincinane ezingaphantsi kwenqanawa kunye nenkqubo yokunyanzelisa

Amandla okukhupha inxaxheba kumalungu aphantsi okanye abantu abangafuniyo ukusebenzisana. I-popane encinci inganyanzela ukuveliswa kwamaxwebhu okanye ubungqina. Zombini iNdlu neNdlu inemithetho egunyazisayo yokukhupha ikomiti engaphantsi kwephondo, maxa wambi ngokuvunywa sisitulo okanye ngevoti yoninzi. Ukungathobeli kusenokukhokelela ekudelweni kweBhunga, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba izalathiso zibhekisele kwiSebe loBulungiseleli okanye kwisenzo sobugqeba. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaxhasa igunya leNkuthotho-mthetho, kodwa ukugcinwa komthetho kusenokuba nzima ngokwezobupolitika.

Iingxelo Neencwadi

IiKomiti zidla ngokunikela ingxelo yokushwankathela okufunyenweyo ekuphandweni, ekuchotshelweni, okanye ekufunyanisweni kwemibutho. Ezi ngxelo zingaquka ukunconywa komthetho, iinguqu zolawulo, okanye ulawulo olubhekele phaya. Ngaphezu koko, amalungu eKhomishini athumela iileta kwiintloko zezikomponi ezicela amaxwebhu, iimpendulo kwimibuzo, okanye inyathelo kwimibandela ethile. Iimpendulo ze-arhente ziba yinxalenye yengxelo yekomiti. I-GAO kunye ne-Congregational Research Service (CRS) ilungiselela iingxelo ezineenkcukacha zenkqubo, iinkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni, kunye nezinyuso zisebenza njengeembekiselo ezithembekileyo zobucukungameli.

Ukuhlola Nokutyelela Kwe - Web site

Amalungu kunye nabasebenzi badla ngokuqhuba inxuwa lokutyelela izakhiwo, iindawo zocwangciso, okanye iindawo zentlekele ukuze bazibonele ngokwabo imisebenzi. Olu hlolisiso lungatyhila iingxaki ezinokuphoswa ngamava okanye ziingxelo. Umzekelo, ukutyelela isibhedlele seMicimbi yePunits Affairs kungatyhila izenzo zokucwangcisa ezilibazisa ukukhathalelwa. Oku kwenza ukutyelelwa kwakha ukuthembeka kwaza kwazisa izicombululo zemithetho.

Ucelomngeni Lokulawula Iimbutho

Phezu kwako nje ukubekwa kwayo ngomgaqo - siseko, ngokufuthi ulwalathiso luthintelwa yimiqobo yezoburhulumente, yezobupolitika neyomthetho.

Ilungelo Elilawulayo Nezindululo Zokwenza Imfihlelo

Ilungelo lolawulo livumela uMongameli ukuba angayivumeli inkcazelo ethile kwiNgqungquthela ukuze akhusele imfihlo yokuququzelelwa kwesebe eliphetheyo. Eli lungelo aliphelelanga; iinkundla ziye zayivavanya ngokuchasene nemfuneko yeBhunga lolwazi. Ngokutsho kwale nto, ukulwa ngelungelo lolawulo oluphezulu kunokuqhuba iinyanga okanye iminyaka, ukulibazisa ukuvelela nokuvumela ulwazi ukuba lungasebenzi. Ebudeni bolawulo lukaTrump, uninzi lwabasebenzi abangaphantsi kwesebe badityaniswa neemfele, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni bavume ngokungenamiqatha.

Ukwenziwa kwelanga kunye nokutshixwa kwe-Grid

Ukulawula kuye kwaya kubonakalisa ukwanda. Xa elinye iqela lilawula zombini iWhite House kunye neKhonklare, ukuvelela kwesebe eliphetheyo kusenokungathethiswa okanye kujoliswe kubachasi bezobupolitika. Xa ulawulo lwahlulwe, ulawulo lunokuba sisixhobo sokungcolisa iqela eliphikisanayo. Ukunyuka kweqela eliphezulu kunciphisa ukuthembeka kobuveleli; uluntu lungakujonga uphando njengeholo yezopolitiko kunokuba lulawule. Uphando lwe-bipartisan, olunjengo-9/11 okanye ikomiti (ekuquka iiRiphabliki ezimbini), lunqabile kodwa lungathenjwa kakhulu.

Izithintelo zecebo kunye nojikelezo

Iikomiti zeKhomishini ezisebenza nabasebenzi abancinane abathelekisa nabameli abajongene nabo. Isebe eliphetheyo lisebenzisa izigidi; inkqubo yonke yeekomiti zeNdlu inemibutho embalwa kuphela. Abasebenzi abaphandayo mabagqume ububanzi bezibuko, benze kube nzima ukutshona. Ukujika okuphezulu phakathi kwabasebenzi beekomiti, ingakumbi emva kokutshintsha kolawulo oluninzi, kuphelisa inkumbulo kunye nobuchule bezakhiwo. Ngaphezu koko, uqingqo-mali olusemthethweni lokuhlahlela phezu kweekomiti ezisezantsi lungaphelisa oovimba beekomiti.

Ukhuseleko Lomvuthuzi Nojinga-jingi Wolwazi

Abavuli-vuthuzi babalulekile kulwazi olungaphakathi malunga nenkunkuma, ubuqhophololo, kunye nokuxhaphaza. Umthetho wokhuseleko lweWhistleer wonyaka ka-1989 kunye notshintsho olulandelayo lunika ezinye izikhuselo, kodwa abacuphi bempempesa abaninzi basajongana nempindezelo okanye uphando olude. IBhunga linokufumana inkcazelo etyhilwa ngokungqalileyo ngemibhobho eshushu yekomiti okanye i-Ofisi yeSebe elikhethekileyo. Noko ke, ukoyika ingqeqesho nenkqubo ecothayo yomthetho ingabathintela abantu ekufikeni phambili, ithintele ukuhamba kolwazi olugxekayo kwimibutho yabaveleli.

Utyekelo Notshintsho Lwakutshanje

Ulawulo lwelizwe lusoloko luhambelana nokuchaphazeleka kocelomngeni olutsha notshintsho lobugcisa.

Ubuchule bokulawula nobokusebenzisa amanani

IiKomiti zisebenzisa ngokukhulayo iinkcazelo zokuchaphazeleka kolwazi ukuchaza iindlela zokulahlwa okanye zokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi. IGAO igcina isiseko sogcino-lwazi lwezenzo ezinconyelweyo, kunye neemodeli zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lwe-ofisi yoHlahlo lweNkcubeko. Izicelo zoLwazi loMgaqo-nkqubo (FOIA) kunye nee-portal data zombutho zinika izinto ezingalungiswanga ukuze zihlolwe. Ezinye iikomiti zivelise amaqela afumana ulwazi ngemichiza ukuphatha imiqulu emikhulu yeerekhodi ze-elektroniki. Inkqubela yolwazi olungeyo inceda iikomiti zikhawuleza zipenyeke izigidi zezigidi zamaphepha, kodwa imibandela yokhuseleko ihlala injalo.

Amandla Anyusiweyo Kodwa Anempikiswano

IBhunga alifane lisebenzise igunya lalo lokudelela ukunyanzelisa abantu abangaphantsi kwe-poenas/igunya lokubanjwa ngokungqalileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kothulelo lokungahlonelwa kwangoko kwakukwiminyaka yee-1930. Ekuphenduleni ukuxhonywa kwamatye ngamagosa aphetheyo, abaphengululi abathile nabenzi bomthetho baye bavuselela izicelo zokuba iNgqungquthela isebenzise eli gunya, mhlawumbi ngemali ehliweyo okanye ngovoti yasesantsi. Ngo-2020, iNdlu yawisa umthetho ovumela iikomiti ukuba zifake imali kumagosa angafuniyo ukuthobela irhafu, kodwa umthetho awuvavanywanga.

Inkxaso Ephambili Yotshintsho

Phezu kwako nje ukuhla kwemimandla, bekukho imigudu ye-bipartisan yokulawula okukhoyo. Umkhosi weKhongrega ye-Oversementation Modernity Task, osungulwe ngo-2019, unconyelwa kulungiso lokugcinwa komthetho wolawulo lwangaphantsi kwe-topina, ukhuseleko, kunye nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa. Amatyala aliqela aye aziswa ukuqinisekisa ilungelo leekomiti lokufumana ulwazi lwesebe eliphetheyo ngaphandle kokulibazisa. Ingcamango ye “ofisi yeKhonklitiyo ezimeleyo engaphaya kobunzima obuphezulu” icetyiselwe ukunikezela ngenkxaso engekho komitini ekwicandelo le-Accestrantisan.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokuba Ngumphathi

Ulawulo lweKhomishini luhlala lungenye yezona zixhobo zinamandla zokuqinisekisa ukuba iSebe elilawulayo lisebenza ngokusemthethweni, ngokufanelekileyo, nangomdla kawonke-wonke. Ngaphandle kokuvelela okunamandla. Ngaphandle kokungaphathi, iingcebiso zomgaqo-siseko zolungelelwano kumandla olawulo oluphezulu, ezibeka engozini yokuxhatshazwa okungakhuliyo kwedemokhrasi. Ngoxa imingeni efana ne-propati ye-gridrock, iimfuno zolawulo oluphezulu, kunye nezibonelelo ezisikekayo ziyaqhubeka zisebenza, inkqubo isoloko isebenza ngokulungisa izinto zobunzululwazi bobugcisa, kunye nonikezelo lwamalungu kunye nabasebenzi. Kubemi, ukuqonda indlela iBhunga-Rhulumente elino elinoLawulo oluPhezulu elimele ukulawulwa ngurhulumente nokusetyenziswa kolawulo lwezopolitiko. Njengoko ukuguquka kwemeko-mo-ofisi yezolawulo-rhulumente lwaseMelika kuxhomekeke kumgangatho onamandla othe gqolo, ukuzimiselayo, neempendulo ezifumanekayo, kwaye kumsebenzi womsebenzi wobuphicotho lwalo lwezi.