Ukuqonda abamangaleli betyala kubalulekile kubafundi nakubaphathi bezoshishino ngokufanayo. Indlela esuka kwizikhalazo ukuya kumgwebo wokugqibela ilandela ulandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo olubizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yesizwe. Esi siseko siqinisekisa ukuxelwa kwangaphambili, okusesikweni, nokuthembeka kumthetho. Esi sikhokelo sinika ukuwohloka okunegunya kwesigaba ngasinye senkqubo yomthetho, ukusuka ekufakeni isibheno sokugqibela, ukuchaza indlela iimpikiswano ezikhutshwa ngayo kwinkqubo yokulawula yale mihla.

Inyathelo 1: Ukuqalisa Inyathelo Lomthetho

Ukuqalisa okusesikweni kokumangalelwa kufuna ummangali-mthetho athathe amanyathelo athile achaza igunya lenkundla kwaye azise ummangalelwa. Eli qondo lokwazisa limisela imida yetyala lonke.

Ukuphelisa Isikhalazo

Le nkqubo iqala xa iidrafti eziqhelekileyo kunye nefayile "zingcaciso" okanye "impinda" ngenkundla efanelekileyo. Olu xwebhu luchaza isiseko esiyinyaniso sempikiswano, iingcamango ezingokwasemthethweni apho isiqabu sifunwa khona (njengokuphulwa kwesivumelwano okanye ukungakhathali), kunye nesicombululo esingqalileyo esifunekayo, nokuba umonakalo wemali okanye isiqabukiso. Isikhalazo kufuneka sihlangabeze umgangatho osemthethweni "ukucenga," ithetha ukuba kufuneka iqulathe inkcazelo emfutshane necacileyo ebonisa ukuba ummangaleli unelungelo lokukhulula.

Inkonzo kunye neVenue

Phambi kokuba ityala liqhubeke, inkundla kufuneka ibe negunya lokuliva. Ulawulo lwesihloko-sahlulo sibhekiselele kugunya lenkundla kuhlobo lwetyala (umthetho wetyala.). Ulawulo lomntu lubhekisele kumandla enkundla phezu kwamaqela, adla ngokufuna ukuba umtshutshisi abe nonxulumano olwaneleyo "okancinci" nelizwe le-fomini. UVenue, olwahlukileyo kulawulo, umisela indawo ethile apho icala limele liviwe khona, ngokuqhelekileyo apho kuvela khona impikiswano okanye apho ummangalelwa.

Inkonzo yenkqubela kunye nezishwankathelo

Xa isikhalazo sithe saququlwa, umabhalana wenkundla ukhupha isaziso. Ummangalelwa ujongene nokukhonza ummangalelwa ngezicelo kunye nesikhalazo phakathi kwefrem ethile yexesha (ngokufuthi 90 okanye 120). Inkonzo efanelekileyo yinkqubo efunekayo engokomGaqo-siseko; iqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa ufumana isaziso esisiso sokumangalelwa kunye nethuba lokuphendula. Inkonzo inokwenziwa ngomncedisi wenkqubo, iposi eqinisekisiweyo, okanye ngokunye njengokuba ivunyelwe yimithetho.

Imilinganiselo Yokwahlula

Umthetho ngamnye wasekuhlaleni uphantsi kommiselo wesithintelo, umthetho omisela ixesha eliphezulu emva kwesiganeko apho kusenokuqaliswa khona ityala elingokwasemthethweni. Xa ixesha lomthetho liphelile, ilungelo lokugweba lithintelwe ngokusisigxina. Le mida yexesha yahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwento ethethwayo (umz., umonakalo wobuqu, ukwaphula isivumelwano) kunye negunya. Ukuphelisa ummiselo ofanelekileyo wemiqathango linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekugoqweni nayiphi na into enokwenzeka.

Inyathelo lesibini Impendulo esesikweni yommeli

Emva kokuba ekhonjelwe, ummangalelwa kufuneka athathe inyathelo okanye abeke esichengeni somgwebo ongagqibekanga. Impendulo mayigcinwe ngexesha elingqongqo, eliqhelekileyo iintsuku ezingama-21 ukuya kwezingama-30.

Impendulo Nokhuselo Oluzinzileyo

Eyona mpendulo iqhelekileyo yi "Yimpendulo" kwimpendulo, ummangalelwa makaphendule ngamnye oqatshelweyo xa ekhalazwa, avume, okanye athi akanalwazi olwaneleyo lokuvuma okanye lokukhanyela. Ummangalelwa makaphakamise naluphi na ukhuselo oluqinileyo, "njengomthetho wesithintelo, wokungangeni, okanye wempazamo ephakathi. Ezi zizinto eziza kusingela phantsi isityholo nokuba ngaba iintsomi zommangaleli ziyinyaniso.

Intshukumo yempendulo yangaphambili: Intshukumo yokukhupha

Kunokuba afake impendulo, ummangalelwa angafaka intshukumo yokurhoxa (ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba ngumkhuphi). Oku kuphakamisa ukuba isikhalazo somchasi sikhabayo singaphumeleli ukuchaza isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni, nokuba zonke izibakala ezithi zithatyathwe njengenyani. Ukuba inkundla inika le ntshukumo, ityala lingapheliswa ngokupheleleyo, okanye ummangalelwa anganikwa ikhefu lokuphelisa isikhalazo sokulungisa isiphazamiso esisemthethweni.

Umgwebo Omiselweyo

Ukuba ummangalelwa akaphumeleli ukuphendula ngexesha elinikiweyo, ummangalelwa angacela umgwebo ongagqibekanga. Oku kuthetha ukuba ummangalelwa uthathwa njengowamkele zonke izityholo ezibunyani kwisikhalazo, kwaye inkundla ingenza umgwebo ixhasa ummangaleli ngaphandle kwetyala. Iinkundla zidla ngokufuna ummangaleli ukuba abonise umlinganiselo womonakalo, kodwa icandelo livunywa ngokunempumelelo.

Iinguqu zenqanawa necandelo lesithathu

Impendulo yommangalelwa ayiphelelanga kukhuselo olupheleleyo. Ummangalelwa angafaka ibala eliphikisanayo, agxininise izibhengezo zabo ngokuchasene nomphathi-mikhosi ovela kwintengiselwano enye okanye kwisiganeko esinye. Ummangalelwa angafaka isalam esinqamlezileyo ngokuchasene ne-co-dendentant okanye isikhalazo sesithathu nxamnye nomntu ongekabi nalungu kwiqela kwityala (iNtlokotheli). Le migaqo idibanisa impikiswano kwisenzo esinye sokusebenza ngokusesikweni kwekomiti.

Inyathelo 3: Ukufunyaniswa Komntu Othile

Ukufunyaniswa kwemeko yangaphambi kovavanyo apho iqela ngalinye lingafumana ubungqina kwelinye icala nakumaqela amathathu. Kudla ngokuba yeyona mide, exabisa kakhulu, nelona qondo linengxabano. Phantsi kweMithendeleko yePhondo yaMasipala, ukufunyanwa kufuneka kuthelekiswe kwiimfuno zetyala.

Ungenelelo

Imiba yokuphendula ibhalwe phantsi imibuzo omnye umntu ayithumela kwelinye, emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo. Iluncedo ekufumaneni inkcazelo esisiseko, njengamagama amangqina, ubukho bamaxwebhu, kunye neenkcukacha zezityholo ezifihlakeleyo. Imithetho emininzi imisela imida engqongqo kwinani labancinwayo abangophicothi (ngokofuthi 25 okanye 30).

Ukwakhiwa:

I-acedition kukuxilongwa komlomo kobungqina okanye iqela, okuqhutywa phantsi kwesifungo nokubekwa phantsi kwengxelo yenkundla. Iziqinisekiso zisisisixhobo esinamandla sokufumana ngenxa yokuba zivumela amagqwetha ukuba ahlole ukuthembeka nokubonakaliswa kobungqina aze atshixe ubungqina bawo phantsi kwesigwebo sobugwebo. Zombini iingxilo-mviwo zovavanyo kunye nohlolo olungqalileyo zenzeka kwi-asethi. I-desitions zinokusetyenziswa ukunikela ubungqina xa kuthe kwathethwa iinguqu.

Izicelo zemveliso neNkcubeko

Esi sixhobo sivumela iqela ukuba licele amaxwebhu athile, ulwazi olugcinwe ngekhompyutha (ESI), okanye izinto ezibonakalayo ezivela kwelinye iqela. Ukufunyanwa kwangoku kubandakanya kakhulu i-email-sofice, i-database, imetadata, kunye nee-ofisi zezentlalo-ntle. Imithetho efana noMthetho we-Federal of Civil Procedure 26(f) ifuna amaqela akhawulezileyo adiswe kwangoko ukuxubusha ngogcino lwe-ESI kunye nemveliso.

Izicelo Zokuthunyelwa

Ezi ziingxelo ezibhaliweyo ezikhutshelwe omnye umntu amele avume okanye akhanyele. Nayiphi na into evunywayo ithathwa njengemiselwe ngokupheleleyo iinjongo zokuvavanywa. Izicelo zokuvunywa zisetyenziselwa ukuxinanisa iimbambano eziyinyaniso ekuxambuliseni, ukugcina ixesha nendleko xa kuvavanywa.

Iinkwili kunye nokufunyanwa kwecandelo lesithathu

Iipali azilinganiselwenga nje ekufumaneni ubungqina kwenye. I-subpoena ingakhutshwa ukunyanzela inxenye engenayo ukunikezela ngamaxwebhu okanye ukubonakala kwicandelo lokufaka. Ngexa icandelo lesithathu lokufumana iphantsi kwemithetho efanayo, isoloko ilinganiselwe kakhulu kubungakanani ukukhusela iinxenye ezingeyonxenye kumthwalo ongafanelekanga okanye kwindleko.

Imiyalelo Ekhuselayo Neempikiswano Ezifunyenweyo

Ukuba iqela likholelwa ukuba isicelo sokufumana into efunyenweyo sibanzi kakhulu, sinzima ngokugqithileyo, okanye sifuna ulwazi oluphezulu, basenokufuna umyalelo wokukhusela kwinkundla. Ukufunyaniswa kweengxoxo kuqhelekile kwaye kudla ngokufuna ukungenelela kwenkundla. Inkundla iqikelelo eliphangaleleyo lokulinganisela ubuninzi okanye umlinganiselo wokufumana into efunyenweyo ukuba igqiba ukuba oko kufunwayo kukudityaniswa okanye ukuphinda-phinda ngokungenangqiqo.

Inyathelo lesi-4: Intshukumo yangaphambili kunye nobuchule

Njengoko kufikwa, inkundla namaqela anikela ingqalelo ekulungiseleleni ityala okanye ekulicombululeni ngaphandle kwalo.

Intshukumo yomgwebo wesishwankathelo

Umgwebo womshwankatho yintshukumo ecacileyo ecela inkundla ukuba ilawule ukuba akukho mpikiswano zokwenene ngazo naziphi na izibakala zezinto eziphathekayo nokuba iqela elishukumayo linelungelo lomgwebo njengomcimbi womthetho. Ukuba livumelekile, ityala ligqitywe ngaphandle kokuvavanywa kwetyala. Inkundla kufuneka ibujonge ubungqina ngokulula obuvumelanayo neqela elingashenxiswanga. Ukuba izibakala zezinto eziphathekayo zithandatyuzwa, ukushukuma kufuneka kukhanyelwe kuze kulandele ityala.

Intshukumo Kwilimine

Phambi kokuvavanywa, amaqela adla ngokufaka iifayile ze-limine ukuvala okanye ukulinganisela ukuveliswa kobungqina obukhethekileyo. Umzekelo, umbutho usenokufuna ukungakuvumeli ukubhekisa kwingxoxo yangaphambili yokuhlaliswa, ubungqina bobuntu, okanye ubungqina obungenasiseko esifanelekileyo. Oku kuhamba kuvumela ijaji ukuba isombulule imicimbi ecacileyo phambi kokuba abachopheli-tyala bave inkcazelo enokuba nekhethe.

IiNgqungquthela kunye nemiqathango yangaphambili

Inkundla ingabamba iingqungquthela ezikhoyo okanye ezininzi zangaphambi kwetyala ukuze icwangcise ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, ixubushe ukubonakala kobungqina, kwaye ikhuthaze ukuhlaliswa kwengqungquthela. Kwingqungquthela yokugqibela yangaphambi koshicilelo, amaqela afaka umyalelo odityanisiweyo oshwankathela imibandela engokwasemthethweni, ichaza iinkcukacha ezingathethekiyo, idwelisa amangqina kunye nemifanekiso yeqela ngalinye elifuna ukunikela, kwaye ichaze iinkcazo ezingokwasemthethweni nezikhuselo eziseleyo kule meko.

Inyathelo 5: Ikhondo Lokuvavanya

Ukuba ityala aliconjululwanga ngokucombulula okanye ngokukhupha isigwebo, liqhubeka lichotshelwa. Ityala linikelwa ngokusemthethweni phambi kwejaji okanye abachopheli-tyala.

Ukhetho

Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, inkqubo iqala nge enzima kakhulu, apho ijaji namagqwetha abuza khona abachopheli bejaji abaza kuchonga ikhethe okanye ikhethe. Iqela ngalinye lingasebenzisa inani elilinganiselweyo leengxaki (ukususa umgwebi ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu) kunye nenani elingenasiphelo lemingeni yokuyila. Injongo kukubeka ipanetrol isalathisi esingakhethiyo esiza kugqiba ityala elisekelwe kubungqina obunikiweyo.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Emva kokuba abachopheli-tyala befungele, iqela ngalinye linikela ingxelo yokuvula. I-placttiff ihamba kuqala, ilandelwa ngummangalelwa. Ingxelo yokuqala yi-cander yobungqina obulindelekileyo beqela elibulindeleyo. Asiyongxoxo kodwa yimap kodwa yezaphulo zejaji. Ama-Atttorney kufuneka akuphephe ukwenza iintetho angazimiselanga ukuxhasa ubungqina obucacileyo.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

I-planttiff ichaza imeko yayo kuqala, ibiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa imiboniso. Ingqina ngalinye livavanywa ngqo liqela elibizayo, lilandelwa li-ok amaqela aphikisanayo. Ukuphinda lihlolwe kwakhona kuvumelekile ngomqathango olinganiselweyo. Ummangalelwa anganika amangqina nobungqina bazo. Ummangalelwa angazisa ubungqina obucacileyo emva kokuba ummangalelwa ehleli.

Imithetho Yobungqina Nobunzima Bobungqina

Ukungaqiniseki kobungqina kulawulwa yimithetho yobungqina, enjengeMithetho yoMgaqo-siseko woBubungqina. Le mithetho ilawula uluvo, ukubaluleka, ilungelo, kunye nobungqiniselo obuyingcaphephe. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, umchasi-mthetho kufuneka angqine imeko yakhe ngo "ubungqina obubalulekileyo"intsingiselo inokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuba ummangalelwa afanele abekwe tyala.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba bonke ubungqina bunikelwe, amatheko anikela iimpikiswano zokuqukumbela. Eli lithuba lokugqibela lokuba igqwetha ngalinye lishwankathele ubungqina obungundoqo, ligxininise isiqinisekiso esingundoqo, lize liphikisane nesizathu sokuba abachopheli-mthetho babuye nesigqibo bebamkela. Ummangalelwa unikela ingxubusho yokuqala, alandelwe ngummangalelwa, kwaye ummangalelwa anganikela intetho emfutshane.

Imiyalelo ye Jury

Phambi kokuba abachopheli-tyala baqalise ukuqulunqa iqhinga labo, ijaji ifunda imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala, ikwabizwa ngokuba sityala. Le miyalelo icacisa imigangatho esemthethweni inkundla yetyala kufuneka isebenze kwizibakala. Amaqela angenisa imiyalelo ecetyisiweyo yokuchophela ityala, kodwa ekugqibeleni ijaji igqiba kumagama okugqibela. Iseti efakelwe kakuhle yemiyalelo iyimfuneko kwisigqibo esisemthethweni sesandi.

Inyathelo 6: Isigwebo Nomgwebo

Xa abachopheli betyala befumana imiyalelo yabo, bathatha umhlala - phantsi ngabom ukuze baqukumbele ityala labo, lixhomekeke kwisigqibo sabo.

ISeva yesiGqibo

Kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, umgangatho usoloko ungalungelelani, nangona amanye amagunya evumela izigqibo ezininzi. Abachopheli betyala babuyisela isigqibo kumntu oqhelekileyo okanye kummangalelwa. Ukuba kunommangalelwa, isigqibo sichaza ubungakanani bomonakalo ohlawulwayo. Ukuba abagwebi abanakufikelela kwisigqibo, ityala livakaliswa kakubi, kwaye ityala kufuneka libuyiselwe phambi kwenkundla entsha yabachopheli-tyala.

Ukungena Komgwebo

Emva kokuba kuvakalisiwe isigqibo, inkundla ingena kwisigwebo esisemthethweni. Olu luxwebhu olubhaliweyo olubumba isigqibo sokugqibela senkundla luze lumisele isiqabu esinikiweyo, ukuba sikho. Isigwebo sinyanzelwa nxamnye neqela eliphulukana nequmrhu.

Inyathelo lesi-7: Intshukumo yePost-imposiso kunye nezibheno

Isiphelo setyala asithethi mfuneko yokuba kuphele uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali. Iqela eliphulukana nalo linokhetho oluninzi lwasemva kovavanyo.

Intshukumo Evuselelweyo Yomgwebo Njengombandela Womthetho

Kwakhona eyaziwa njengentshukumo yokugweba phezu kwesigqibo (JNOV), le ntshukumo icela inkundla ukuba ibeke ecaleni isigqibo sabachopheli-tyala. Iphikisa ngelithi akukho siseko saneleyo esicacileyo esisemthethweni esikhoyo ukwenzela ukuba abachopheli-tyala abafanelekileyo bafumane iqela elomeleleyo. Inkundla inika le ntshukumo kuphela ukuba ifumanise ukuba isigwebo asixhaswa ngokupheleleyo bubungqina.

Intshukumo Yokuvavanywa Kwetyala Elitsha

Iqela lingathatha indawo yetyala elitsha ngenxa yezizathu ezifana nempazamo ebekelwe ikhethe, ukuziphatha kakubi kweqela okanye kwejaji, ubungqina obusandul' ukufunyanwa, okanye isigqibo esichasene nobunzima obubo. Ukuba livunyiwe, isigqibo santlandlolo siyasuswa, kwaye ityala liyasuswa kwasekuqaleni.

Name

Ukuba umonakalo wejaji ugqithisele okanye awufanelekanga, inkundla inganika iqela eliphikisayo ukhetho phakathi kwetyala elitsha kunye nesanyulo esincitshisiweyo (umvuzo) okanye umvuzo owengeziweyo (odityanisiweyo). Noko ke, ungeniswa komthetho jikelele akuyonkundla yephondo phantsi koMphetho-mva-mvakalisi weNtlanganiso, nangona ivunyelwe kwezinye iinkundla zelizwe.

Inkqubo Yezibheno

Isibheno sisicelo kwinkundla ephakamileyo sokuhlola isigqibo senkundla egwebayo setyala ngempazamo esemthethweni. Iifayile zesaziso sesibheno ze zinikezele impikiswano emfutshane ebhaliweyo yokuba kutheni isigqibo senkundla egwetywayo siphosakele. I-appellee ifayile ezifutshane zokukhusela isigqibo. Isibheno asilotyala elitsha; inkundla ejongene netyala eliphantsi ihlolisisa ingxelo yenkundla kwaye igqiba imibuzo yomthetho.

Iinkundla zezicelo zisebenzisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yohlolo ngokuxhomekeke kwinkupho. Imibuzo yomthetho ibuye incitshiswe ngenovo [[FLT: 1] (ntsha). Ukufumana inyani kuphinda kubuye kulungiswe phantsi "kwempazamo ecacileyo" umgangatho. Izigqibo zobulumko zibuye zihlolwe "ukusetyenziswa kobulumko" kuphela ipesenti encinci yesicelo esiphumela ekuphendulweni komgwebo wenkundla esezantsi.

Enye impikiswano

Asizizo zonke iimpikiswano ekumele zihambe ngombhobho wokukhupha ilitiga yonkqu. Enye iDispute Resolution (ADR) inikezela iindlela zokucombulula izinto ezinokukhawulezisa, ezingabizi mali ingako, nezingabizi mali ingako, neadversarial.

Ushenxiso

Ulwahlulo lukukuqhubekeka kwabucala apho amaqela anikela ityala lawo kumphathi-candelo wesithathu ongathathi-nxaxheba osigqibo sakhe sisoloko sibopha kwaye sinyanzeleka enkundleni. Ulwandiso lusoloko lugunyaziswa zizivumelwano ezikwimimandla enjengemisebenzi, imali yabathengi, kunye nolwakhiwo. Le nkqubo ayimiselwanga kakuhle kunokuvavanywa kwaye inemiqathango elinganiselweyo yokubhenela.

Isicwangciso

Ukuququzelela kubandakanya umlamli ongathathi-nxaxheba onceda ingxoxo phakathi kwamaqela ukuba afikelele kwindawo yokuhlala yokuzithandela. Umlamli akagqibi ngetyala kodwa unceda abo baququzeleli banxibelelane ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kwaye bahlole iindlela zokufumana isigqibo. Ukuququzelelana akunyanzelisi ngaphandle kokuba kufikelelwe kwaye kutyikitywe isivumelwano sokwamkelwa. Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna ukuqulunqa ngaphambi kokuba ityala liqhubeke.

IFederal Judiciary ikuxhasa ngamandla ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zeADR ukunceda ukunciphisa iinkundla zecawa yaye inika abo baxhasayo ulawulo olungakumbi kwimiphumo yeengxabano zabo.

Indima Yamagcisa Asemthethweni Ekwenzeni Oku

Isigaba ngasinye senkqubo yokunika ingqwalaselo ephambili sixhomekeke kubuchule bamachule angokwasemthethweni. IiAttorney zisebenza njengabameli, amaGcisa, kunye nabaxhasi, zikhokela abaxhasi bazo ngemithetho enzima kwaye zikhuthaza izilangazelelo zabo. Abagwebi basebenza njengabaxhasi abangathathi cala-cala, abalawulayo kwintshukumo, abalawula ukufunyanwa, nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuvavanywa kuqhutywa kakuhle. Abasebenzi abaxhasayo benza umsebenzi ohlalutyiweyo, ukuphengulula ngeenyani, nokulungiselela ukuvavanywa.

Ukuqonda indima eyahlukileyo yezi zifundiswa kunceda abo banezi mbopheleleko balindele izinto ezinokwenzeka yaye basebenzise indlela ephumelelayo.

Isiphelo: Ukwakhiwa Kokusesikweni

Inkqubo yomthetho yenzelwe ukulungelelanisa impumelelo, okusesikweni, kunye nokugqibela. Ukusukela ekuqaleni kwisikhalazo ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela sokubhena, inyathelo ngalinye lesithethe lifeza injongo ekhethekileyo: ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimpikiswano ziconjululwe ngokweenjongo zobungqina kwaye ngokuvumelana nomthetho. Ngoxa inkqubo inokuba ntsonkothile, inika isakhiwo esibalulekileyo esiyalela inkululeko phantsi kwenkqubo yokusesikweni.

Ukuntywila nzulu kwimithetho ethile yolawulo lwe-ADR elawula unikezelo, jonga kwiBhunga le-United States iiBhunga ze-website ye-ovel Procediture enikezelwe yiCornell Legal Information Institute. Ezinye izibonelelo kwinkundla-nenter-ADR zikhona ngapha kookrwelo oluse United States . [FLT:] I-Melikan Bat[FLT] ibonelela iikhodi ezibanzi ze-ADR.