IRajiya Sabba, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengeBhunga lase-United States, ime njengendlu ephezulu ye-bidamal yaseIndiya. Ngoxa i-Lok Sabha imela abantu ngqo, iRajiya Sabhaha yenzelwe ngokwemigaqo-siseko ukumela amaphondo kunye nemimandla, ilungiselela iqonga lemfuno yengingqi kunye nento ebangela ukuncitshiswa kwemali ephantsi kwendlu. Indima yayo ekuqinisekiseni uvavanyo nolungelelwaniso alukho nje kuphela olukwisiseko somgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko we-Indiya, ukukhusela isakhiwo sombuso worhulumente, ukukhusela ulawulo lwesizwe, ukungxama, nokugcina umthetho olawulayo ulawulo oluphezulu. Ngaphandle kokuziphendulela ulawulo oluphezulu, umlinganiselo wamandla oya kulawulo olusembini nolwahlukeneyo, ubuchule obuninzi nobuchule obuye balula. Oku kuvavanywa ngobuchule obuninzi bemeko lwe-Sya.

Imvelaphi engokwembali kunye noyilo lomgaqo-siseko

Abakhi begama lomGaqo-siseko wase-Indiya bafumana impembelelo kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, kuquka i-British Westminster mode kunye neStard. IRaje Sabha yamiselwa njengendawo esisigxina, enyuliweyo ngokungangqalanga ukuqinisekisa ukuba igumbi elingaphezulu laliza kuqhubeka likho kwaye lizinzile, ngokuphikisana neloLok Sabha's elikwiminyaka emihlanu emihlanu. UGqr. A.Ambedjar, kwiNgqubuko leNgqungquthela yeNgqungquthela, yagxininisa ukuba indlu ephezulu yayingacelelwanga ukuba ibe ngumphikisi weLok Sabha kodwa igumbi elizisela imbono ecacileyo esemthethweni. Indlu enyuliweyo, enyuliweyo, isenokupheka ngokunjalo i-Ranjia ingudyn, ngeminyaka emithandathu, kunye ne-6, kunye nonyaka yayo emithandathu, i-ok, i-ede yemijinga yendlu esetyenziswayo yonke, uvavanyo olude lweminxanomo oluthe luthe lude.

Amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko alawula iRajeya Sabha afumaneka ngokuyintloko kumanqaku 80 ukuya kuma-88 omGaqo-siseko waseIndiya. Inqaku lama-80 lichaza ukwenziwa: abameli bamazwe nabameli abangama-238, kuquka amalungu ali-12 atyunjwe nguMongameli ngenxa yobuchwephesha babo kuncwadi, inzululwazi, ubugcisa, kunye nenkonzo yentlalo. Eli gunya lobufazi ngokwalo lisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ngokuzisa ubuchule obungengobezobupolitika kwinkqubo yomthetho. Le nkqubo yonyulo, isebenzisa inkqubo enye yokuvota, iqinisekisa umelo olugqithisiweyo, ukukhusela ulawulo lwamazwe amakhulu. IRaybya Shab isikhundla esikhethekileyo njengendlu engenakuchithwa nguMongameli esinika umlinganiselo wokuzilawula okungekho kwe-Lobagrabha. Le komiti iyazinziswa isebenza ngaphandle kolawulo olude.

Ukwakhiwa Kwendawo Neempawu Ezikhethekileyo

Ukuqonda ukwenziwa kweRaje Sabba kubalulekile ekuqondeni indima yayo ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabba, enamalungu anyulwa ngokuthe ngqo ngabantu, Rajeya Sabba unyulwa ngamalungu anyuliweyo eendibano ze-operation. Olu nyulo lungaqondakaliyo luqinisekisa ukuba amalungu amele amele amaqumrhu karhulumente njengeenkqubo zezobupolitika, hayi nje abemi. Urhulumente ngamnye wabelwa izihlalo ezisekelwe kubemi bawo, kodwa ulwabeko lwemithetho lunika amazwe amancinane aphezulu kunalawo ebeya kuwakhetha kwiLok Sabha. Olu phawu luthetha ukuba inkxalabo yengingqinelo imele ivalwe kumthetho wesizwe, isebenza ngokuhlola ngokuchasene nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente ezisembini.

Isiseko sokwakha yinkqubo yomhlala phantsi eshukumayo kaRaje Sabba. Ngamalungu athathu athatha umhlala-phantsi rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini, indlu igcina inkumbulo ekhoyo kunye nokuqhubeka. Oku kuthintela nawuphi na urhulumente omnye ukuba aphinde aphikise yonke indlu ebusuku, nokuba ufumana uninzi lwelizwe olungqubanayo kwiLok Sabha. Noko ke, amalungu azimeleyo, akhethelwe ubuchule bawo, wongeza umlinganiselo wezobugcisa obungacelw'ukuyithandabuza intetho. Umzekelo, isazi sezoqoqosho esinemiqathango esiphezulu singathandabuza ukuthelekisa ukubhaliswa kwemali, nokuba iqela lakhe lihamba nombutho olawulayo. Noko ke, akukho mgangatho wokuzimela ngokwawo ulawulo lwamalungu athe , kodwa ucetyiswa njengeqela lamabhinqa asisilumkileyo. Umzekelo, i-Shabner, uGene Syner, umphethoba kwilungu elizimeleyonga kwindlu (og.)

Iingqikelelo Ezikhethekileyo Nolungelelwano

IRaje Sabra isebenzisa amandla ayo okuhlola kwiindlela ezininzi ezidityanisiweyo: uhlolisiso lwemithetho, ulawulo oluphakamileyo, umelo lukarhulumente nolungiso lomgaqo - siseko.

Ubuchule bokwenza uphando noHlaziyo

Indima ekhankanywe kakhulu yeRajiya Sabba, okanye ukubuyiselwa kwayo njengendawo yokulungisa i-odolo yemithetho eqhelekileyo. Nayiphi na into (ngaphandle kwemali) ingavela kwindlu nganye, kodwa idlulise zombini izindlu ukuze zibe ngumthetho. IRajiya Sabha ingala ityala elidluliswa yi-Lok Sabhaha, okanye liphinde liyibuyise ngokulungisa izithuba. Ukuba iLopha i-agda iphinde igqibe, i-antellion yendlu iyakwazi ukusombulula irhisa ityala elifileyo. Kodwa, ngenxa yokuba i-Lok Sabbaha ineepha ngokuphindwe kabini kunamalungu amaninzi, i-Sabyaha idla ngokuphumelela inkquququzelela i-'injini ehleli phantsi kwe-ekhompumenti, okanye i-Ambusal-om, okanye ibhekisa i-'i-okanye ne-ekhothoric komiti ejongene kwi-ogropt. I-Syaha exhoograc.

Ukulawula imimiselo emiselwe abathunywa

Ngaphezu kwetyala eliqhelekileyo, iRaje Sabha yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuhloleni umthetho onikezelweyo, oquka imimiselo, imithetho, kunye nemiqathango ebekwe ngamasebe karhulumente. IKomiti ekuMgaqo-siseko ophantsi kwiRajiya Sabha ihlola ukuba le mithetho ikwindawo esebenzayo kusini na kumsebenzi womzali. Ukuba umthetho ubonakala uhamba ngaphaya kwenjongo yepalamente, ikomiti izakucebisa ukurhoxiswa kwayo. Urhulumente kufuneka aphendule, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, alungise okanye asuse umthetho. Oku kuthintele umlawuli ophezulu ukuba angawuhloli nyawo-mkhono ngaphandle kolawulo lwepalamente, uvavanyo olungundoqo kwidemokhrasi. Ulawulo lwe-Rajiyayayaha olusisigxina lunokukhuthaza iikomiti zayo ukuba zikhule ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ukwenza uphakamsinyane kunekomiti encinane.

Ukuphendula kweQumrhu

IRajiya Sabba iphendula iNkqutyana yokulawula ngemisebenzi emininzi: Iyure yombuzo, iingxoxo ezikhethekileyo zokungathobeli nokungathembi, kunye nomsebenzi wekomiti. Ngoxa kungekho ntshukumo inye enyanzelisayo inokushukunyiswa kuphela kwiLok Sabhaha (enokuthi iphelise urhulumente), iRajiya Sabra ingagxeka abalungiseleli ngabanye okanye imigaqo ethile ngokuhamba ngokuchasene nokungamkelwa. Ngokufanelekileyo, iNtonakalisi, iNto yexesha elikwiRajiya Sabha enya inyazisa abefundisi ukuba baphendule kwiingxelo, ngokufuthi batyhile ukuphelelwa kwemibuzo evunyiweyo nokuphendulwa kwentlanganiso nganye, kwaye i-Rajiyaha' ibone ityala ityala loluntu, u-Avietals, kunye noRhulumentesmey, ziquke ezibudisiweyo zoomatisi (oSoulha) kunye neemeko ezikhoyo ze-Sygray, i-operate, i-Angcone, i-ography, iqinisekisa i-ography, i-ong, i-empeence i-ence

Indima kuManyano noMgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente

Enye yemisebenzi ephambili yeRajiya Sabba. Ekubeni amalungu enyulwa yimithetho-siseko, ahambelana neemfuno zamaphondo. Njengezo zinxulumene neempikiswano zomlambo womlambo wesitha, ukufumana umhlaba, okanye ulwahlulo lwerhafu. Irhafu kufuneka igqithe iRajiya Sabha. Ekubeni amalungu enyulwa yimithetho-siseko, ahambela phambili kwimibutho yengingqi. NgoAgasti 2023, umgaqo-siseko woMgaqo-siseko ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwiimeko ezifuna ukukhunjululwa kwemiba ephakathi. I-Rokhab yayiyiwe yi-Rha edlulayo ngesiqingatha samazwe. IRajiya Sabha mayidlule iziphendu ezinjalo ngobuninzi ngaphambi kokuba ahambe kumazwe okufunwa ngumthetho ofunekayo. NgoAgalelo lwamazwe afanele asebenze ngamandla asekuhlaleni, ngokokusetyenziswa nguMgalelo-onke, urhulumente urhulumente oMkhosi-onke, ugunya-onke urhulumente omele avumele ukuba asebenze ngamandla agunyazwe liphantsi kwe-onke, ugunyazwe elifunekayo ukuze asebenze ngokufunze, ugunya-

UHlololo loHlaziyo loMgaqo-siseko

Izilungiso zoMgaqo-siseko zifuna uninzi olukhethekileyo kwindlu nganye ngokwahlukileyo. IRajiya Sabba iyakwazi ukuvala intelekelelo enokuthi iLok Sabba idlule, kuba akukho manyano lukhoyo ekulungiseni umGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekulungiseni izigwebo ezingafuniyo ukuba zimiselwe. Abo bafuna ulawulo olusemthethweni, iRajiya Sabha ingumqobo wokuqala. Ukususela oko iRajiya Sabha uyindlu esisigxina engenakugungqika, incinci kakhulu kwimitya elawulayo kune-Loha Yabha. Izigwebo zemiqondiso ezininzi zelizwe zithenjiswe okanye zilungiswe kwi-Syya.

Uthelekiso Nezindlu Eziphezulu

Ukuxabisa ukusebenza kweRajiya Sabba, nokumiswa kwendlu ephezulu, kuluncedo ukuyithelekisa nezinye izindlu eziphezulu. Umzekelo, iSUnited States Catenal, inika umelo olulinganayo kwilizwe ngalinye (ii-senames ezimbini ngelinye ilizwe), inyulwe, inempembelelo ekhethekileyo kumthetho, izivumelwano, kunye nokuthenjiswa. iRajiya Shahahaha, ngokuphikisanayo, izihlalo ezisekelwe kubemi, kwaye amalungu ayo anyulwe ngokungangqamanga. Ngexesha elilelo i- US Campraite ingavala ukubekwa kolawulo kunye nezivumelwano ezithe ngqo, i-Rajiya Yabha ayinakulahla imali kwaye inegunya elilinganiselwe phezu kwebhuthiyo yebhusayinwe yimali (a ayinakuyisusa ngokungenasiphelo, ingcupheka yemali ekhoyo, i- Sumanton, kodwa ikho ikho ukukhomba ngemeko ekhoyo karhulumente elingunxa-mali epheleleyo kunyaka-196, kodwa ikho, kodwa ikho ikho i-Ayahabuliso elipheleleyo kunyaka-yonke yegunya elingumphayo ingulo.

Ukugxekwa Nemilinganiselo

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka komgaqo-siseko, iRaje Sabha ijongene nokugxekwa okunzulu. Into exhalabisayo kukuba indlu isoloko iba sitempe serabha sembutho olawulayo, ingakumbi xa iqela elinye lilawula zombini izindlu. Amandla esabhokhwe nengqeqesho angawuyeka umgwebo ozimeleyo wokuba indlu yayinzelwe ukuyisebenzisa. Ngaphezu koko, iRajiya Sabbaha isebenza ekuhloleni amatyala emali ithintelwe kakhulu, kwaye iindleko zemali azinakuveliswa kwiRajiya Sabbaha, kwaye iLok Sabha ingawuyeka umgaqo wayo wezomthetho. Oku kunciphisa uvavanyo lwemali, eyona ndawo ibalulekileyo yolawulo lwepalamente. URajya Sabba uswele namandla okususa urhulumente, intsingiselo yayo yokuzibondanisa ixhomekeke kwinkonzo yezopolitiko.

Enye indlela yokugxeka kukubekwa komsebenzi wokutyunjwa kweqela. UMongameli, osebenza ngecebiso leBhunga labaPhathiswa, ngokufuthi oknaye abaxhasi bobunyani kunezigqeba zezobupolitika. Oku kululaza indima ecetyiweyo yokuzisa ubuchule obahlukeneyo. Indlela yonyulo ngokwayo igxekwa ngokuba ligosa kwaye ijongelwe phantsi kweqela leqela lemibutho le-eronal-ethesbes. Ngokubhekele phandle, ukuncitshiswa kwedemo-demokh-yo yamalungu. Ngaphezu koko, ukuma kwe-Rajiya Sabha'' kuthetha ukuba ingaba lingcwaba eligqithisewayo iRok Sabba, ikhokelela kwigrintwari xa urhulumente engenayo igqweqwesi kwindlu ephezulu. Nangona i-gridrockbo inokubonwa njengendlela eluncedo, umzekelo we-Acqui'skion, i-Acqui'ices, i-Ackiocrike ka-Sy yeRy, i-Sykin, i-ceyriptrune, ink i-ethe

Isiphelo

IRajiya Sabba ihlala ingumsebenzi obalulekileyo kulwakhiwo lwe-demokhrasi yaseIndiya, iquka imigaqo ye-badamaralism kunye nolawulo lwezwe olulawulayo oluhlola kunye nolungelelwano. Isakhiwo sayo sobuchule obusisigxina, ngokungekho mthethweni, sijijekile, sijikeleza isithuba sokuqwalasela, sokuhlaziya, kunye nokumela ukuba ulawulo lwezibonelelo oluthe ngqo lwe-Lok Sabba lungalunika. Ngokuhlola ulawulo lwemithetho, ulawulo lwegunya, ulawulo lwegunya, nokulungisa imigaqo-siseko, ukujongana, iRajiya Sabba isebenza njengesixhobo sokuvala, ingcinga, okanye iminqweno enzima. Nangona igxekwa ngamandla elungileyo naphantsi kwemali ekhoyo, iyakuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwegunya layo elikhoyo, i-Sya ingqina ukulingana nemeko olufanelekileyo, ukuvalela ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho-othoba, ukurhoxakeka kolawulo-odokisi, ukusetyenziswa kwegunya layo elibanzi kwaye ixhomekeke kuxhomekeka kumandla awona mbuso.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya komGaqo-siseko kunye nemisebenzi yeRajiya Sabra, qwalasela ukukhangela i- Constitution of India (Artles 80-8), PRS Legistive Research[[[FLT:]] ugcino-lwazi lwesiseko sekhompyutha, kunye nePalamente ye-website yase-Indiya ye- ukwenzela imithetho ye-procrifac. Kwakhona, i-Platement Union