Imvelaphi Yeengxaki Embalini

Imfazwe eyathi yaziwa njengeMixokelelwano eMntla-ntshona we-Ireland ayizange ivele ngesiquphe ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960; yaba yincopho yeenkulungwane zezopolitiko, ezonqulo, kunye nezoqoqosho eIreland. Emva kokwahlulwa kwe-Ireland ngo1921, izibalo ezintandathu kumntla mpuma zishiyeka ziyinxalenye ye-United Kingdom njengeNyakatho Ireland, ngoxa ezinye zaba yi-Irish Free State (kamva iRiphabliki yaseIreland). Ilizwe elitsha latsalwa linengxubeno yamaProtestanti, eyayakhiwe ngomkhosi omkhulu, eyayilawula urhulumente walo, amapolisa, kunye namaziko kawonke. Ilizwe, elalithanda kakhulu ubuKatolika kwaye lifuna ukuhlanganiswa neRiphabliki, lajamelana nocalucalucalucalucalucalulo olucwangcisiweyo kwizindlu, umsebenzi, nokuvota-mali-oventiyayo ukusukela kuma-1960, ukugqashumbano olukhoyo, kodwa yayiyilo olukhoyo lwamaKatolika olukhoyo lwamayela kumashumi amanani eewa-1960.

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1970, imfazwe yaya ikhula yaba ngumlo owesithathu phakathi kwemikhosi yamajoni eRiphabliki yase-Irish (ekuqaleni iRiphablikian Army, i-IRA), imikhosi yomkhosi enyanisekileyo (njengeUlster Volunteor Force, UVF), kunye nemikhosi yokhuseleko yaseBritane. Ukuqhushumbisa, ukudubula, kunye namadabi ezitrato kwabulala amawaka. Ugonyamelo lwaye lwachitheka eGreat Britain naseRiphabliki yaseIreland. Ngeminyaka engamashumi amathathu, abantu abangaphezu kwamawaka babulawa kwaye amashumi amathathu amawaka enzakala. Iindleko zoluntu kunye nentlalo zatshabalalisa, zashiya izibazi ezinzulu zengqondo kunye nebutho labantu. Imigudu yokufikelela kwimbutho yezopolitiki ngokuphindaphindiwe, ngokuzama okukhulu ukuzama ukulwa kwe-Sunvendings-1979,5.C.C.C.

Le meko yahlala ivulekile de kwathi kwangonyaka wama-1990, kwathi kwathi gqi uthotho lweentetho ezifihlakeleyo, kwada kwavuselelwa ngamanani afana noJohn Hume (uNgqolo weSirty Democratic kunye neLabour Party, SDLP) noGerry Adams (umongameli weSinnn Féin). Iminyaka yowe-1994 yokuyeka ukutshaka kweIRA kunye namaqela anyanisekileyo enza ifestile yokuxoxa. Emva kokuba intetho eninzi edityatyanisiweyo ebekwe nguSocial Democratic and Later George Mitchell, i-Govers, iGovernthi yeGovernthi ye-10 ku-Eprelie. Yamtlovertwa yi-Rest Ireland (79) (79%) kunye neRiphabliki yase-Iritein (9%) i-Meyi.

Imigaqo Yamalungiselelo

IGood Wear Agreement luxwebhu oluntsokothileyo olugubungela umGaqo-siseko, ulawulo, kunye nemibandela yamalungelo abantu. Entliziyweni yalo kukho ingcamango eyaziwa njenge [[FLT: 0] i-conciationism, `ihlobo lwamandla okuxhasa acetyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba omabini amamanyano kunye noluntu lunelizwi kurhulumente yaye ayinakukhutshwa lelinye.

Ubume bomGaqo-siseko

Esi sivumelwano saphinda saqinisekisa ukuba i-Northern Ireland iyinxalenye yoManyano loBukumkani obumanyeneyo, kodwa kwakhona yavuma ukuba kungenzeka ukuba iIreland imanyene ukuba uninzi lwabantu baseNorthern Ireland kunye neRiphabliki yaseIreland luvotelwa. Lo mgaqo wokuvuma.

Indibano Yomntla Ireland Nolawulo Oluphezulu

Yindlu yowiso-mthetho eyahlulwe-awuntswana----iNdibano yaseMntla Ireland eyamiselwa eStormont, enamalungu ali-108 eNdibano Yomthetho (MLA) enyulwe ngomelo lolwahlulo. Ngokuthe ngqo, izigqibo ezingundoqo zifuna inkxaso enqamlezileyo, ithetha uninzi lwazo zozibini izinyuko kunye ne-MLS yesizwe kufuneka zivote ngokukholekileyo. Igunya elilawulayo (ikhathebhthi) likhokelwa ngumPhathiswa wokuqala kunye nesekela leNkulumbuso Wokuqala eliphethe amagunya alinganayo `iqela elikhulu elikwiqela elikhulu lobuzwekazi. Eli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuba akukho butho loluntu linokulawula elinye.

iBhunga labalungiseleli laseMntla-mzantsi

Ukomeleza amaqhina phakathi kwe-Ireland yaseMantla neRiphabliki yase-Ireland, le sivumelwano sadala iBhunga labalungiseleli baseMntla-ntshona. Eli qumrhu lihlanganisa abalungiseleli abavela kuzo zombini imimandla ukuncedisana kwimicimbi enjengezolimo, ezothutho, kunye nokhenketho. Asilo rhulumente udibeneyo kodwa yindawo yokucebisana kunye nesenzo sobudlelane. Lo msonto waqonda i-Ireland kwaye wanika abalandeli bobuzwe ingqiqo yokunxibelelana neRiphabliki ngelixa beqinisekisa abaqumrhu ukuba awuyisongeli indawo ye-Northern Ireland e-UK.

IBhunga laseBritani neNgqungquthela yePhondo yoMbutho woRhulumente

Esi sivumelwano samisa iBhunga lamaBritane namaIrish, eliquka abameli abavela kurhulumente we-UK nowase-Ireland kwakunye nabaphathi abahlaziyiweyo baseSkotlani, eWales, naseMntla Ireland. Eli bhunga likhuthaza intsebenziswano kuzo zonke iziqithi. Ngaphezu koko, iNgqungquthela yezaMadabi yaseBritani yasekwa ukusingatha imicimbi engeyoyayi-devolved, enjengokhuseleko nobulungisa eNyakatho Ireland.

Amalungelo Abantu, Igunya Nokusesikweni Kuyatshintshwa

Ukusingatha izikhalazo zoluntu lobuzwe kwafuna utshintsho olusisiseko kwinkqubo yokusesikweni. Isivumelwano sanika urhulumente waseBritani ingurhulumente:

  • Ukwenziwa kweRoyal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), eyayingamaProtestanti yaye ibonwa ngabalawuli besizwe njenge-transform. IPatten Report (1999) yakhokelela ekuvelisweni kweNkonzo yamapolisa aseNorthern Ireland (PSNI), kunye nenkqubo engama-50:50 yokubhaliswa kwamaKatolika namaProtestanti, kunye nequmrhu elitsha eliphetheyo, ibhodi yePolic.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kweKhomishini yamaLungelo abantu basemntla Ireland ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho nemigaqo ihambelana nemigangatho yamalungelo abantu baseYurophu.
  • [[Ukudala:0] Ukudala iKhomishini yoBungangamsha ukunyanzelisa imithetho echasene nocalucalulo nokukhuthaza amathuba alinganayo.
  • Ukukhululwa kwasekuqaleni kwamabanjwa amkhosi , inxalenye edidayo kodwa ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yoxolo, amabanjwa aphuma kuzo zonke iinkalo akhululwayo kwiminyaka emibini, ukuba nje imibutho yawo igcine imililo iphelile.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhupha izixhobo zomkhosi [ kwiminyaka emibini, usukelo olwabonakala lunzima kodwa ekugqibeleni lwafikelela emva kwengxoxo ende.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwamalungiselelo okhuseleko , kuquka ukususwa kweenqaba zomkhosi waseBritane kunye nonciphiso lobukho bomkhosi kuMntla Ireland.

Impembelelo Ekhawulezileyo Kugonyamelo Nobomi Bezobupolitika

Owona mphumela ubonakalayo weGood Wear Agreement yaba kukuncitshiswa okuphawulekayo kogonyamelo lwezobupolitika. Kwiminyaka engaphambi ko1998, ukufa ngonyaka ukusuka kungquzulwano kwasuka kumashumi amaninzi ukuya kumakhulu; emva ko-1998, inani lehla laya kutsho kwimililo enye. Ukuyeka kwemikhosi yamajoni emkhosini yabanjwa, kwaye nangona amaqela angqukuva afana neIRA yeNyadi ye-IRA kunye ne-IRA aqhubeka ehlasela (ngokungakumbi ukuqhushumbisa iOma ibhombu ngo-1998 eyabulala abantu abangama-29), aye athenwa kwaye agwetywa ngamanani amaninzi abantu. Amajoni anyanisekileyo ayesele ewuyekile imisebenzi, nangona amanye aqhubeka ebandakanye nolwaphulo-mthetho olulungeleyo.

Ngokwezobupolitika, isivumelwano sadibanisa abo babesakuba ziintshaba kurhulumente. Isivumelwano sahlanganisana kuqala ulawulo olulawulayo ngo-1999, noDavid Trimble (Umanyano Lobunye Obunye) njengoMphathiswa Wokuqala noSeamus Mallon (SDLP) njengesekela lomPhathiswa wokuqala. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, uSinn Féin/impein , iphiko lezobupolitika le-IRA/ibhekwe njengesikhundla sobulungiseleli. Oku kuxhaphazelo oluqhelekileyo kobudlelane bezobupolitika kwaba yimpumelelo enzulu. Iqela elalingavunyelwangavumelani kwaye laqalisa ukuqhubana ngenkqubo karhulumente, kwanokuba ukungathembani okunzulu.

Uhambo olude lokwakha uxolo

Ukwakhiwa koxolo asisosiganeko sinye kodwa yinkqubo ende, ngokufuthi engalungelelaniyo. IGood Wear Agument yalungiselela ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo, kodwa ukuphunyezwa kwaso kwafuna umgudu oqhubekayo nobhetyebhetye.

Ukuzinza Neengxaki: Isivumelwano Sezizwe Ezingcwele

Amaziko alawulayo abekwa ngaphandle amaxesha amaninzi ngenxa yeemeko. Ezona zinto zazinzima zathi zathi zathi zathi zathi zawa phakathi kwemingeni yempimpi yaseIRA eSpomontt. Ngeli xesha, uMntla Ireland walawulwa ngqo eLondon. Impumelelo yavela [[FLT: 0] iAndrews Project[[FL: 1] [200], eyakhokelela kwiSigqeba esivuselelweyo ngo- 2007, ngoku iDemocratic Union Party (Dupu) kunye neSin Féin njengeqela elikhulu elibini. I-Paisley, inkokeli yomlilo enyanisekileyo eyaye yala ukungabikho kwe-Riphabliki, yaba nguMphathiswa we-Pricimbi (unt) ka-Pin (uinn) ngo-Prejinitein (unin) njenge-Prouvent Trecen Freast", i-Groupt.

Ukuhlangabezana Nezinto Zamandulo

Enye yeenkalo ezinzima zokwakhiwa koxolo lwasemva koxolo kukuthetha ngelifa langaphambili. Amawakawaka abantu abafayo, onzakalo, kunye neenkumbulo ezibuhlungu asaseleyo. Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu simisele iKhomishini[[[FLT: 0]] neSivumo se-Vtim's Commission'[. Noko ke, indlela ebanzi enje [[FLT: 2]] i-Equatriage [[FLT]] IQumrhu le-ETPromplate [[FL:]] kunye ne-'actives's's'. I-'imposiso enjengendlela yokuphatha ulungiso lwenyaniso, ukulungisa, ukuphendula nokulungisa izenzo ze-octivemos syst provicesss" kwi-URlanders (Ntrances syms , R.20) kunye neentlangano ezininzi eziphikisa zezizwe eziphiconezo zezizwe ezininzi eziphikisayo.

Utshintsho Entlalweni Nakwezoqoqosho

Ulwahlulo loxolo lwazisa utshintsho olukhulu lwezoqoqosho. Urhwebo lwathunyelwa eNorthern Ireland, kuquka ukusuka kwi-US ukuya kwiNgxowa-mali yezizwe ngezizwe ukuya eIreland. I-Tourism yakhula, isixeko saseBelfast yakhula kwakhona, kwaye uqoqosho lwaseMntla Ireland lwakhula ngokukhawuleza kune-UK ngokwe-avareji kwiminyaka emininzi. Noko ke, ukungalingani okunzulu kwezentlalo kuyaqhubeka, ingakumbi kumaqela asebenzayo afumana ugonyamelo olubi kakhulu. I-Sebanstan kwizindlu nemfundo ihlala phezulu ngo--* abantwana abaninzi abakwizikomziko zamaKatolika okanye abalawulwa yirejiko-omatilothe (ngokubanzi). Izithuba ezisukthiweyo nezindlu ezidityani ezidityani zihlala kunye neendawo ezihlala kunye nezinqithiweyo ezihlala amaKatolika kunye namaProtestan zikhona kwimimandla ye-Belfast, nangona abanye beye bavuliwe okanye behluliwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje.

Ucelomngeni Nezinto Ezingaqinisekiyo

Phantse ngamashumi amathathu eminyaka emva kwesivumelwano, uxolo eNorthern Ireland lujongene neengcinezelo ezintsha. Briet ibiyeyona nto ididanisayo. Ukuhamba kwe-UK kumazwe aseYurophu kwadala umda phakathi kwe-Ireland yaseMantla (esaseleyo kumashishini e-EU ezinto phantsi kwe-Northern Ireland Protocol.) kunye neGreat Britain. Oku kuye kwacaphukisa abaququzeli, abakubona njengokudambisa i-Unio, kwaye kuye kwakhokelela ekungaxengaxengini kwezobupolitika. IDUPP yakhathaza amandla-ade-agoviss ka-drogen iminyaka emibini (20.20222222-20) kumthetho, urhulumente owenziweyo. Ngoxa ukubuyela kugonyamelo olubanzi, i- mazwe ezobupolitika aye ayaqhekeka ukususela ngowe-199898.

Ezinye iingxaki ezinyamezelekayo ziquka ezi:

  • Impembelelo yomkhosi wemfazwe : Ngelixesha imililo ibambekile, amaqela omkhosi asasebenza, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezisebenzayo, ukulawula ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye ngamanye amaxesha uhlaselo lwesohlwayo.
  • Icandelo lobuzwe elingqukuva: Uluntu oluninzi luhlala lukwimimandla engaphandle, eneeflegi, ii-ast, kunye nomboniso osoloko ubangela ukuxinana.
  • Umthetho wengozi yengozi: Ingxaki yengqondo, kuquka uxinzelelo lwengqondo lwasemva, zixhaphakile phakathi kwabo baphila kwiingxaki.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukwehla kwamaqela aphakathi : Ukuphela kwamaqela (i-SDLP kunye ne-Ulster Union Party) kunye nokunyuka kwe-Dup neSinn Féin kwenza uhlengahlengiso lube nzima.

Intsingiselo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nezifundo

Isivumelwano esiGosa ngoLwesihlanu sidla ngokuchazwa njengomzekelo wenkqubo yoxolo ehlabathini lonke, ukusuka kuMbindi Mpuma ukuya kwiLizwe laseBasque.

  • Ukubaluleka kwe [[QULT: 0] iintetho eziqukayo ezizisa onke amaqela amakhulu etafileni, kwanalawo ebewathathwa njengeejaji.
  • Ixabiso [le- lophicotho-zincwadi lwezwe , kule meko ngu United States, eyanika umhluli wobundilele (INkulumbuso uGeorge Mitchell) nenkxaso yezobupolitika.
  • Imfuneko ye [[Umthetho:0] elungelelanisiweyo uxwebhu [[UMTL:1] oluthetha ngenkxalabo engundoqo yamacala onke"indawo ebanzi, ukhuseleko, kunye negunya.
  • Imfuneko ye [[QLT: 0] yomatshini wokugcina amandla , njengohlolo lwentlanganiso oluthe rhoqo kunye nemizimba ezimeleyo yokuhlola.

Noko ke, isivumelwano sikwasisikhumbuzo sokuba uxolo yinkqubo, asiyondawo esisisiphelo. Kufuna ukusoloko uqeqeshwa, ukuthanda kwezobupolitika, nokukulungela ukuvumelana neemeko ezitshintshayo. Isivumelwano seGood Wear Adment asikhange sicombulule yonke ingxaki; sadala isakhiwo apho iingxaki zinokulawulwa ngokuzolileyo. Oku kukuthi ziphumele kwaye zithintele.

Isiphelo: Ilifa Elihlala Lihleli

I-Good Wear Agreement isaqhubeka iphumele phambili embalini,-eyeyokuphela ugonyamelo olukhulu, yadala idemokhrasi esebenzayo, yanika ithemba kwizigidi. Yabonisa ukuba kwanezona mfazwe zingundoqo zingaconjululwa ngokuncokola, ukulalana, nenkalipho. Kubafundi bembali, ezopolitiko, kunye nezifundo zoxolo, inikela uhlolisiso oluninzi lwendlela yokwakha uxolo emva kwemfazwe. Kuba abantu baseNyakatho Ireland, banokuqhubeka besakha isiseko esahlukeneyo, ngokucothayo nangokubuhlungu, kodwa ngokuqiniseka ukuba enye into ayicingi. Njengoko isizukulwana sangoku sikhula singenankumbulo ngqo yeengxaki, isivumelwano sokwenyaniso siya kuba siso ukuba silondoloza uxolo olungathandekiyo nje ukuphuma kwemfazwe, kodwa njengobukho bobulungisa.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, bona [ Isivumelwano esilungileyo ngoLwesihlanu kwi Britannica, BBC's umlinganiselo wexesha elibanzi [, kunye nombhalo opheleleyo wesivumelwano eCIIIN[[FLT:]].