Umqulu Ozinzileyo: Indlela Isibhengezo Sokuzimela - geqe Esiyichaphazela Ngayo Ulawulo LwaseMerika Namhlanje

Isibhengezo senkululeko, esasayinwe ehlotyeni lowe-1776, sinye yeentetho ezinamandla zezobupolitika ezakha zabhalwa. Noko ke, kwiliso lanamhlanje, sibonakala njengesixhobo esinguthuli-ixwebhu esivalelwe kwiimeko zeglasi, iiholide zesizwe, kunye neengxengxezo zesikolo ezisisiseko. Le mbono ijongela phantsi ukubaluleka kwaso, amandla aphilayo. Isindululo sokuzikhulula asiyonkqubo yokuzalwa kwesizwe; siyindlela yaso esebenza ngokusebenzayo. Sinika isiseko sobucukubhede, amagama okuziphatha, nomgangatho ophezulu wemithetho esemthethweni yesakhiwo sonke sorhulumente waseUnited States.

Ngeli xesha umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uyiplani esemthethweni kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo iyingcaciso epheleleyo yaloo mthetho, isibhengezo singumgangatho wokuziphatha kohlanga. Ngumgangatho urhulumente ngokwakhe agwetywa ngawo. Ukuqonda indlela isibhengezo se-Idependent esiqhubeka ngayo sibumba urhulumente wase-U.S. namhlanje ufuna ukukhangela ngaphaya kombhiyozo we-Julayi 4 kwaye kwisiseko seengcamango eziqhubela umthetho waseMerika, kwezobupolitika, kunye nokuzichaza kwesizwe.

IDNA Efana Nezithethe: Ukulingana, Amalungelo Emvelo Nemithetho Yoluntu

Iziqendu zokuqala zesibhengezo, ezibhaliswe ngokuyintloko nguThomas Jefferson, ngawona mazwi acatshulweyo naphikiswayo kwimbali yezobupolitika zaseMerika. Zathi zatyhila iingcamango ezintsonkothileyo zeenkcuba - buchopho zolukhanyiselo njengoJohn Locke kwisivumo sokholo esishwankathelwe, esinentsingiselo esiguqulela ngokunzulu injongo karhulumente.

Inyaniso Eziinyani Zobuqu Yokulingana Komntu

Intetho "wonke umntu udalwa elingana" yayikukuhlaselwa ngqo kwemithetho yobuzwilakhe kunye nezikhundla zenkulungwane ye-18. Yavakalisa ukuba akukho mntu uzalwa enelungelo lobuthixo lokulawula abanye. Esi sivakalisi sinye simisela ukulingana njengemeko yendalo yoluntu kunye nokumiselwa kwezopolitiko lwesizwe esitsha. Kurhulumente we-U.S. namhlanje, lo mgaqo sisiseko soKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Clausleeste of the 14th Amementmentation, olufuna wonke urhulumente ukuba anike abantu inkxaso elinganayo phantsi komthetho. Xa urhulumente umele ulungelelwaniso olukhoyo lusoloko lulinganiswe ngokuchasene nolu mgangatho. Ukugwetyelwa kobuhlanga, ubufana, ukuhambelana kwemeko, ukufuduka, kunye neLBT+ amalungelo onke asekelwe ekutolikeni kwalo "ukuzijula ulwazi oluphezulu" olufuna ukuba abantu bafumane imithetho eyahlukeneyo. Xa urhulumente kufuneka avumelane, loo mithetho ingumthetho inguqulukelo lufanele ivumelane.

Amalungelo Angenakushenxiswa Nemida Yamandla

Isindululo esidumileyo sichaza "Ubomi, Inkululeko nokusukela ulonwabo" njengamalungelo angenakuphambukiswa. Ukukhethwa kwegama "elingenakuphambukiswa" kubalulekile; kuthetha la malungelo akanakunikezelwa, adluliswe, okanye athatyathwe. Le ntanda-bulumko imisela umda ongqongqo kumandla karhulumente. Urhulumente akangomniki wala malungelo; ngulowo [ umgangatho kubo. Le ngcamango ingukhokhokhokho wamalungelo athe ngqo.

  • Ubomi obukhoyo bukhusela ukhuseleko lomzimba kunye nobukho babemi, ukwazisa imithetho echasene nogonyamelo lukarhulumente kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo ngesohlwayo sentambo kunye nokuqhomfa.
  • [[NKQUBO: 0] Imithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, i- iquka uludwe olukhulu lwenkululeko, ukusuka kukhuselo loMthambeko wentetho nonqulo olu-1 ukuya kuMgaqo-mva-mva wesihlanu weSigunyaziso seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwindlela efunekayo. Imithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi-eye-eye-eye-5. Inguqumrhu elawulayo, i-zilawula ngokwasese, kunye nokhetho lobuqu (njengokuba ku-]Griswold v. Connecticut[ kunye [[FLT]]] kunye no-ogfell v. Hodges)
  • I-Pursuit yolonwabo: Igama elibanzi kune "indawo" (igama elisetyenziswe nguLocke). Lithetha ilungelo lokufuna ulwaneliseko lobuqu, ithuba lezoqoqosho, kunye nobomi ngokwexabiso lomntu, ukuba nje aliwachaphazeli amalungelo abanye. Eli binzana lisekelwe kuMelika ethos zolawulo kunye nobuchule bokuzisebenzela.

Imvume Yolongamo Olulawulwayo Nolwaziwayo

Isiphumezi seSindululo esithi oorhulumente "balawula [e] amandla abo asesikweni ngokusuka kwimvume yabalawulwa" libala elisisiseko ledemokhrasi yaseMelika. Lo mgaqo wolawulo oluqhelekileyo umi ngelokuba igunya lorhulumente lisuka ebantwini, kungekhona kukumkani okanye kudidi olulawulayo. Oku kusetyenziswa ngesakhiwo sikarhulumente wase-U.S.

  • Ukhetho lwedemocratic Evolution: Ngokuthe rhoqo, ngokukhululekileyo, kunye nokhetho olufanelekileyo luyinkqubo yokuqala yokukhusela imvume.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] URhulumente oPhawulayo: Abami banika igunya kumagosa anyuliweyo amele aphendule kubo.
  • I-Audition Ratiation: UmGaqo-siseko ngokwawo uqala nge "Thina bantu," kunye nokuqhathwa kwawo kufuna imvume yeendibano ezikhethekileyo kumaphondo.

Amadabi angokwasemthethweni angoku angomthetho olawulayo, ovotayo, kunye nemali yezehlo, ngokwengqiqo enzulu, amadabi amalunga nendlela "ukwamkela" okunikwa nokulinganiswa ngayo. Xa abemi bevakalelwa kukuba ivoti yabo iyahlanjelwa okanye ilizwi labo alihoywa, baphikisa ngokunempumelelo ukuba urhulumente uphule intengo yesiseko seSindululo.

Ukusuka KwiSivumo Sokholo Ukuya Kumthetho: Ukwakha umGaqo-siseko neSigqeba samaLungelo

Ukuba isibhengezo yintanda-bulumko "ngenxa yeni" yovavanyo lwamaMelika, umGaqo-siseko uluncedo "njenje" abaququzeli badibana eFiladelfia kwiminyaka eli-11 kamva ukuze benze inkqubo esemthethweni ekwaziyo ukufikelela umbono ongqongqo weSindululo. Uxwebhu abaluvelisayo luzaliswe yimigaqo yowe-1776.

IBhili Yamalungelo Njengokhuseleko Olusemthethweni

Olona nxibelelwano luthe ngqo phakathi kwesindululo nomGaqo-siseko yiBhili yamaLungelo. Ngexesha lengxoxo ehlaziyiweyo, iAnti-Federalist iphikisa ngelithi ngaphandle kokhuseleko olukhethekileyo, urhulumente omtsha onamandla uya kunyathela ngokungenakugwetyelwa amalungelo angamkelekiyo esi Sindululo. Ulawulo lokuqala lokuqala olulishumi lululuhlu olusemthethweni lwamalungelo orhulumente athintelwe ngokungqalileyo ukuba angaphulwa. Ulawulo lweSinyuso soMmiselo 1 ukhusela inkululeko yesazela, ukuthetha, kunye nendibano. Ulawulo lwesi-4 luya kukhusela ukhuseleko lobomi nempahla ekuphengululweni okungekho ngqiqweqweqweni. UMthetho weSindululo lwesihlanu uqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu "owenziswa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo yomthetho." IsiHlamjikelo se-Gajini, esichaza ukuba ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo akwenziwa "ngeyolwimi, okanye i-ededenti" i-devini ekhuselwe yinkqubo yoMgalelo-yokuthethwa yintanda-yo.

Imvukelo Njengendlela Engafanelekanga

Uludwe olude lwezikhalo ezichaphazelekayo kuKumkani George III kwesi Sindululo sasebenza njengeplani engalunganga yoMgaqo-siseko. Ukusetyenziswa kakubi komntu ngamnye ochazwe yayikukusetyenziswa kakubi kwabalawuli kwagqitywa ukuthintelwa. Isikhalazo sokuba uKumkani wayene "Iindlu Zomelo Ezinyibilikileyo" ngokuphinda-phinda-phinda yakhokelela kwiQumrhu I, iCandelo lesi-4, eliqinisekisa ukuba iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo zeBhunga leBhunga. Isikhalazo sokumisa amajoni ngaphandle kogunya lomthetho saphembelela imigaqo-mthetho saphembelela umkhosi ukuba umkhosi ungaphantsi kwegunya loburhulumente kwaye uthetha ukuba umkhosi umkhosi ungabi nako ukuphinda ulweminyaka emibini. Isikhalazo esingeyo sokumiselwa koLawulo lobulungisa oluziko lomthetho oluzimeleyo. ISikhankanyelo sakhokelela ekumisweni kobomi obulishumi abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi. UmGasti womthetho ul

UMthetho We - 14 WesiHlaziyiso: Ukuvala Umsantsa

Eyona nkqubela ibalulekileyo yomgaqo-siseko enxulumanisa esi Sindululo nolawulo lwangoku luHlakulelwa kwe-14, eyamkelwa emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya. Izigwebo zayo `Privileges' okanye i-Immunity, iNkqubo eTheyiweyo, kunye noKhuselo olulinganayo(ukuyilwa kweSindululo) yaye yenzelwe ngokucacileyo ukusebenzisa imigaqo yeSindululo yokulingana nenkululeko kumazwe. Uhambo lwaqala ngo1776 lwamiselwa ngokwemithetho-siseko ngo1868, ukulungiselela isiseko esisemthethweni samaLungelo kaNondyebo-onke, ukuqulungela iBhili yamaLungelo, kunye phantsethethoba lonke eli gunya leNtlanga likarhulumente. [[FLT:]

Isibhengezo Kwimbali Engokwasemthethweni Nezobupolitika

Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, esi Sindululo besisisixhobo sokuphendula sona mbandela sibalulekileyo kwelona xesha linzima, esisetyenziselwa ukutolika umGaqo - siseko nokugcina urhulumente emele aphendule kwiingcamango zawo eziphakamileyo.

ILincoln, iDilesi yaseGettysburg, kunye nokuQothulwa kwakhona

UMongameli uAbraham Lincoln waphinda wachaza indlela oluqonda ngayo uluntu ngokusisiseko ukumiselwa kwalo. Wabona ukuba iSindululo asiso sisaziso sembali nje kuphela, kodwa njenge "i-ankile yeseyile" yeRiphabliki. EGettysburg, wachaza kwakhona i-Union "eyingcingane kwiNkululeko, kwaye wanikezela kwisicelo sokuba bonke abantu badalwe ngokulinganayo. Waphikisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko wawuyisiseko, kodwa isiSindululo yayingumphefumlo. I-Emancippation Proclation kunye noMmiselo wemfazwe yemfazwe yangaphambili yayingumzamo wamabomdlalo wokucoca uhlanga lobukhoboka kunye nenkqubo esemthethweni ekugqibeleni ukuba ihambelane nomgangatho wokuziphatha owewaka eli-1776.

UFrederick Douglas kunye neSihlomelo seNjongo

UFrederick Douglas, ummisi omkhulu nomphathi omkhulu, wasebenzisa esi Sindululo ngeziphumo ezitshabalalisayo. Kwintetho yakhe edumileyo yo1852, "Liyintoni ikhoboka lesine likaJulayi?" , wabiza uSindululo "Sisindisiwe" imigaqo yenkululeko yezobupolitika neyobulungisa bendalo. Wafuna ukuba uhlanga luphile ngokwendlela yalo yokuyila. Ukusebenzisa kukaDouglas isindululo kwabonisa amandla alo njengesixhobo sokuqhankqala nokuguqula. Wathi urhulumente ubambelele kwimigaqo yakhe ebhaliweyo, icebo eliza kusetyenziswa kamva nguMartin Luther King Jr.

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi NamaNkundla

Kwinkulungwane yama-20, isindululo saba yinkqubo yokuziphatha yeNtlanganiso yamaLungelo yabemi. UMartin Luther King Jr. wabhekisela kuso njenge "ingcaciso yentetho" kwintetho yakhe "Ndinephupha", ephikisayo ukuba urhulumente wayengawuphumeleli ummiselo wakhe wokukhusela amalungelo obomi, inkululeko, nokusukela ulonwabo kubo bonke abemi. Le ngcinezelo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yabangela ulawulo lweziko lezobupolitika oluza kulawula uMthetho wama-19649 kunye noMthetho weSivumelo-65. Ngokungazelele, iNkundla ePhakathiweyo yaqalisa ukunikeza igunya lomgaqo womthetho osemthethweni. [[FLT: 0] Brown v. IBreast yemfundo yemfundo [FFFOM:] [5] [194], iNkuvukelo lwezikolo olufunyaniso-S, ifumene izikolo "ivoluegosogo "i," kumthetho olupheleleyo lomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho-Empethomo-operany.[17] [17]

Ishishini elizinzileyo

ISibhengezo Sozimele - geqe asiyondawo eqhelekileyo; singumlinganiselo ophilayo oqhubeka uvelisa ezona mbambano zididayo urhulumente waseUnited States namhlanje.

Umsebenzi Ongagqitywanga Womgangatho

Uxanduva phakathi kolwimi lwesibhengezo esibanzi nokusilela kwembali kwesizwe kusengumdlalo ophambili wolawulo lwamaMelika. Ibinzana elithi "bonke abantu badalwa belingana" beliyindawo yedabi ukususela ekuqaleni. Iingxoxo zale mihla:

  • [[NTLA] Imigudu yokuthintela amaLungelo: Imigudu yokuthintela ukufikelela kwibhola ekhatywayo icetyiswa njengokwaphulwa kwe "imvume yabalawulwa". Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Shelby County v. Umbangi [ [202013], owakhupha isitshixo se-Voting Rights Act, waqalisa impikiswano ekrakraza malunga nokuba urhulumente uyawuphumeza na umsebenzi wakhe ukukhusela amalungelo alinganayo.
  • IJaji yoMphathi-mthetho uTshintsho: Izahlulo zobuhlanga kwisigwebo zibekwe njengesaphulo sedinga leSindululo se-"Liberty" kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo.
  • Ukungalingani okungalinganiyo: I "fuphi yolonwabo" iyacelwa ngokukhula kwiingxoxo ezingethuba lezoqoqosho, ukufikelela kwimfundo, kunye nomnatha wokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uphambuko: Ulwimi lwesindululo lukwindawo yonke kwaye alunakushenxiswa, lusetyenziswa "yonke indoda" Oku kusetyenziswa ngabameli ukuphikisa ubumi bobuzibulo nokuphathana kobuntu nabaphambukeli, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kusini na ngokwemeko esemthethweni.

Ilungelo Lokuba NgumAlter Okanye Isiqhubi

Eyona nto iphambili ithethwa sesi Sindululo lilungelo labantu "lokuphelisa okanye ukuphelisa" urhulumente oba ngumonakalo weziphelo zawo. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko unika iindlela ezisemthethweni zokuguqula ngonyulo kunye nokulungisa, lo mgaqo wemvukelo usoloko unamandla kwimpucuko yezobupolitika yaseMerika. Inika uthethelelo lwentanda-bulumko lokuqhankqalazo, ukungathobeli kwesizwe, kunye nokuncinwa okusisiseko kwegunya likarhulumente. Ukusukela kwimibutho yamaLungelo kaNontlalo ukuya kwimibutho yale mihla yokuvukela, eli lungelo lokutsala umva urhulumente libonwa njengelifa elingqalileyo kuMqulumbiso.

Impembelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Namalungelo Abantu

Urhulumente wase-U.S. usebenzise imbali yolwimi lwesiSindululo ukulungiselela inkqubo yaso yasemzini, ukukhuthaza idemokhrasi namalungelo abantu kwamanye amazwe. Isindululo saphembelela ngqo iSindululo samaFrentshi samaLungelo oMntu nawoMntu ngo-1789 kwaye, kutshanje, iSindululo somhlaba Wonke samalungelo abantu ngo-1988. Urhulumente wase-U.S. unxulumene nokuthembeka kwaso okucingelwayo kule migaqo. [[FLT:] Ukufunda iSibhengezo seSivumelo Sehlabathi Lonke samaLungelo Oluntu kwiwebhsayithi ye-UN [FLT]] ukubona umbhalo ongqalileyo kunye nokufana kwayo nentandabulumko.

ISivumo Sokholo Esiphilayo Sokufuna IRiphabliki Eqhelekileyo

Isibhengezo seSindululo seNkqutyana yokuzimela geqe asingomthetho omele unyanzelwe ziinkundla, kodwa siSivumo sokholo esinika umlinganiselo ogqibeleleyo wokufaneleka kwayo yonke inkqubo karhulumente waseMerika. Sixelela abantu, neenkokeli zabo, oko kulindeleke ukuba ilizwe libe kuko. SisiSibhalo esisisiseko esichaza isivumelwano soluntu lwaseMerika: urhulumente ukhusela amalungelo ethu, kwaye nathi siyavumelana nathi.

Isizukulwana ngasinye sisebenza umsebenzi wokutolika nokusebenzisa imigaqo yesibhengezo kucelomngeni lwaso ngexesha laso. UmGaqo-siseko ulungiselela lo msebenzi, kodwa uSindululo sinika injongo. Sisiso senjongo ephakamileyo yesizwe kwaye sinolwandiso oluphezulu oluthi ngalo ulwelo lwaso olukhulu lulinganiswe ngalo. Logama nje i-United States isekhona, urhulumente wayo uza kugwetywa kungengamandla okanye ubutyebi bayo, kodwa ngokuthembeka kwayo kwinyaniso ecacileyo yokuba bonke abantu badalwa belingana kwaye banikwe amalungelo angenakungenamkhethelo obomi, inkululeko, nokusukela ulonwabo. Oku kuphila, okusebenzayo, nokuhlala kuhleli kwiSindululo se-Escractiventi.