Isebe Eligwebayo NjengomGaqo-siseko

Isebe eligwebayo limi njengoyena mtoliki womthetho nomGaqo-siseko, lisebenzisa igunya elihlola ngokuthe ngqo amandla eeKhomishini zombini kunye nobungangamsha. Ngoxa isebe eliphetheyo liyimisela umthetho nendlu yowiso-mthetho, isalathisi siqinisekisa ukuba alikho isebe eligqitha imida yalo esemthethweni. Lo msebenzi wokuziphendulela akungowona nje uthethwayo; ubumba iziphumo zokoqobo zolawulo kwaye ukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nxamnye norhulumente ochuku. Ukuqonda ubukhulu obupheleleyo bendlela iinkundla eziwasebenzisa ngayo amanye amasebe okungamele avavanywe ngayo, kungekuphela kwamandla esiseko afana nokuhlola imigaqo esesikweni, ukumisela, kunye nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo oluchaza olu lwalamano.

Isiseko segunya lezeejaji

Imvelaphi yomGaqo-siseko kunye nokwakhiwa

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela isebe lezomthetho kwiGatya III, udala inkqubo yenkundla yephondo ekhokelwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ngokungafaniyo namasebe owiso-mthetho kunye negunya lawo elilawulayo, afumana igunya ngqo kunyulo, ijaji isebenza njengequmrhu elimiselweyo elinobomi obuninzi kubagwebi besizwe. Le nkululeko yesakhiwo yayicetyelwe ngabom ukuvumela iinkundla ukuba ziphumeze izigwebo ezingakhethi cala-cala ngaphandle kokoyika ukuziphindezela kwezobupolitika. Abameli baqonda ukuba icandelo elizimeleyo ngokwenene limele ukumisela imiqathango yemimiselo yezomGaqo-siseko kumandla karhulumente.

Amandla Okuphengulula Ngokweejaji

Ukucaphula kwesigwebo silungu lesiseko sokuphendula kwetyala. Eli gunya livumela iinkundla ukuba zihlole imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga kunye nezenzo ezithatyathwa lisebe eliphetheyo ukugqiba enoba ziyavumelana na nomGaqo-siseko. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ungakhankanyi ngokucacileyo ukuqwalasela okuqulunqwa kwetyala, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa eli gunya kwityala eliphawulayo Materalbury v. Madison (103)[FLT] [1803] [1], emisela ukuba "ngokucacileyo iphondo lesebe lejajinga lokugweba ukuchaza oko kuthethwa ngumthetho." Ngengqwalasela yenkundla, inkundla isenokuwisa umthetho ongekho semthethweni, imiyalelo karhulumente engenanto. La gunya liguqula isindululo sesigqibo se-judiaaaa kwisigqibo setyala.

Igunya leNkundla yoManyano kunye neQumrhu

Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo yephondo isebenza kwimigangatho emithathu: iinkundla zesithili, iinkundla zesiphaluka, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo. Iinkundla zesithili zisebenza njengeenkundla zamatyala apho amatyala aqala khona, ukuva iingxelo kunye nokwenza izindululo zokuqala ngokubhekiselele kwimiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Iinkundla zezibheno zihlola izigqibo zenkundla yesithili, ziqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo esemthethweni iyasetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yenza amatyala aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo yezomgaqo-siseko okanye iingxabano phakathi kweenkundla ezisezantsi. Esi sakhiwo solawulo sisigqeba sivumela inkundla yejajingamela ukuphendula ityala kwimiba emininzi ngoxa iqinisekisa ukucaciswa komthetho worhulumente.

Ukusetyenziswa Koomatshini Abanetyala

Isicatshulwa seMithetho njengeNkqutyana

Iinkundla ziphendula isebe lowiso-mthetho ngokutolika umthetho. Xa iNkomfa idlulisela imithetho edidayo, iinkundla zimisela intsingiselo efunwayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Lo msebenzi wokuchaza uthintela indlu yowiso-mthetho ekuzalisekiseni imithetho egqitha igunya lomgaqo-siseko okanye evukela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagqiba ngomlinganiselo weChwebestia Claus, ibeka umda amandla eBhunga ukulawula ngokupheleleyo kwimisebenzi yamazwe angaphandle. Ngezigqibo ezinjalo, isalatha imida yamandla omthetho, iqinisekisa ukuba iNgqungquthela isebenza kwigunya layo eliphindaphindeneyo.

Intshukumo yeGqithisa

Ijaji ikwahlola izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo, kuquka imiyalelo yomongameli, imimiselo yamasebe, kunye nezigqibo zomthetho. Iinkundla zivavanya ukuba amagosa aphezulu aye aligqitha igunya lawo okanye aphula ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. ulutsha olusemgceni-siseko shellp & Lamp; Tube Co. Seawer (1952), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba uMongameli uTruman adlule igunya lakhe ngokuthatha izikhonkwane zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yaseKorea, imisela ukuba umongameli akanakwenza ngaphandle kogunyaziso lomgaqo-siseko okanye ugunyaziso. Le meko ingqina ingqina indlela iinkundla ezithintela ngayo ukugqeqelelwa komphathi-nga abasebenzi ngexesha longxamiseko.

Amandla Eenguqu Neendlela Zonyango

Ngaphandle kokuvakalisa izenzo ezingekho mthethweni, inkundla ingakhupha imimiselo yokuba izithintele ngokuthe ngqo izenzo zikarhulumente. Xa inkundla ifumanisa ukuba umthetho olawulayo okanye umbutho womthetho wesebe uyawonakalisa umthetho, kungamisa ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho olindele ukuhlaziywa. Eli gunya lokwenza ucoceko linika ityala elikhawulezileyo, linyanzelela isebe elilawulayo ukuba lithethelele izenzo zalo okanye liguqule indlela eliqhuba ngayo. Abagwebi besizwe basoloko benikela imiyalelo esebenzayo kulo lonke ilizwe, maxa wambi isithintela engundoqo eqeqengqele kwiimeko ezininzi.

Ukunyanzelwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Indima yejaji ekhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye isebenza njengovavanyo olusisiseko kwigunya likarhulumente. Iinkundla zinyanzelisa ukukhuselwa okuqinisekisiweyo yiBhili yamaLungelo kunye nezinye izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko, kuquka ukuthethwa ngokukhululekileyo, inkululeko yonqulo, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo. Xa iBhunga likhupha imithetho ethintela ukuthethwa okanye umlawuli olawulayo obandakanyekayo kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, iinkundla zisebenza njengenkuselo yokugqibela kubantu ababuthathaka namaqela amancinane. Lo msebenzi wokunyanzelisa amalungelo mhlawumbi ngowona mbandela ubonakalayo wokuphendula kwetyala, njengoko amatyala abandakanya inkululeko yabemi esoloko evelisa ingqalelo engakumbi kubantu.

Amatyala Abonisa Ukuba Anamandla Okugweba

Marbury v. Madison (103)

Uluvo loMgwebi omkhulu John Marshall kwi-Marbury v. Madison wamisela uhlolo lwezomthetho njengomgaqo wesiseko. Ityala lavela xa uWilliam Marbury, ukumiselwa komphathi-mthetho wokugqibela, uNobhala weSizwe uJames Madison ngenxa yokungavumi ukudlulisela ulawulo lwakhe. UMarshall wavakalisa ukuba nangona uMarbury ekufanele ugunyazo lwakhe, umthetho onika igunya leNkundla ePhakamileyo lokukhupha imiyalelo enjalo wawungaphumi ngokomthetho. Oku kwaqinisekisa ukuba igunya leNkuNkundla lokuphelisa imithetho engqubana noMgaqo-siseko ngexa uLe ngqungquthela uRoms. Isigqibo saguqula i-judiary ibe lisebe elinobuchule bokuhlola urhulumente nomphathi-omphathi-mthetho.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Esi sigqibo sangqinelanayo savakalisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke olungekho mgaqo-siseko, sibhukuqa i "Imfundiso eyahlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo" eyasungulwa kwiPlessy v. Ferguson. IJaji enkulu uEarl Warren wabhala ukuba amaziko emfundo azimeleyo "ngokungalingani" kwaye aphula umthetho we-Actal Protection Clause of the 144th Amendment Amendment. Umthetho wabonisa amandla ejajinis ukunyazisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ngokuchasene nesenzo sombuso, kwanaxa loo mazwe ayenemikhwa nemithetho exhasa i-Rodbrown v.

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Ngexesha lehlazo laseWatergate, uMongameli Nixon wabiza ilungelo eliphezulu lokuvala iikhasethi kunye namaxwebhu abhalwe ngumtshutshisi okhethekileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yavumelana ngamxhelo mnye yala ukurhoxa kwengxelo kaNixon, isithi umongameli akangaphezulu komthetho kwaye ilungelo eliphetheyo elingenakusetyenziswa ukufihla ubungqina kuphando lolwaphulo-mthetho. Isigqibo sanyanzelisa uNixon ukuba akhuphe iikhasethi, nto leyo eyayiqulethe ubungqina bokubandakanyeka kwakhe kwigqubuso, nto leyo eyakhokelela ngqo ekubeni arhoxe. Eli tyala laqinisekisa ukuba kwanegosazulu eliphetheyo limele lithobele imiyalelo yezahlulelo-mthetho nenkqubo esemthethweni.

I - INS v. Chanha (1983)

INkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa phantsi i-veto yemithetho, inkqubo evumela iNkqutyana ukuba ibhukuqe izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo ngaphandle kokuphumeza umthetho opheleleyo. INkundla yathi oovimba abanjalo balwaphula umthetho weSigqibo sikaClaus, esifuna ukuba zombini imvume yeNdlu kunye nosayino lomongameli lomthetho. Esi sigqibo sakhuthaza ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngokuthintela iBhunga ukuba lithintele ukumiswa komthetho. Sisaqhubeka singumbandela obalulekileyo kwimigudu yemithetho yolawulo-mthetho ukulawula imicimbi yempangelo-mpala ngendlela engacwangciswanga.

Trump v. Hawaii (2088)

Eli tyala lalibandakanya umyalelo womphathi olawulayo kaTrump wokwalela uhambo ukusuka kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi. Ngeli xesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo ekugqibeleni ixhasa igunya lomyalelo phantsi komthetho wokufuduka, inkqubo yokulinika ityala ngokwayo yabonisa indima yejaji ekuhloleni inyathelo lolawulo oluphezulu. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zayalela iinguqulelo zangaphambili zokuvalwa kohambo, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yabandakanyekezela ngenyameko ukucaciswa kwegunya lomthetho kunye nemidali yomgaqo-siseko. Ityala labalase umcimbiswano oqhubekayo phakathi kokhuseleko loluntu kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo oluntu.

IiNkqubo zaNgoku kunye neeNgqungquthela

Isebe lesebe elilawulayo

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, oomongameli bobabini baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yabalawuli abaphezulu ukufikelela iinjongo zabo ngaphandle kweBhunga. Oku kuye kwabangela ukubekwa iliso okubalulekileyo njengoko iinkundla zivavanya ukuba oomongameli bangaphaya kwegunya labo kusini na. Ijaji iphumeze imithetho edibeneyo, maxa wambi ixhasa izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu kunye namanye amaxesha. Umzekelo, iinkundla ziye zavala iinxalenye ezithile zonkqubo yomkhosi ka-2012 yeDefered Action for Parents of America, zifumana ukuba umongameli akanalo igunya lokunika imvume yomsebenzi kwabaphambukeli abagunyaziweyo. La matyala abonisa indlela iinkundla ezihlala zisemgangathweni womongameli.

Iimpikiswano Zolawulo Lwembutho

Impikiswano phakathi kweKhompathimente kunye nesebe eliphetheyo kwizicelo zenkcazelo isoloko ifikelela kwiinkundla. Xa oomongameli bengavumi ukuthobela i-communionpoenas, ijaji kufuneka imisele ukuba liliphi igunya lolawulo lowiso-mthetho. Committee kwiJadiary v. McGahn (2029), inkundla yesithili yawisa umthetho wokuba obenguMphathiswa weNdlwane yeNdlu-ofisi yezomthetho uDon McGahn, ukwala intelo yokuzimela ukhuseleko olupheleleyo lwe-presidentiardiardiars. Izigqi ezinjalo ziqinisekisa ukuba nesebe lingavumi ngokuphi nanganyani ukuphendula ezinye iimfuno.

Amandla eengozi nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Iinkundla zijamelene nocelomngeni olukhethekileyo xa zihlola isenzo solawulo oluphezulu esithatyathwe ngexesha longxamiseko. Oomongameli baye bathi banegunya elibanzi lokuthatha amanyathelo ngaphandle kwemvume ngexesha leemfazwe, kwiingozi zobugrogrisi, okanye kwiimeko zempilo yoluntu. Ijaji ngokuqhelekileyo ivumela ubuchule obuphezulu kwimicimbi yokhuseleko yesizwe kodwa iyaqhubeka inamandla okuphelisa izenzo ezichasene namalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ukuvalelwa kwabanqolobi, ukujongwa okungenasizathu, nemiqathango yomda wongxamiseko konke kufuna ukulungelelaniswa kokhuseleko kwinkululeko yabantu ngabanye.

Impembelelo Ephantsi Yenkundla Nentlalo Ebanzi

Abagwebi betyala lomanyano baye bakhupha imimiselo ephinda-phindiweyo yelizwe lonke evala iinkqubo zesebe eliphetheyo kulo lonke eli. Oku kuvumela ijaji enye ukuba imise amanyathelo amakhulu enkqubo, ibangele uxinezeleko olubalulekileyo nesebe elilawulayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi imiyalelo yelizwe lonke inika uncedo olufanelekileyo xa ivavanya imigaqo karhulumente evavanyayo, ngoxa abagxeki bephikisa ukuba bayawuvumela "ukuthenga ngokusesikweni" kwaye bawujongela phantsi umgaqo wokulawula. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yavakalisa inkxalabo ngalo mgaqo kodwa ayiwuvaleli ngokupheleleyo lo mkhwa, ishiya impikiswano eqhubekayo ngemigaqo yayo efanelekileyo.

Ucelomngeni Lokufumana Inkululeko Yokulawula Nokuphumelela

Ingcinezelo Yezobupolitika Nembono Kawonke - wonke

Ubuchule bejaji bokuziphendulela kwamanye amasebe buxhomekeke ekuthembekeni koluntu nakwinkululeko yamaqumrhu. Xa abagwebi bejongwa njengabadlali abanobuhlanga kunokuba bathathele inxaxheba kwimiqathango ekhoyo, imiyalelo yabo ijongene nokugxekwa okungakumbi nokuchanabeka. Ukuvunywa kwamvanje kweemfazwe kunyuse ukuhla kwezopolitiko kukwizicawa zowiso-mthetho, yaye abacuphi abajongene neembono zabo ngempikiswano. Ukukholosa kukawonke wonke kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ibonisa ukuba ipesenti ephawulekayo yamaMerika ijonge iNkundle njengeqhutywa yizobupolitika kunokuba isomthetho. Oku kuthenjelwa kokuthemba kusongela igunya lejajidicana xa kusenziwa izigqibo ezinyazisa umongameli okanye iiNkundla ezithandwayo.

Udl-aseshorts kunye nolawulo lokulayishwa koonobumba

Iinkundla zomanyano zisingatha amatyala angaphezu kwama-40 000 ngonyaka, zibangela uxinzelelo olubalulekileyo kubagwebi nakubaphathi. INkundla ePhakamileyo ifumana izibongozo ezimalunga nama-7 000 nyaka ngamnye kodwa iphula amatyala amalunga nama-60-80 kuphela. Oku kukhetha kuthetha ukuba imibuzo emininzi ebalulekileyo engokwasemthethweni ayize ifumane isigqibo esiqinisekileyo, ishiya iinkundla ezisezantsi ziphuhlise iindlela ezingahambelaniyo. Iimali ezilinganiselweyo zikwachaphazela amandla ejaji, ingakumbi xa amagosa esebe aphetheyo engavumi ukuthotyelwa. Nangona ukuchasa ngokungqalileyo kunqabile, iindlela zokuchasa ezizinzileyo njengokusetyenziswa okanye ukuchazwa kwakhona komsebenzi womsebenzi wobugcisa zisenokusingela phantsi ityala.

Ukubuyiselwa kweBhunga kunye noLawulo loHlahlo

IKhomishini iyakwazi ukukhusela uqingqo-mali lwejaji kwaye iyakwazi ukusebenzisa izigqibo zemali ukuphembelela imiqathango yezomthetho. Nangona ukuphindezela ngqo kwizigqibo ezithile kunqabile, iKhomishini iye yasongela ukuphelisa zonke iinkundla okanye imigaqo elawulayo kwiimeko ezithile. Inqaku III linikela ukhuseleko oluthile kubomi obungenasiphelo kubagwebi, kodwa ijusi ihlala ixhomekeke kwisebe lemithetho yesebe lowiso-mthetho ukuze kufumaneke izibonelelo. IBhunga likwalawula inani leenqanawa, livumela ukuba zandisa okanye libophelele amandla ejajini lokusingatha amatyala. Ezi ngxelo zesakhiwo zikhumbuza iinkundla ukuba ukuzimela kwazo akunanto.

Ukungahambelani neGawulayo kunye neNkundla

Nangona kunqabile, imizekelo yokungavumelani kwesebe elilawulayo nemiyalelo yenkundla ibeka izisongelo ezinzulu kwigunya lenkundla. UMongameli uLincoln ngokungawukhathaleli umyalelo weJaji eMkhulu uTaney wokukhulula abangqinisi abanoXotho lweziphene ngexesha leMfazwe yamakhaya. Kutshanje, amanye amagunya amagosa aseburhulumenteni aye akuthandabuza ekuhleni ukufaneleka kwemithetho yenkundla abaphikisana nayo. Ijajili-jaji angenawo amandla ayo okulawula kwaye ixhomekeke kwisebe eliphetheyo ukuzalisekisa imiyalelo yayo. Oku kubuthathaka kuthetha ukuba ekugqibeleni iinkundla zixhomekeke kwimigaqo yezopolitiki nenkxaso kawonke wonke oluntu ukuqinisekisa ukuba zithobela izigqibo zabo.

Ikamva Lokuphendula Komgwebi

Ukuqalisa Imibuzo Yasemthethweni Nobugcisa

Iinkundla zijamelana ngokukhulayo nemibuzo yamanoveli ephakanyiswa lutshintsho lobugcisa, kuquka ukubekwa kolwazi, umgaqo wezentlalo, ubuntlola obungasetyenziswayo, kunye nokuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo. Le mibandela idla ngokuvela kummandla apho iBhunga lingamiselanga umthetho obanzi, inyanzelisa iinkundla ukuba zisebenzise imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kwiimeko ezingakalinganiyo. Indima yejaji ekuxoleleni amalungelo abantu, ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwiindawo zamanani, kunye negunya loburhulumente lokuhlola izinto ziya kwanda njengoko ubugcisa buqhubeka busanda.

Izindululo Zokuguqulela

Ziye zavela iingcebiso ezahlukeneyo zokuguqula isakhiwo sejaji kunye nemigaqo yokuphendula. Abanye abahlalutyi baxhasa imida yegama kumatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo, bephikisa ngelithi ubomi bonke bubangela izikhuthazo zokuthatha umhlala-phantsi obalulekileyo kwaye bunciphisa ukuphendula. Abanye bacebisa ukwandisa ubungakanani beNkundla ePhakamileyo ukulungelelanisa ukwenziwa kwengqiqo okanye ukumisela ikhowudi ebophelelayo yehambo yokulungisa. Iingcebiso zenkundla, ngelixesha lempikiswano, zibonakalisa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo zokuba isakhiwo sangoku siwuphumele ngokwaneleyo umsebenzi waso wokuphendula. Naluphi na utshintsho olukhulu lungafuna ulwamdlalo olufanelekileyo lweziphumo ezicetyiweyo nezingacwangciswanga.

Ukuthelekiswa Nezifundo Nezizwe

Ukuhlolisisa indlela ezinye iikomiti zolawulo-melo ezinikela ngayo imbono eluncedo. Amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa umgaqo-siseko ngendlela ekhethekileyo kwimibuzo engokomGaqo-siseko, ngoxa amanye esebenzisa iminyaka engokwasemthethweni yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi okanye imiyalelo emiselweyo kubagwebi benkundla ephakamileyo. Amanye amazwe anika iinkundla zawo igunya elicacileyo lokuhlola umthetho ngaphambi kokuba usebenze, ngoxa amanye egcina izithethe ezomelele ngakumbi zobungangamsha bomthetho. Ukuthelekisa ezi ndlela zibalaselisa iinkalo ezahlukileyo kwinkqubo ye-U.S. ngoxa ecebisa iinguqu ezinokwenzeka ezinokuthi ziqinise ukuphendula okunokuphendula okungakhange kumele ukulawulwa kwetyala ngaphandle kokuthob ’ ityala.

Isiphelo

Amandla esebe lejaji alawulayo kunye nelowiso-mthetho ahlala ebalulekile kulawulo lomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Ngohlolo lomthetho, ngokucaciswa, nangokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu, iinkundla ziqinisekisa ukuba abadlali borhulumente basebenza kwimida yezomgaqo-siseko kwaye bahlonela umthetho. Amatyala okulawula ukusuka e-Marbury v. Madison ukuya eUnited States v. Nixon ubonisa indlela ulawulo lwezichaphazelo oluye ngayo ulungelelwano lwamandla eMelika kwimbali yomthetho. Kodwa lo msebenzi wokuziphendulela kujongene neemfuno ezintsha zezomthetho nezopolitiki. Kodwa lo msebenzi wokuziphendulela ujongela kwiimeko zomthetho ujongenelo lwezomthetho, izithintelo, izithintelo zemali, kunye nezakhiwo ezizimeleyo. Ukuphumelela kokulawula ulawulo lomthetho kuxhomekeke ekuthembekeni kwabantu, ukuzimela kwemithetho-mthetho, ukulawulwa nokuzibopha kweminye imicimbi yezomthetho.

Ufundisiso olunzulu, iprojekthi [[FLT: 0] ye-Oyez inika uhlalutyo olunzulu lombandela, iZiko lomGaqo-siseko wohlanga linikela ugcino-lwazi olufundisayo kwigunya lejaji, kunye newebhsayithi yeNkundla esemthethweni ye- ekhupha iingcamango neengxoxo.