Ukwazisa: Isiseko Sobulungisa BaseMerika

Inkqubo elindelekileyo asikokuba ngumthetho nje osemthethweni; likhusi elibekwe kulo inkqubo yokugweba yaseMerika. Iqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki imeko okanye iimeko, uya kuphathwa kakuhle ngurhulumente xa etyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukusukela kwixesha lokubanjwa ngesigqibo sokugqibela ekulingweni, inkqubo efunekayo isebenza njengekhusi elichasene namandla ombuso ozimeleyo. Lo mgaqo, ofakwe kuMgaqo-siseko weSihlanu noweshumi elinesine, uqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo imigaqo esemthethweni. Ukuqonda inkqubo efunekayo kuyimfuneko ekukhuseleni amalungelo akho nokukhusela nokugcina inkqubo ityala.

Ukuqhelisela inkqubo efanelekileyo, kufuneka imithetho icace, ukuba abantu bafumane isaziso ngezityholo, nokuba banethuba elinentsingiselo lokuviwa. Ngaphandle kwezi ntaba, inkqubo yokusesikweni ibiya kuba sengozini yokuba sisixhobo sengcinezelo kunokuba ibe yinkqubo yenyaniso. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa umlinganiselo opheleleyo wenkqubo efunekayo esuka ekubeninjwa ukuya ekuvavanyweni, kuquka imvelaphi yalo, iindlela ezimbini ezahlukileyo ezithathwayo, kunye namalungelo alo aqinisekisa ngalo lonke icandelo lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Yintoni Efanelekileyo? Isiqinisekiso SomGaqo-siseko

Enyanzelweni yayo, isiseko esifanelekileyo semithetho efunekayo yokuba urhulumente ahlonele onke amalungelo abekelwe umntu phantsi komthetho. Ibinzana livela kwiindawo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S.: uMphengululo wesihlanu (osebenza kurhulumente wezwe) kunye noMmiselo weSindululo (ogunyaziswe koorhulumente). Zombini ezi zibonelelo zinika ukuba akukho mntu “okhululekileyo ebomini, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Olu lwimi lutoliwe ziinkundla ukumisela imida yomqathango yomibini yomthetho kunye neenkqubo ezisetyenziswayo ukunyanzelisa.

Iingcambu zembali zenkqubo efunekayo zibuyela emva uMagna Carta ngo1215, eyathi akukho mntu okhululekileyo ongohlwaywa ngaphandle “komthetho welizwe.” Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, le ngcamango yavela yaziwa kwisiqinisekiso sangoku sokuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo. Namhlanje, inkqubo efunekayo ihlulwe yaba ngamasebe amabini: iprocedtural kunye ne-ecuttantive, ngalinye lisebenza injongo eyahlukileyo ekulondolozeni amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

INkqubo Efanelekileyo Elindelekileyo: Iindlela Ezilungileyo, Iziphumo Ezifanelekileyo

Inkqubo yenkqubo efunekayo yenkqubo igxininisa kumanyathelo urhulumente amele awalandele ngaphambi kokususa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla yomntu. Iqinisekisa ukuba nayiphi na inkqubela engokwasemthethweni yenziwa ngokusesikweni kwaye abantu banethuba lokwenene lokunikela icala labo. Izinto ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Inqaku lobungqina bezityholo okanye isenzo esicetyiweyo – kufuneka uxelelwe oko utyholwa kuko ngendlela ecacileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Lithuba lokuva [[UMTL:1] – kufuneka ube nethuba lokunikela ubungqina neempikiswano.
  • A umenzi wesigqibo ongathathi cala nongakhethi buso – ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala akufunekanga bakhethe.
  • Ilungelo lokunika ubungqina kunye namangqina anqamlezayo – ukuqinisekisa isigqibo sisekelwe kulwazi olunokuthenjwa.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba urhulumente ufuna ukuwaphelisa amalungelo akho obuzali okanye ukuthabatha impahla yakho, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuchotshelwa phambi kwegosa elingakhethiyo, linikwe isaziso kwangaphambi kwecala nelungelo lokucebisa. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo efunekayo isisiseko samalungelo amaninzi axutyushwa ngezantsi, ukusuka ekuhlaleni ungathethi kwilungelo lokuya kwityala labachopheli-tyala.

Inkqubo Esisiseko Elindelekileyo: Ukukhusela Inkululeko Esisiseko

Inkqubo esezantsi esetyenziswayo igqitha kwiinkqubo zokubuza ukuba umthetho ngokwawo ulungile na. Ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni kukarhulumente, kwanokuba zinkqubo ezifezekileyo ziyasetyenziswa. La malungelo aquka ukuzifihla, umtshato, ulwalamano lwentsapho, kunye nozimele mzimba. Iimeko zokuphawula ezifana [FLT][FLD][12]]. [2] [[FLT] kunye [FLT]][5] OFLT] "5] Iwall v. Hod5 [20:5][FLT][FLT:][5] [5] ibandakanya inkqubo esezantsi efunekayo yokususa nokutshata kwasekunene, kunye nezi meko zokuthelekisa ezidityaniyo. Ngexesha lokuzinye iimeko zobucala.

Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo efunekayo ethintela urhulumente ukuba aphule ihambo ethile egqalwa njengelungelo elisisiseko, njengelungelo lokuhamba okanye ilungelo lokwala unyango lwezamayeza. Kukwafuna ukuba imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho icace ngokwaneleyo ukuba umntu okrelekrele angakuqonda oko kwalelweyo.

Inyathelo Elifanelekileyo Lokuvalelwa Ecaleni: Amalungelo Enu Ngazo Zonke Inyathelo

Ukuqonda oko kuthethayo xa ubanjwa kubaluleke kakhulu. UmGaqo-siseko kunye nezigwebo zenkundla ziye zavelisa uthotho lwezikhuseli ezithi zisetyenziswe ukususela ngexesha ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okuthabathayo ukuze uvalelwe kwityala lakho. Ngalinye kula malungelo likhusela urhulumente ekuphangweni kunye nesixhobo sokuqinisekisa iziphumo zobulungisa.

1. Ilungelo Lokuhlala Uthule (Amalungelo EMiranda)

Xa abakwabanjwa, amapolisa kufuneka akuxelele ukuba unelungelo lokuhlala uthule. Oku kusekunene, okumiselwe . Miranda v. Arizona (196) , kuthetha ukuba akufuneki ukuba uphendule nayiphi na imibuzo ebuzwa ngumthetho onyanzelisayo. Nayiphi na into othe yakuthi izakusetyenziswa ngokuchasene nawe enkundleni, ngoko ukuthi cwaka lusoloko lukhetho olukhuselekileyo de uthethe negqwetha. Isilumkiso sikaMirzada sikwaquka ilungelo lokuba negqwetha elikhoyo ngexesha lokubuza.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukuhlala nje uthule akwanele kwezinye iindawo; kufuneka ucele ngokucacileyo ilungelo lakho lokuthula. INkundla Ephakamileyo igqibe ku .[FLT] Bershuis v. Thompkins (2010) ukrokrela ohlala ethe cwaka ngaphandle kokuba athi bacela ilungelo labo ukuba liyilahle. Ukukhusela, uqheliso olungcono kukuchaza ngokucacileyo, “Ndisebenzisa ilungelo lam lokuhlala ndithulile kwaye ndifuna ukuthetha negqwetha.""

2. Ilungelo Lokufumana Icebiso Elingokwasemthethweni

IsiHlanziso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuba negqwetha elincedisayo kukhuseleko lwakho. Eli lungelo lisebenza ukusuka kwixesha lokuqalisa kweziganeko ze-adversaria (ngokokuqala kwetyala lokubanjwa okanye ukubekwa kwetyala okusesikweni. Umzekelo wesibonelelo [FLT]]] Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)[FLT] [FLT] iqinisekisa ukuba amatyala kufuneka anikezele igqwetha ityala kumntu ongenakukwazi ukuhlawula omnye kwiimeko zefelon. Kamva iimeko zandiswa kulowo uthwele oku kunokwenzeka kwexesha lentolongo.

Ukufumana umelo olusemthethweni olusemgangathweni kugxeka kuba igqwetha lingakucebisa ukuba uthethe nini, uthethe nabatshutshisi, uthathe iintshukumo zefayile ukucinezela ubungqina, kwaye uphuhlise iqhinga lokuzikhusela. Ukuba ubanjiwe, cela igqwetha ngoko nangoko kwaye ungaxubushina ngetyala lakho nomntu othile.

3. Ilungelo Lokuva Ngokukhawuleza (Isizathu Esinokwenzeka)

Emva kokuba ubanjiwe, unelungelo lokukhawulezisa ukuchotshelwa phambi komantyi ongathathi-nxaxheba ukugqiba ukuba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokukubamba ulwelo. Oku kuvakala, oku kubizwa ngokuba yi- Gerstein ukuva [ (kusuka [[FLT:]]]GUSTEN] v. Ukuba umele unikezele, kufuneka kwenzeke ngaphaya kweeyure ezingama-48 zokubanjwa kwiimeko ezininzi. Kulo ndlebe, umtshutshisi kufuneka anike ubungqina obaneleyo bokubonisa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luyenzeka kwaye mhlawumbi ungumntu owenzeyo. Ukuba umele ukuba umele ukuba umele umiselwe, kufuneka ukhululwe.

Oku kuviwa kukwasebenza njengethuba lakho lokuqala ukucela ibheyile okanye ukuphikisa ukukhululwa kwakho. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba ibheyile ibekwe ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo (h. hayi ukugqithisa okanye ukukhutshwa) kwaye ingasetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokukuvalela phambi kokuvavanywa ngaphandle kokulungisa.

4. Ilungelo Lokwazi Ityala

IsiHlanziso sesihlanu neseSithandathu sifuna ukuba abamangalelwa baxelelwe ngokusemthethweni ngezityholo abamangalelwa ngazo. Oku kudla ngokwenziwa ngenkqubo efunekayo [[FLT: 0], apho ufunda izityholo kwinkundla evulekileyo kwaye ucelwa ukuba ungene kwisicelo. Izityholo mazibe ziqiniseke ngokwaneleyo ukuze ulungiselele ukuzikhusela. Ityala okanye izityholo ezibanzi zingqubana nenkqubo efunekayo kuba zikushiya ungaqinisekanga ngoko kufuneka ukwenzele.

Ukuba izityholo zakho zitshintshiwe okanye kukho izityholo ezintsha ezitsha, kufuneka uxelelwe ngezo nguqulelo. Urhulumente akanakukukutyhola ngokutsha xa uvavanywa ngaphandle kokukunika ixesha lokuphendula.

5. Ilungelo Lokuvavanywa Ngokukhawuleza

UHlaliso lwesiThathu luqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanya ngokukhawuleza. Oku kukuthintela urhulumente ekukugcineni ekuvalweni kwangaphambili ngokungenasiphelo okanye ekulibaziseni ityala lakho ukuze uzuze uncedo olungafanelekanga. Inkundla ePhakamileyo imisele uvavanyo lwezifakela ezine kwi [[FLT]] ] Barker v. Wingo (1972] [[FLT]] ukugqiba ukuba ukulibazisa kuchasene na na nolu lithuba: ubude bokulibazisa, isizathu, nokuba ummangalelwa uqinisekisi ulungiso, nokuba ngaba uyalugwetyelwa kusini na.

Ulibaziseko lwexesha elingaphezu konyaka lugqalwa njengolunekhethe, kwaye ukuba uvalelwe, inkundla kufuneka icwangcise ityala lakho. Igqwetha lakho lingayikhupha into ukuba umtshutshisi akasileli ukuzisa ityala lakho ekuvavanyeni ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Eli lungelo aliphelelanga ``ityala elicomplex' lingazithethelela ixesha elide ukulibazisa/kodwa liqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo iqhubekela phambili ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okungeyo okufunekayo.

6. Ilungelo Lobukho Obungakhethi Buso

IsiHlazo seSithandathu soHlaziyo siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchophela ityala licatshulwa ngabachopheli-mthetho abangakhethiyo abathathwe kwicandelo elinqamlezayo loluntu. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yokukhetha abachopheli kufuneka ikhululwe kucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Ngethuba i-oirdar[, omabini amacala], ukucinezelwa nokuzikhusela okukhoyo, okunokungasekelwanga siseko sohlanga okanye ukucel'iiiiiiiii. [bBB2], ukuba banokuba banolwalamano nommangalelwa).[3]

Inkundla yabachopheli-tyala engakhethiyo ibalulekile kuba abachopheli-tyala begqiba ngemibuzo yenyaniso. Ukuba abachopheli-tyala bagweba ngokungekho mthethweni, ityala liphela lingcolile. Igqwetha lakho liya kusebenza ukuchonga abachopheli-tyala abangenakuphatha kakuhle nokuqinisekisa ukuba iqumrhu labachopheli-tyala libonakalisa ibutho labantu. Inkqubela elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba abachopheli-tyala bayalelwe kumthetho kwaye uxanduva olusengqiqweni ($) lungabuchasi amathandazo.

7. Ilungelo Lokujamelana NamaNgqina

ISithandathu seSiphendu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokujamelana no-astamine echaphazele wena. Eli lungelo livumela igqwetha lakho ukuba libucel ’ umngeni ubungqina obuchanekileyo, obunokuthenjwa nobuthembekileyo bomtshutshisi. Kwakhona liyakuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwelinye ilizwi (ukuthethwa ngenyaniso yombandela) ngaphandle kokufumaneka kobungqina kwaye ube nethuba langaphambili lokuwanqumla.

Ukuxilongwa komnqamlezo kusisixhobo esinamandla. Igqwetha elinobuchule linokubhenca ukungavumelani, ikhethe, okanye ubuxoki obucacileyo ekungqineni. Ngaphandle kwale lungelo, ukutshutshisa kungaxhomekeka kwizityholo ezingaziwayo okanye kumangqina afihlakeleyo, anokuthi angqubanise inkqubo efanelekileyo. Eli lungelo likwasebenza nakwingxelo ze-operactic kunye neengxelo; umhloli olungiselela ingxelo kufuneka afumaneke jikelele ukuze anqamleze.

Ucelomngeni Lwenkqubo Efanele Ibe Yiyo Kubulungisa Banamhlanje

Nakuba kukho ukhuseleko olululo, ukuyiqonda le mibandela kunokukunceda uqonde ukuba kunini apho amalungelo akho asengozini yaye yintoni onokuyenza ngayo.

Ukubanjwa Ngokugqith ’ Egceni Nokubanjwa Okungekho Mthethweni

Kumazwe amaninzi, iindlela zobupolishi ezinamandla zikhokelela ekuboshweni ngaphandle kosizathu esilindelekileyo. Iinkqubo zobuhlanga, zokumisa kunye ne-flisk, kunye nokubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi ngexesha lokuqhayisa kunganephula inkqubo efanelekileyo ukususela ekuqaleni. Ukuba ubanjiwe ngaphandle kwemigaqo esemthethweni efanelekileyo, igqwetha lakho lingayila intshukumo yokucinezela nabuphina ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngenxa yokubanjwa okungekho mthethweni. Kodwa umonakalo kudumo lwakho kunye noxinezeleko lokuzinziswa kwinkqubo unokuba nzulu.

Umelo olusemthethweni olwaneleyo

Abakhuseli boluntu kunye namagqwetha amiselwe yinkundla asoloko ethwala imithwalo yetyala ngaphaya koko kulawulekayo. Xa igqwetha limele amakhulu abaxhasi ngexesha elinye, kuphantse kube nzima ukunikela ingqalelo eyaneleyo kulo naliphi na ityala elinye. Oku kungaphumela ekuphoseni ixesha elimisiweyo, ukungaphumeleli ukuphanda, kwaye uxinzelelo lokwamkela isibongozo ngaphandle kokuhlola ukhuseleko. [[FLT:] I-Melika] Intlangano ye-Melika imisele umqobo ophezulu wokuqinisekisa uncedo olusebenzayo, kunye neNkuNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo [[FLT]].[19984].[FLD:4] [FLD] [FLD]

IBias Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni

Ucalucalulo olupheleleyo − olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, kwintlalo, okanye kwezinye izinto , lungasulela lonke iqondo lenkqubo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abamangalelwa abamnyama nabamakholwa abamnyama badla ngokubanjwa, babekwe ityala elinzulu, bafumane izigwebo ezingqwabalala kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe ngenxa yehambo efanayo. Abatyholi nabo basenokuphatha iimbono ezingekho mthethweni. Ngoxa inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukungacaluli, inyaniso kukuba inkqubo isoloko isithi ngokuqhelekileyo icuthe. Amagqwetha asebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-irvoir anzima kunye nobungqina obungochwepheshe bokuzisa olu qhekeko lungalu.

Uxinzelelo Olunamandla

Ngaphezu kwama-95% amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho axazululwa ngokufaka isingxengxezo, hayi ngokuvavanywa. Nangona isicelo sokucenga sinokwenziwa, sikwanokunyanzelisa abamangalelwa abamsulwa ukuba bavume ukuba babe netyala lokuphepha ubungozi besigwebo esiqatha xa kuvavanywa. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba nasiphi na isibongozo esinetyala sibe sazi, sokuzithandela, kwaye sibe silumkile. Ukuba umtshutshisi usongela izityholo ezigqithisileyo okanye inkundla ibeka “isigwebo setyala,” ukurhoxanduva. Unelungelo lokungasichasa ityala uze ufune ukuba licingwe, kwaye igqwetha yakho kufuneka ichaze iziphumo phambi kokuba ugqibe isigqibo.

Ukubaluleka Kwenkqubo Efanele Isetyenziswe Ngabantu

Inkqubo ayifaneleki nje ngokukhusela abantu abatyholwayo, kodwa inceda imilinganiselo yentlalo enceda wonke umntu. Xa urhulumente elandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo kwaye ehlonela amalungelo asisiseko, uluntu lonke luye lomelele.

  • ithetha ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla: inkqubo elindelekileyo isebenza njengohlolo kwisebe elilawulayo, iqinisekisa ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho nabatshutshisi abanakwenza ngokuthanda okanye ngokuziphindezela.
  • Ukwakha uthelekelelo lukawonke-wonke: Abantu banokuhlonela nokuthobela umthetho xa bekholelwa ukuba inkqubo ilungile. Xa inkqubo efanelekileyo iphulwa, ukuthembana kuyawohloka, kwaye uluntu luyaqhekeka.
  • iPromotes ucoselelo: iinkqubo zeFair ```iindlela''] ezifana nelungelo lokunqumla amangqina e-examine kunye nobungqina obukhoyo(ukukhulula amathuba okukholelwa okuphosakeleyo. Iprojekthi yeInnocence ikhulule amakhulu amabanjwa esebenzisa ubungqina be-DNA, amaninzi awo agwetyelwa naphantsi kweenkqubo ezinempazamo.
  • Ilawula idemokhrasi: Inkqubo ehlonela inkqubo efunekayo ibonisa umgaqo wedemokhrasi ongundoqo wokuba wonke umntu unesidima namalungelo azuzwe njengefa urhulumente amele awahlonele.

Indlela Yokukhusela Amalungelo Akho: Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo

Ukwazi amalungelo akho linyathelo lokuqala nje. Umele ukwazi ukuba ungawamisa njani ngokunempumelelo. Nazi izinto ezisebenzisekayo onokuzenza ukuba ukhe wabanjwa okanye wamangalelwa ngezaphuli - mthetho:

  • Hlala uthule kodwa uthethe ngokucacileyo: Itsho ngokuvakalayo, “Ndicela ilungelo lam ukuba ndihlale ndithule kwaye ndifuna igqwetha.” Ungaphenduli nayiphi na imibuzo, kwaneyodwa, de igqwetha lakho libe likhona.
  • Musa ukuvuma ukuphendla: Ngaphandle kokuba amapolisa anesiqinisekiso okanye anesilumkiso, unelungelo lokwala ukukhangela umntu wakho, inqwelo-mafutha yakho, okanye ikhaya lakho. Yithi, “Andivumi ukuba uphando lwakho lubhaqo.”
  • Cela igqwetha ngokuphindaphindiweyo: Ukuba amapolisa ayaqhubeka ekubuza emva kokuba ucele igqwetha, phinda isicelo sakho. Musa ukoyikiswa. Ilungelo lakho kwicebo liphelele.
  • Uxwebhu lonke: bhala phantsi amagama namanani ebheji abaphathi, ixesha nendawo obanjwa kuyo, kunye nawo nawaphi na amangqina. Le nkcazelo ijongene negqwetha lakho.
  • Musa ukuxubusha ngetyala lakho nomntu omnye ngaphandle kwegqwetha lakho: Incoko namanye amabanjwa, abahlobo, okanye amalungu entsapho ingasetyenziswa nxamnye nawe. AmaCell kunye nawo asenokuba ngabaphathi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ifake ityala lonke: Ukungaphumeleli ukuvela [kunokuphumela kwisiqinisekiso sokubanjwa kwakho nokuphulukana nebheyile. Ukuba awunakukwazi ukuhlawula igqwetha, cela umkhuseli kawonke-wonke ngoko nangoko.

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho enkqubo afanelekileyo ophulwe, qhagamshelana negqwetha lokhuseleko lolwaphulo-mthetho elinamava. Inkululeko yangaphakathi yeMelika (ACLU) kunye [FLT:][FLT]] iinxulumani zebhari zasekuhlaleni[[FLT]] [iiiindlela ezikhoyo kunye nezikhombisi.]

Isiphelo: Inkqubela Elindelekileyo Njengesiqinisekiso Esiphilayo

Imodeli ayiyonto ijikajika-jikayo-ngokuchazwa kweenkundla zomGaqo-siseko nanjengoko ibutho libona izisongelo ezintsha zokusesikweni. Ukusukela kwixesha lokubanjwa ngesigqibo sokugqibela, ezi zikhuseli ziqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakuwahlutha amalungelo akho ngaphandle kokukuthethelela kwaye ngaphandle kokukunika ithuba elibalulekileyo lokuzikhusela. Ngoxa iingxaki zihlala zikhona ```ekukhuselweni kwabakhuselweyo, ukujijwa okucacileyo, kunye nengcinezelo yokumangalela ukuba netyala elinobutyala --inkqubo efanelekileyo inika izixhobo zokulwa.

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho kukunika amandla okufuna okusesikweni. Enoba ungummi ongenakuze anyangwe okanye umntu oqhuba inkqubo yobulungisa ngoku, imigaqo yenkqubo efunekayo iyasebenza kuwe. Sisizathu sokuba umthetho ungesosixhobo nje sabanamandla kodwa ulikhaka labo basengozini. Ngokukhusela inkqubo efunekayo, sikhusela ingqibelelo yayo yonke inkqubo yethu engokwasemthethweni nenkululeko yabo bonke abantu abahlala phantsi kwayo.