Isiseko Solawulo - melo LwaseMerika: Iingqinipho nolungelelwano

Urhulumente wase-United States usebenza phantsi kwesakhiwo esiyilwe ngenyameko esaziwa njengenkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Lo mgaqo, odityaniswe kumGaqo-siseko oQalelweyo ngabaseki abaFuma beSikhokelo, uqinisekisa ukuba alikho isebe elinye likarhulumente (`isebe elinqumlayo, i-witrogic', okanye i-(i-accan) elilawula abanye. Ngokusasaza amandla nangokunika isebe ngalinye izixhobo ezithile ukuqwalasela nokulinganisela izenzo zabanye ababini, inkqubo ikhusela ekusebenziseni igunya elinamandla nasekulondolozeni inkululeko yabantu. Ukuqonda indlela isebe ngalinye elibambisa ngayo abanye abantu ekuqondeni ukukhutshwa kolawulo-demokhrasi. Kweli nqaku, siza kuvavanya ezi zixhobo ngobunzulu, sizoba kwimizekelo yembali kunye neyomgaqo-mgalelo-nkqubo eboniswa phakathi kwamasebe.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: uMongameli njengobunzima obungachananga

Isebe elilawulayo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States, ngokuyintloko linembopheleleko yokumisa imithetho yorhulumente nokuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe. Noko ke, amandla alo akude kakhulu nokuphela. UMgaqo-siseko unika uMongameli izixhobo eziliqela ezingundoqo zokuhlola amasebe owiso-mthetho nezogwebo, uqinisekisa ukuba igunya elilawulayo lihlala lilungelelaniswe namanye amasebe amabini.

Amandla Eveto Nemida Yawo

Enye yeengqikelelo ezingqalileyo zikaMongameli ophethe iNgqungquthela kukulawula. Icandelo I, iCandelo 7 loMgaqo-siseko livumela uMongameli ukuba alahle nawuphi na umqathango odluliswe zizo zombini izindlu zeBhunga. Eli gunya linyanzela isebe lowiso-mthetho ukuba liqwalasele imbono kaMongameli ngaphambi kokumisela amakhulu eemfuno yemiba. Ngaphaya kwembali yaseMelika, oomongameli basebenzise imodeli ukubumba inkqubo (ukubumba) uAndrew Jackson wamkela i-otherson , u-acestern es eRhaviter yesibini ye-United States, kunye noFranclin D. Rooselt iquze amakhulukhulu emalini emalini ephakathi kweshumi. Noko ke, iveto ayisetyenziswangagqibekanga ngokupheleleyo: Costalsonsonson (ill) nge-1046) ngenxa ye-Androuth).[4]

Amandla Okumisa: Ukugudisa Ijenali

UMongameli umisela abagwebi besizwe, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye “iziphumo ezingapheliyo kunye nemvume” yeNkundla yamaBhunga. Eli gunya livumela isebe eliphetheyo ukuba liphembelele isebe lejaji kwaye ngenxa yoko, ukuchazwa kwalo komthetho ngezizukulwana. Ixesha lokunikwa kwezomthetho kuchaza ukuba ukumiselwa kwekomiti yezobulungisa kusenokuba neziphumo ezihlala ixesha elide. Umzekelo, uMongameli uFranklin D. Rooselt uvumela ukuba liphembelele igalelo (nakuba alizange) libalase uxinzele uxinezelelo phakathi kwamasebe aphetheyo namaza agweba. Kutshanje, ukumiswa kwamatyala afana noRute Ginsburg (omiselwe nguBill Clinn) kunye noBrettle Klavh (ody) (osungulwe nguDonald Trump) abonise indlela i-mali elungele ukuma kwe-judiac.

Imiyalelo elawulayo: Ukulathisa uRhulumente

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo yimiyalelo ekhutshwa nguMongameli ukuba alawule imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Ngeli xesha zithwala umkhosi, kufuneka zibekwe kwigunya elikhoyo lomthetho okanye umGaqo-siseko. Imiyalelo yegunya ivumela uMongameli ukuba asebenze ngokukhawuleza kwimibandela enjengeyokhuseleko lwesizwe, ukufuduka, kunye nenkqubo yolawulo olulawulayo. Umzekelo, uMongameli Harry Truman u-Truman uwinte umyalelo wegunya lomkhosi (Umgaqo-Mgaqo-siseko 9981) ube nempembelelo enzulu entlalo. Noko ke, imiyalelo yezolawulo zinokubethwa kwinkundla okanye iphendulwe ngumthetho ngemithetho. [[FLTG:0] u-Stown & Lamplast; Cobe. v. Swerner [FFLDiced: 1]

Isebe Elisemthethweni: Ingqungquthela Njengelizwi Labantu

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, eliqukiwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, liphathiswe ukwenza imithetho, ukumela amaphondo, nokulawula uqingqo-mali lweziko lesizwe. IBhunga lisebenzisa iingqino eziliqela ezinamandla kumasebe aphetheyo nagwebayo, liqinisa indima yalo ebalulekileyo kulungelelaniso lomgaqo-siseko.

Ukucel ’ Ityala: Ukuphengulula Ngokupheleleyo Ukuziphatha Okuphosakeleyo

IBhunga linegunya lokungaququzeli nokususa uMongameli, uMongameli, uMongameli, kunye nabagwebi besizwe ngenxa “yokuqiqa, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nokungalungisi.” Indlu yabameli iqalisa ukuqukumbela ngokudlulisa amanqaku okuchola okulula. Ngoko iSente yeNdlu yecawa efuna ukuba abantu abaninzi ababini-35 bagwetywe, basuswe ityala kwaye basuswe igosa. Umongameli uAndrew Johnson wasetyenziswa ngokuzinyanzeleka kodwa ngamandla. Umongameli wephondo u-Andrew James Johnson wakhutshelwa nge-1868 (kodwa), uMongameli uBill Clinton wajin wamiswa ngo-1998 (uniwe), kunye noMongameli u-Caldoles (oval awenzile), ekwaye wahlulwa kabini 202020 kunye nama-201, omabini). Uthe osichotho onjalo wooG. UG.

Ukungawakhathaleli amaVitoes: Ukuqinisekisa Umthetho

Xa uMongameli ekhupha umthetho, iBhunga lingawudlulisa umthetho ngokulawula iveto ngesibini sesithathu samagumbi omabini. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba isebe lemithetho linesigqibo sokugqibela somthetho xa kukho inkxaso ebanzi. Kwimbali ye-U.S., iCandelo liye lazifaka ngaphaya kwe7% yomongameli wevetoes (njengoba ngowama-2024). Ukungaqiniseki kubandakanya uMthetho wamaLungelo kaRhulumente okhankanywe ngaphambili ka-1866, iSigqibo semfazwe soMongameli Richard Nixon'sto ngo1973, kunye neJaji ega yoMthetho kaMongameli kaBalbasbas.

Amandla entengo: Ukulawula Ukusetyenziswa kwemali

Phantsi kweGatya I, iCandelo le-9.ICandelo leSiphakamiso "lwenziwa ligunya lokuhlawula irhafu, ukuboleka, nokuchitha imali. Akukho mali inokukhutshwa kwivesi ngaphandle kokutyunjwa okusemthethweni. Oku kunika iKhomishini impembelelo enkulu kwisebe elilawulayo elilawulayo elinemali. Isebe lemithetho yemithetho-wintergilation linokuyikhaba imali exhasa inyathelo lobumongameli, okanye libeke umda kwiimeko zokuhlawula irhafumfa lemali. Umzekelo, uLawulo loLawulo lwemali lwemali lwe-Impoundment lonyaka ludluliswe emva kokuba umongameli uNixonounded shele imali yeenkqubo angavumelani nemali; isenzo sifuna ukuba uMongameli achithe imali efanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuba iBhunganeze i-mali. Uqingqo-mali yonyaka yinkqubo yokujonga i-ekharejini nolungele ukuhlawula, njengoko inkcezolongo wemali yemali ingumali ehlawulwa ngurhulumente.

Ulawulo loMthetho: Ukubeka ityala kuMphathi-mikhosi

IKhomishini iqhuba ukuchongwa, uphando, kunye nee-Propoenas zokujonga ukuphunyezwa kwesebe eliphetheyo. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli uqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu alawulayo asebenza ngokuvisisana neenjongo zowiso-mthetho kunye nomthetho. IiKomiti zombini amagumbi zisoloko zithetha ngemibandela esukela kukhuseleko lwesizwe ukuya kumgaqo wemeko-bume. Imizekelo iquka i-Camplication Watergate Committen Committen tittenss (19973) echaza ukuchatshazelwa kwe-Nixon, kunye neNdrountray ehlola ukuhlasela kwe-U. Capitolistl (2022). [[FL:] Ikomiti ye-Accounting Accounting Comment ilawula i-Accounting [[FFLD:1] [GA1] [GA]) ingumbutho ozimeleyo oxhasa inkqubo yolawulo lobugqeshoshosho oluxhasa ulawulo lwezo lwezo lwezonganiso lolawulo lolawulo lobugqeshosholo.

Isebe Eligwebayo: Ingcaciso Yemithetho

Isebe lejaji, elikhokelwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo kuquka neenkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente, litolika umGaqo-siseko nemithetho karhulumente. Nangona lilelona sebe lingenamsebenzi lisabelayo ngokwezobupolitika ngenxa yokumiswa kobomi bonke, lineengxibo ezinamandla kumasebe owiso-mthetho nawamagunya aphetheyo ngemfundiso yokuhlola ityala.

Impinda Yomgwebo: Amandla Okuvala Izenzo Ezingavisisaniyo

UMadison-Marbury v. (1803), umgaqo wokuhlola uvumela iinkundla zesizwe ukuba zivakalise imithetho okanye izenzo zegunya ezingamiselwanga. Oku kuhlola mhlawumbi yeyona inzulu, njengoko kuvumela ukuba umthetho wejaji udluliswe yiKhomishini okanye izenzo ezithatyathwa nguMongameli. Umzekelo, Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo [1954]], iNkuvulela ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo imisele imithetho yesizwe kwizikolo ezingekho sigqeba, iqinisekisa ukuba i-ogqeke, i-ogosa imo yezomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho, iqinisekisa omabini ubugqeba bomthetho kunye nolawulo. [ku-NFT][5] ku-United States.[5]

Idinga Lobomi: Ukukhusela Ukungakhethi Buso

Inqaku III linika abagwebi bobuzwe ubomi babo bonke “iOfisi yokuziphatha okuhle” kwaye liyalela ukucutha imivuzo yabo ngoxa beseofisini. Le nkululeko yenzelwe ukukhusela abagwebi kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye ibavumela ukuba banikele izigqibo zokungakhethi zisekelwe kumthetho kunokuba babe noluvo oluthandwayo. I-Ofisi yoLawulo ye-U..[FLT.[FLT: 1] inika ushwankathelo lwenkqubo yokutyunjwa kunye ne-10. Ukumiselwa kobomi kuthetha ukuba oomongameli bephondo bayakwazi ukubumba i-judiary ixesha elide emva kokuba beshiyile iofisi, kodwa igunya leNtlanga lisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola impembelelo yomlawuli. Kwangoku nje iqinisekisiwe ukuba abagwebi bamisele umongameli abamiselweyo uJohn Paul Stensday, abatyunjwe nguMongameli we-Geraldlandsburg, ngokufuthi ngeziphumo ezifanelekileyo zezo zisebenza kwilungu lombuso.

Inkcazelo Engokwemimiselo: Ukuchaza Intsingiselo YoMthetho

Iinkundla zomanyano zichaza imimiselo edluliswa yiKhonkxane, ngokufuthi zicombulula iimbambano okanye iingxabano. Ngezigqibo, ijaji ingayilungisa ngokunempumelelo indlela imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo lisebe elilawulayo. Umzekelo, Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v.. iZibonelo zeZibonelelo zokhuselo-Mkhosi [19984] [iiNkulawula], iNkubonelela isakhiwo sokubhekiselela kwiinkcazelo zolawulo oluphezulu lwemigaqo ecacileyo, ngokunjalo, xa iinkundla zichaza imithetho elawulayo kwiimeko ezithile. Noko ke, xa zichaza imithetho ngendlela eyayingacetywangacengwangacetywanga, ikomiti isenokusabela ngokudlulisa umthetho omtsha ukucacisa injongo yayo. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukuvavanyaza okungagqibelela okupheleleyo; ingcebiso yemithetho egwetyelwe ngemithetho emiqatha (iethe yamva yemithetho, ngokokuchaza ngomthetho)

Iintshukumo Eziphakathi Amasebe: Ukulungelelana Okunamandla

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente akasebenzi edwa. Ukunxibelelana kwawo kwenza ukuba isebe ngalinye likwazi ukuxilonga yaye likwazi ukutshintsha ezinye izinto.

Incopho ezimbini okanye

UMongameli umisa abagwebi borhulumente, amalungu eKhabhinethi, kunye namanye amagosa aphezulu abeka iziphakamiso eziphezulu, kodwa iNdlu yeQealo kufuneka ivume ezi zicatshulwa. Oku kwabelana ngamandla kuqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo alinakukwazi ukugcwalisa iisikhundla eziphambili ngapha nangakanye. IKomiti yeNtlanganiso yamagunya iyakwazi ukuphulaphula iindlebe kwaye ingakwazi ukugatya ii-nonees, njengoko kubonwa emva kwengxelo ka-Robert Bork kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo1992. Ngokuchasene noko, iBhathene ingenza ngokukhawuleza ukuqinisekisa ii-minee, njengoqinisekiso olupheleleyo lweJaji yeJaji yeJaji ka-2020. Oku kuboniswa ngomva kunye nokubonisa indlela isebe lomthetho elingaxhasa okanye ukuvingcakaza kwemithetho, ukubumba kwesebe elilawula isebe.

Ilungelo lokulawula nolawulo oluphezulu loMthetho

Amandla olawulo eBhunga asoloko engqubana noko kuthethwa lisebe eliphetheyo ngelungelo eliphezulu, `ilungelo lokungalufumani ulwazi kwiBhunga kunye neenkundla ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe okanye iingcinga zangaphakathi. Ityala lengqonga-mbali United States v. Nixon [1974]) limisela ukuba ilungelo elilawulayo aligqibekanga kwaye lingayekwa ngokuboniswa kwemfuneko yobungqina kwisenzo solwaphulo-mthetho esiqhubekayo. Ngokufanayo, ngexesha lolawulo lwe-Obama no-Trump, i- Congress Congresssion encinci namaxwebhu, elikhokelela ekume ekugqityweni kwenkundla. [[FLTL:2] i-Crevern.[v[FLTLD] Le misebenzi iqhubekayo.[FLD]

Ucelomngeni Kwimithetho Nezenzo Ezilawulayo

Abahlali, imibutho, kunye neengxelo zidla ngokucel ’ umngeni imithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo okanye izenzo zolawulo enkundleni, zinika indlela engqalileyo yejaji ukukhangela iNgqungquthela kunye noMongameli. Umzekelo, amawaka etyala abekwa nxamnye neinkalo ze-Affordal Care Act (ACA), efikelela kwizigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo NFIB v. Sebelius [202] kunye [[FLT] nekaliforn.[FLT] v. [201] [201]. Ngokufanayo, imingeniselo yokuvalwa kwemali yetyala loburhulumente ne-R. Le komiti ibonise ukuba imithetho ephantsi kwetyala eliphantsi kweNkugqibelelo (iKG.A) njengezenzo ezigunya elingumthetho elingumthetho lomthetho wolawulo loburhulumente.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Nokulungelelana

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ihlala ingumthetho-siseko waseMelika. Isebe ngalinye (`icandelo loqingqo-mali, imigaqo-mthetho, kunye nezomthetho) linamagunya ahlukeneyo anokulivumela ukuba lijonge, libeke umda, lize lilwe ukulwa izenzo zezinye. Eli gunya lingamisela umthetho lize limisele abagwebi; iBhunga lingawususa umgaqo-mthetho, amagosa angomnye, lilawule uqingqo-mali, lilawule uqingqo-mali; isebe ngalinye lingavakalisa imithetho nezenzo zesebe ezingadibanisekiyo. Ezi zenzo azidibanisekiyo azimi; azimi nje; zijika ngeziganeko zembali, imibambo yenkundla yetyala, kunye noqheliselo lwezobupolitika. Kuba abafundi, nabahlali bendlela efanayo, ukuqonda indlela amasebe ngalinye agcina ngayo ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ngokuxabisa ulungelelwano olulungeleyo, sinokuyiphakamisa imigaqo elungele ukulawulwa ngurhulumente, imigaqo eUnited States, kunye nolawulo olulinganiselweyo.