Ukwazisa: Umfanekiso Osembindini Kwidemokhrasi YaseIndiya

UMphathiswa oPhathiswa oPhathiswayo waseIndiya uyintloko yesebe elilawulayo neyona ofisi inamandla kwisakhiwo seli lizwe. Ngoxa uMongameli waseIndiya engumphathi-mikhosi, nguMphathiswa okhokela urhulumente, omisela umgaqo wenkqubo, kwaye uyalela ukuba iLik Sabhaha, indlu esezantsi ekhethekileyo yePalamente. Ukuqonda inkqubo apho uMphathiswa weNkokeli etyunjwa ngayo, kwanomgangatho opheleleyo wemithetho-siseko kunye nomthetho odityaniswe kwiofisi, kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela elawulwa ngayo i-Indiya.

Inkqubo yaseIndiya yidemokhrasi yepalamente yaseWestminster, elungelelaniswa nesakhiwo sorhulumente selizwe kunye neendawo zalo ezahlukeneyo zentlalo nezobupolitika. Iofisi yeNkulumbuso ayinyulwa ngqo ngabantu kunyulo olwahlukileyo; endaweni yoko, ukumiswa kuvela kwiziphumo zonyulo jikelele kunye nokuququzelelwa kwezivumelwano zezopolitiko. Xa iseofisini, igunya leNkulumbuso libanzi, lichukumisa phantse wonke ummandla wolawulo, ukusuka kumthetho nakwimali ukuya kukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nemigaqo yangaphandle.

INkqubo Yokutyunjwa: Ukusuka kuNjenganiso ukuya kuMphathiswa

Unyulo Jikelele neLok Sabha

Inkqubo yokumisa iqala ngonyulo jikelele kwiLok Sabha, eqhutywa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emihlanu phantsi kolawulo lweKhomishini yoNqumo yaseIndiya. IIndiya yahlulwe yaba ngama-553 epalamente, nganye ikhetha elinye ilungu lePalamente (MP) ngenkqubo yokuqala yovota yexesha elidlulileyo. Abahlali abaneminyaka eli-18 nangaphezulu bafanele ukuvota, besenza oku kube kokusetyenziswa kwedemokhrasi okukhulu kwedemokhrasi ehlabathini.

Ukongeza kumalungu anyuliweyo, uMongameli angawatyumba amalungu amabini oluntu lwama-Anglo-Indian ukuba uluntu alumelelwanga ngokwaneleyo, nangona eli lungiselelo laphinda lahlaziywa nguMgaqo-siseko we-109 ngo-2020. ILok Sabha ngoku inamandla amakhulu angama-552, kodwa ngoku i-Repeal yezihlalo ezizimeleyo ze-Anglo-Indian, amandla asebenzayo akwizihlalo ezingama-53 ngoku angamalungu anyuliweyo.

Indima Yemibutho Yezobupolitika Neembono Zobuzwe

Xa iziphumo zonyulo zivakalisiwe, uMongameli waseIndiya umema inkokeli yeqela lezobupolitika okanye umbutho oyalela uninzi lwe-Lok Sabha ukuba lumise urhulumente. Ukuba iqela elinye likhusela ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sezihlalo ezipheleleyo (272 okanye ngaphezulu kwezingama-53), inkokeli yalo lukhetho lwendalo kuMphathiswa oyintloko. Noko ke, oorhulumente abamanyeneyo baye baxhaphaka kwizobupolitika zamaIndiya, ingakumbi ukususela kwiminyaka yoo1990. Kwizimo ezinjalo, inkokeli yeqabane elikhulu elingumbutho okanye umbutho wesivumelwano somanyano iyamenywa.

UMongameli akasebenzisi ubulumko ngokuthanda. Le ndibano kukumema umntu osenokuba uyalela ukuba iNdlu ithembeke. Ukuba akukho qela okanye umbutho wangaphambi kokungcoliswa komhlaba unoninzi olucacileyo, uMongameli angamema iqela elikhulu ukuba libonise ukuba inkoliso yalo isemazantsi eNdlu kumgangatho oqingqiweyo ochaziweyo. Le nkqubo ilawulwa ziindibano zomgaqo-siseko kunye nomgwebo woMongameli, owenziwa ekudibaneni nabaququzeleli bomthetho-siseko.

Idinga elisesikweni neNtloko ye-Ofisi

Emva kokuba uMongameli enelisekile ukuba ummeli ocetyiweyo angabumba urhulumente ozinzileyo, isiqinisekiso sokumisa siyakhutshwa. UMphathiswa oPhathiswa ngoMongameli ukumiselwa ngokusemthethweni phantsi kweGatya 75(1) loMgaqo-siseko waseIndiya. Emva kokumiswa, uMphathiswa oyintloko usenza isifungo sesikhundla nemfihlo, esiqhutywa nguMongameli. Isifungo sigunyazisa uMphathiswa oyintloko ukuba athwale ukholo lokwenyaniso nokunyaniseka kumGaqo-siseko, axhase ulongamo nokunyaniseka kweIndiya, aze aphumeze imisebenzi yakhe ngokuthembeka.

Isifungo esifanayo sokuthabatha siquka ukutyunjwa kweBhunga labaPhathiswa, amalungu abo amiselwa ngecebiso loMphathiswa Oyintloko. INkulumbuso inikezela izibuko kubalungiseleli, kwaye uMongameli ubamisela ngokusemthethweni. IBhunga labaPhathiswa libonke linembopheleleko kwiLok Sabha, ithetha ukuba bonke ubulungiseleli kufuneka burhoxe ukuba liphulukane nentembelo yeNdlu.

Ukunikezelwa

Ixesha leNkulumbuso lingamiselwanga ngumGaqo-siseko. Iofisi ibanjwa logama uMphathiswa Oyintloko efumana intembelo yeLok Sabba. Ngokuqhelisa oku kuthetha de kube lukhetho olulandelayo jikelele, ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uthe wawa phakathi kwe-666suntswana ngenxa yentshukumo engekho 76, ukuyeka, okanye ukufa koMphathiswa weNkulumbuso. Ukuba inyathelo elihambayo alidluliswanga ngoninzi oluqhelekileyo kwiLok Sabba, urhulumente kufuneka arhoxe, kwaye uMongameli uya kumema enye inkokeli ukuba ibumbe urhulumente okanye inconyelwe ukudiswa kweNdlukwano yeNdlukwano.

Kwakhona uMphathiswa Oyintloko usenokurhoxa ngokuzithandela, ngokufuthi ngenxa yezizathu zezobupolitika okanye zobuqu.

Ukufaneleka Nemfanelo Ye-ofisi

UMgaqo-siseko waseIndiya awunikezi zimfaneleko ezithile zeofisi yeNkulumbuso ngaphezu kwezo zifunekayo ukuze zibe ngamalungu eLok Sabhaha okanye kwiRajiya Sabha.

  • Ummi waseIndiya.
  • Ubuncinane uneminyaka engama - 25 ubudala ukuba lilungu leLok Sabha, okanye ubuncinane lineminyaka engama - 30 ubudala ukuba ilungu leRajiya Sabha.
  • Ukungaphathi ofisi yengeniso phantsi koRhulumente waseIndiya okanye nawuphi na urhulumente, ngaphandle kokuba ukhutshwe ngumthetho.
  • Ngengqondo ephilileyo hayi ngomnyibilikisi onyibilikayo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba umntu ongelolungu lendlu yePalamente ngexesha lokumiswa kwakhe usengamiselwa njengeNkulumbuso, ukuba nje ebe lilungu kwiinyanga ezintandathu. Eli lungiselelo livumela uMongameli ukuba amisele umntu olingana nomntu okhethekileyo osenokuba akayoMP okwangoku, kodwa olo lungiselelo lunqabile kwaye lungaphantsi kwefestile yenyanga ezintandathu ezingamashumi amathathu anesithandathu.

Amagunya neembopheleleko zeNkulumbuso

Amagunya eNkulumbuso asuka kwimithombo emininzi: umGaqo-siseko, imimiselo, iindibano zepalamente, kunye nesikhundla soMphathiswa Oyintloko njengenkokeli yeBhunga labaPhathiswa. La magunya akhulu yaye achaphazela zonke iinkalo zolawulo. Anokuhlanganiswa kwiindidi eziliqela.

Amandla wanika igunya

Njengentloko yeBhunga labaPhathiswa, uMphathiswa Oyintloko ulawula ngokunempumelelo kwisebe elilawulayo.

  • Imisela amacebo eKhabhinethi kwaye yengamela iintlanganiso zayo. Izigqibo zeKhabhinethi zithathwa ngokusemthethweni yiKhabhinethi, kodwa iimbono zeNkulumbuso zinobunzima obupheleleyo.
  • ISebe eliphetheyo liyakwazi ukumisela kwakhona abalungiseleli, libawise kwiBhunga, okanye lizise amalungu amatsha, phantsi kwesivumelwano esisesikweni sikaMongameli.
  • Idibanisa umsebenzi weenkonzo ezahlukeneyo. IKhabhinethi yeSecretariat, ekhokelwa nguNobhala weKhabhinethi, isebenza phantsi kolwalathiso lweNkulumbuso ukuqinisekisa umanyano lwenkqubo kunye nokusebenzisana kwamalungu omsebenzi.
  • Incomela ukumiswa kwamagosa aphezulu, kuquka iAttorney General, iComptorroller kunye noMphicothi-zincwadi Jikelele, uMphathi-Sikhulu woNnyuso, kunye neeRhuluneli zamaphondo. Ngexesha uMongameli emisela ngokusesikweni la magosa, imvume yoMphathi-mikhosi oPhakamileyo neKhabhinethi iyabophelela ekusebenzeni kwayo.
  • Izenzo njengejelo eliyintloko lonxibelelwano phakathi kweBhunga labaPhathiswa noMongameli. IGatya 78 lomGaqo-siseko lifuna ukuba uMphathi-mikhosi oPhathiswayo adlulisele zonke izigqibo zeKhabhinethi kuMongameli nokunika nayiphi na inkcazelo uMongameli angayicelayo.

Amandla oMthetho

UMphathiswa oPhakamileyo lilungu leNdlu yePalamente nganye yaye unendima ephambili kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

  • Isalathisi socwangciso lomthetho lukarhulumente ngokugqiba ukuba ziziphi iindleko ezimele zifakwe nanini na. Inkcazo yomthetho ephambili iqwalaselwa yiNkulumbuso ekubuzeni iKhabhinethi kunye nomlungiseleli wemicimbi yepalamente.
  • INkulumbuso idla ngokuthetha neNdlu yeembambano zepalamente, imibuzo nemigaqo karhulumente, nangeengxoxo ezingendlela uMongameli amele athethe ngayo ngentetho yakhe.
  • Ingancomela ukutshatyalaliswa kweLok Sabba phambi kokuphela kwegama layo elikwiminyaka emihlanu, elixhobisa unyulo olutsha. Eli gunya, elisetyenziswe phantsi kweGama 85(2)(b), linye yezona zixhobo zopolitiko ezibalulekileyo ekulahlweni koMphathiswa oPhakamileyo.
  • UMongameli ukhuthaza ukumiselwa nokukhutshwa kweentlanganiso zePalamente. Ngeli xesha uMongameli emisela izicelo ngokusesikweni, ixesha kunye nexesha leentlanganiso limiselwe kwicebiso leNkulumbuso.

Amandla Emali

INkulumbuso, njengentloko yemali karhulumente, ijonge imicimbi yemali yesizwe. Uqingqo-mali lunikezelwa ngumPhathiswa wezeMali, kodwa ucwangciso lwayo kunye nenkqubo yayo yonke iphambili ibekwe nguMphathi-mikhosi oyintloko kunye neKhabhinethi. UMphathiswa oyintloko udlala indima ephambili kwizigqibo zerhafu, inkcitho, kunye nemigaqo-mali. Umthetho omkhulu wezemali, kuquka iBhili yeMali yemali yonyaka, uqhutywa ngurhulumente phantsi kokhokelo lweNkulumbuso.

Ukongezelela, uMphathiswa oyintloko wezorhwebo uyintloko kwisigqibo sokwenza amaqumrhu eentlanganiso njengeKomiti yeKhabhinethi kwiMicimbi yezeMsebenzi neBhunga leSizwe loPhuhliso.

Amandla Edinga

Ngaphandle kokutyunjwa kwabalungiseleli kunye nemisebenzi emiselwe ngomgaqo-siseko, uMphathiswa Oyintloko umele athethe into ecacileyo xa kumiselwa:

  • IJaji Enkulu nabanye abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo nabeeNkundla Eziphakamileyo, phantsi kwenkqubo yecollegium, apho iJaji Eliyintloko laseIndiya nabagwebi abaphezulu bancomela ukumiswa, kodwa iimbono zikarhulumente, ezidluliselwa ngoMphathiswa Oyintloko, zinokuyiphembelela le nkqubo.
  • Abahleli namalungu eenkqubo ezingundoqo zolawulo, iikhomishini kunye namacandelo kawonke-wonke.
  • Iintloko zomkhosi, zomkhosi wamanzi, kunye nomkhosi womoya, kwakunye namanye amagosa omkhosi aphezulu.

La mandla okumisa anika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kuMphathiswa Oyintloko kwijaji, kwiqumrhu lolawulo, nakwimikhosi exhobileyo, konke oku kukwisiseko somGaqo-siseko kunye neenkqubo zomthetho.

Inkqubo yaMany ’ Amazwe Nokhuseleko Lwesizwe

INkulumbuso ijongene neIndiya kwimicimbi yehlabathi.

  • Imela iIndiya kwiingqungquthela ezinkulu zezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka iNdibano Jikelele yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iG20, iBRICS neQuad.
  • Ithethana neenkokeli zamazwe asemzini ize imisele umgaqo welizwe wasemzini, enoba uphathelele ulwalamano lwezakwalizwi, izivumelwano zorhwebo, okanye umanyano olusemgangathweni.
  • Ngoxa izivumelwano ezinjalo zifuna ukuhlawuliswa kwepalamente kwezinye iimeko, indima yeNkulumbuso ekuqaliseni nasekuqhubeni ulawulo ingundoqo.
  • ISihlalo seKomiti yeKhabhinethi yoKhuseleko (CCS), esona sigqibo siphezulu kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe. ICCS ivumela ukufunyanwa kwezixhobo ezingundoqo zokuzikhusela, iqulunqe imfundiso yenyukliya, kwaye igunyazisa imisebenzi yomkhosi.

Amandla Eengozi

Phantsi koMgaqo-siseko, uMongameli angavakalisa ungxamiseko lwesizwe, ungxamiseko lukarhulumente, okanye ungxamiseko lwemali, kodwa ezi zibhengezo zenziwa kuphela ngecebiso elibhaliweyo leKhabhinethi, ngokunempumelelo kwicebiso loMphathi-mikhosi oyintloko. Ngexesha likaxakeka kwesizwe (Article 352), urhulumente osembindini uthatha amagunya okuququlunqa, namalungelo asisiseko abekwa ngokuzenzekelayo. Indima yeNkulumbuso ekugqibeni enoba iyancomela ukuba ungxamise ungxamiseko yimbopheleleko enzima, ngokokuvunyelwa kwepalamente ngenyanga enye.

Ulwalamano NoMongameli

UMongameli waseIndiya uyintloko yezomGaqo-siseko wephondo, ngoxa uMphathiswa oPhathiswa oyintloko engumphathi-mikhosi. UMongameli wenza umsebenzi ngoncedo nangamacebiso eBhunga labaPhathiswa, elikhokelwa nguMphathiswa oMphathiswa. Oku kuthetha ukuba amagunya alawulayo, phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo, asetyenziswa kwingcebiso loMphathiswa oyintloko. Noko ke, uMongameli angabuyisa icebiso lokuphinda aphinde acinge ngesihlandlo esinye (uMatshikle 74-61), kodwa ukuba iBhunga labaPhathisi liyingi kufuneka liyithumele kwakhona, uMongameli umele ayamkele.

UMphathiswa oPhakamileyo ugcina uMongameli esazi zonke izigqibo eziphambili zenkqubo nemisebenzi karhulumente. Ulwalamano luchazwa yindibano yezomGaqo-siseko, intlonelo kunye nenyaniso yezopolitiko. Ngoxa uMongameli engumlawuli ophakamileyo wemikhosi exhobileyo kwaye enamandla okuxolela, la mandla asetyenziswa kwicebiso lomPhathiswa oPhathiswayo neBhunga labaPhathiswa.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Phezu kwawo nje amandla amakhulu eNkulumbuso, iingxingxezo eziliqela zomGaqo-siseko nezezobupolitika zimisela umda wokusebenzisa igunya:

  • Imbopheleleko yokubhenela: IBhunga labaPhathiswa libonke lijongene neLok Sabhaha. UMphathiswa Oyintloko akanakuthatha nxaxheba ngaphandle kokuthetha ngemibandela efuna imvume yeKhabhinethi, kwaye ubulungiseleli bonke bungasuswa ngevoti engenazijungqu.
  • Impinda yeQumrhu eliPhakamileyo: INkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neeNkundla eziPhezulu zingawisa inyathelo elichasene nomGaqo-siseko. Izigqibo zoMphathi-mikhosi oPhakamileyo, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ongxamiseko kunye nokwenziwa kwemithetho, ziphantsi kophando olugwetyiweyo.
  • [[NKQUBO] Uphakamiso-magama: UMphathiswa kunye nabalungiseleli abaPhathiswa baphendula kwiPalamente ngemibuzo, iingxoxo, kunye neenkqubo zekomiti. Inkcaso idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubekeni urhulumente ngxelo.
  • I-Indiya ingumanyano lwesizwe, yaye oorhulumente bamazwe banandipha ukuzimela kwimicimbi edweliswe kuluhlu lweRhulumente. INkulumbuso ayinakungenelela kwimiba yorhulumente ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko okhethekileyo, ofana noLawulo lukaMongameli phantsi kweGatya 356.
  • Imedia kunye noluntu: Yindawo yorhwebo echumileyo kunye nemibutho esebenzayo yebutho lasekuhlaleni yenza imeko-bume yokuhlola nokuphendula kukawonke-wonke enyanzela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okuzimela.

INkulumbuso Kumsebenzi Wolawulo waseIndiya

Iofisi yeNkulumbuso yindawo ejikeleza kuyo ulawulo lweIndiya. Ukusuka ekuqhubeni ucwangciso lomthetho ukuya kulawula amabutho axhobileyo, ukusuka ekudibaneni namazwe angaphandle ukuya kubumba inkqubo yasekhaya, impembelelo yeNkulumbuso isasazekile. Kodwa iofisi ichazwa ngokuzithintela kwayo njengamandla ayo. Imfuneko yokugcina intembelo yeLok Sabba, ulwabelo lwamandla olusemthethweni, kunye nokuzimela kwejaji kuqinisekisa ukuba uMphathiswa-mikhosi oPhakathiswayo ulawula kwisiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukuqonda inkqubo yokutyunjwa kwanamandla eNkulumbuso ePhakamileyo kunika iwindow ekusebenzeni kwedemokhrasi yaseIndiya. Ityhila indlela iziphumo zonyulo eziguqulela ngayo kwigunya elilawulayo, indlela imigaqo yolawulo yezobupolitika, nendlela umGaqo-siseko okhusela ngayo ukunyanzeliswa kwegunya. Njengoko iIndiya iqhubeka iguquka ngokwezobupolitika nangokwezoqoqosho, indima yeNkulumbuso iza kuhlala isemgangathweni wesizwe.

Kubafundi abafuna iinkcukacha ezibhekele phaya kumgaqo-siseko, umbhalo opheleleyo womGaqo-siseko waseIndiya ukhona kwisebe elisemthethweni . Ulwazi olukwi-ofisi yeNkulumbuso kunye nemisebenzi yangoku lungafunyanwa kwi-[FLT] Prime esemthethweni ye-website yomPhathiswa we-Indiya [[FLT:]P] [[FLT:]]RS]. Ugcino-lwazi kwiinkqubo zonyulo neziphumo lupapashwa yi-Profection Comment of India [[FLT:]], kwaye uphando oluneenkcukacha lwemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho lufumaneka ukusuka [[FLT:][FLT]RS]RS RAGS [FFT]

Isiphelo

Ukumiswa kweNkulumbuso yeNkulumbuso yaseIndiya yinkqubo yedemokhrasi eqala ngonyulo kwaye iphela ngesiqinisekiso sikaMongameli. Yinkqubo ebonakalisa imigaqo esisiseko yedemokhrasi: ulawulo oluqhelekileyo, ulawulo oluninzi, kunye nembopheleleko edibeneyo. Xa ityunjwe, uMphathi-mikhosi oPhathiswa ulawula wonke ulawulo lwezolawulo-mthetho olawulayo, ulawulo oluphezulu, kunye nolawulo lwezikommandla azimeleyo. Ngalo ndlela, uMphathiswa-mikhosi omkhulu usebenza ngobuninzi bamazwe alawula zonke — ulawulo lwezikongamelanga, ulawulo lwezomthetho-mthetho, ulawulo lwezomthetho-mthetho-siseko, ulawulo lwesizwe, ukuzinikela kwimigangatho yezolawulo-mda. Kwilizwe elikhulu, i-Primesterstersterne, i-ofisi ye-ofisi yegunya, ayizizikhundlalo nje kuphela, ulawulo lwe-demokhrasi.