Ukwazisa: Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Urhulumente wesizwe waseUnited States usebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo, ahlulwe amasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: umgaqo-siseko, impatho-siseko, kunye nekomiti. Esi sakhiwo, esimiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko, sithintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ukuba ingafumani gunya. Isebe ngalinye linendima ekhethekileyo nebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho, ukusuka ekubhaleni nasekuwiseni umthetho ngokuqulunqa nokuwuchaza. Ukuqonda ukuba ezi ndima zibalulekile njani ekuqondeni indlela imigaqo emile ngayo, ecetyiswayo, kwaye isetyenziswa. Abaxhasi bomGaqo-siseko badala inkqubo apho amabhongo ngabomdla, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuwenza umthetho kuya kuba yinkqubo ezenzekelayo, eluncedo, nedla ngokuphikiswayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela isebe ngalinye elinegalelo ngayo ekudaleni, ekulawuleni, nasekusekeleni imithetho elawula uhlanga.

Isebe Lomthetho: Umenzi Womthetho Oyintloko

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, eliqukiwe yiNgqungquthela yaseUnited States, linguqumrhu eliyintloko lokwenza umthetho karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Njengoko kuchazwe kwiQumrhu I lomGaqo-siseko, iKhomishini inegunya lokuqhuba, lokuphikisana, lokudlulisela intetho-siseko, nokudlulisela umthetho. Lilungiselelo le-bimeral, eliyindlu: iNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu. Igumbi ngalinye linamagunya ahlukileyo kunye neenkqubo ezibumba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ingqungquthela ikwanegunya elibalulekileyo longameli kwisebe eliphetheyo, iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza njengoko kucetyiswe.

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu yabameli ligumbi elikhulu, enamalungu ovota angama-435 ahlulwe phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kubemi. Abameli basebenzisa amabinzana eminyaka emibini, bewenza aphendule ngqo kwiinkonzo zawo zasekuhlaleni. Indlu inendima eziliqela ezikhethekileyo zowiso-mthetho:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imvelaphi yeNdlu ePhakamileyo: Zonke iindleko zokunyusa ingeniso kufuneka zivele kwindlu, njengomGaqo-siseko ngamnye. Oku kunika iNdlu ulawulo lokuqala kwirhafu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali.
  • Indlu inamandla okungamele amagosa karhulumente, kuquka umongameli, isekela likamongameli, kunye nabagwebi. Ukucetyiswa kusisityholo esisesikweni sehambo engalunganga, esifana netyala.
  • Ulwamkelo lwabemi: Kuba izihlalo zisekelwe kubemi, iNdlu yenzelwe ukubonisa ukuthanda koninzi. Amazwe amakhulu anempembelelo engakumbi kweli gumbi.
  • Inkqubo yeKomptictee: Indlu isebenzisa inkqubo yekomiti eyomeleleyo (umz., Iindlela kunye nentsingiselo, iProfications) ukuqwalasela umthetho ngokweenkcukacha. Iindleko ezininzi zifa kwikomiti, yenza abagcini-sango abanamandla.

IBhunga

ICathenal ligumbi elincinane, elinamalungu alishumi, amabini avela kwilizwe ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngawaphi abemi. Abaphathi basebenzisa amabinzana eminyaka emithandathu, nekota enye-mithathu yeCanten ukwenzela unyulo qho kwiminyaka emibini. Esi sakhiwo sinika inkqubela kunye nombono omde. Amandla akhethekileyo eKhathene aquka:

  • I-Advice kunye neNkqutyana: IBhunga liqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, kuquka amalungu ekhatheminali, iijaji zesizwe, ii-arhente, kunye nezigwebi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ikwadibanisa izivumelwano kunye noninzi oluzii-3.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imithetho ebhaliweyo: Emva kwendlu ibeka igosa, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi iqhuba ityala. ivoti ezimbini-ntathu ziyafuneka ukuvalela nokususa igosa.
  • I-Filibuster: Abaququzeleli bangabandakanyeka kwingxoxo engenasiphelo ukulibazisa okanye ukuvala ivoti kumthetho. Ngelixesha i-nfixbuster ilungisiwe ngexesha (umz., umthetho wehratyathiso ofuna amavota ama-60 ukuphelisa ingxoxo), ihlala isisixhobo esinamandla kwiqaqobana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Umelo lwemeko-mbuso: Lonke ilizwe linamandla okuvota alinganayo kwiBhunga leNtsimbi, ukukhusela izilangazelelo zamazwe angasasebenzi kakhulu.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka KwiBhili Ukuya Kumthetho

Ukwenza imithetho kwiKhonkxankene kulandela inkqubo eneenkcukacha, eneenyathelo ezininzi:

  1. Ingeniso: Iphepha lingaziswa ngaliphi na ilungu leBhunga kwigumbi ngalinye (ngaphandle kwerhafu yengeniso, eqala kwindlu). Imali inikwe inani kwaye ibhekiswe kwikomiti enxulumene nalo.
  2. [[UMTL: 0] Isenzo seCommittee: Ikomiti ihlola, iphawula, kwaye ingalungisa ityala. Ikomiti engaphantsi ingabamba ukuvakala nokuqokelela ubungqina obuyingcaphephe. Ikomiti ngoko ivota nokuba ingawuxela kusini na uxwebhu kwigumbi elipheleleyo.
  3. [[NTLA:0] Ingxoxo ye-Floor kunye ne Vote: Iingxoxo ezipheleleyo zegumbi ezibhaliweyo, iqwalasela ukulungisa, kunye neevoti. Endlini, ingxoxo isoloko ilinganiselwa ngemithetho; kwiNdlu yeNtlanganiso, impikiswano engenasiphelo (i-pilibuster) ingabakho ngaphandle kokuba kucelwe i-dribility.
  4. Isenzo selinye icandelo: Imali kufuneka idlule la maqela afanayo. Ngokufuthi, ikomiti yamalungu engqungquthela evela kuzo zombini izindlu iyavisisana.
  5. IPresidential Action: Isivumelwano sokugqibela sithunyelwa kumongameli, ongayisayina kumthetho, iwuvumele ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi (xa iBhunga likwisehlo). Ukuba iCongress i-Applications ngexesha leentsuku ezilishumi, ityala alibi ngumthetho (i-poctet to).
  6. Umzamo wokungaboni nto: Congress ingayigqitha i-veto engumongameli kunye nenani eliphindwe kabini lesithathu levoti kuzo zombini izindlu, nangona oku kunqabile.

Kwinkcukacha ezithe vetshe kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, tyelela umphathi-mthetho .Gov i-pignognorer inkqubo ye-can.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: Ukuthobela Nokugunyazisa Umthetho

Isebe eliphetheyo, elikhokelwa ngumongameli, linembopheleleko yokumisa imithetho emiselwe yiBhunga. Ngoxa umongameli engenalo igunya lomGaqo-siseko lokumisela imithetho ngqo, isebe eliphetheyo linempembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yokwenza imithetho ngobuchule obuninzi. Umongameli ukwanamandla okubumba indlela imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo.

Umbane weVeto

Elona gunya lingqalileyo lowiso-mthetho lomongameli lingu-veto. Icandelo I, iCandelo 7, lifuna ukuba zonke iindleko ezidluliswa yiKhonkcotha zinikwe umongameli. Umongameli uneentsuku ezilishumi (iiCawa ezinqamlezayo) ukuze agqibe:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uphawu lomthetho.
  • Ukufumana ireyithi yemali kwaye uyibuyisele kwiKhomishini ephikisayo. Ingqungquthela ingazama ukudeleka.
  • [[NTL:0] akukho nto uyenzayo – ukuba iKhompathiswa iseqesheni, ityala liba ngumthetho emva kweentsuku ezilishumi ngaphandle kotyikityo lomongameli. Ukuba iBhunga libambe izithuba ngexesha elo, ityala alibi ngumthetho (i-pocket ivato).

Iveto sisixhobo esinamandla sokuthengiselana. Isisongelo nje seveto singanyanzela iKhomishini ukuba ilungise umthetho ukuze ihlangabezane neemfuno zomongameli. Umongameli akanawo umgca-okanye (ubuchule bokuveza amacala athile emali), ngaphandle kokuba ityala elidibeneyo phantsi komthetho ka1996 elathi kamva alivakaliswanga lingumthetho ongowobugocigosa kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo CTN v.

Imiyalelo nemiyalelo yegunya

Umongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukulathisa amaqumrhu kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni ekuphumezeni kwawo umthetho okhoyo. Nangona imiyalelo yabalawuli ingekho semthethweni, baphethe umthetho wesebe elilawulayo. Kufuneka bagunyaziswe kwigunya lomgaqo-siseko likamongameli okanye lobungqongqo kwaye baphantsi kovavanyo lomthetho. Imiyalelo yegunya iye yasetyenziswa ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zokufuduka, umgaqo-bume, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, namalungelo abantu. Umzekelo, umyalelo olawulayo ka-Truman uthoba udedele umthetho womkhosi noMongameli Biden, imiyalelo yezotshintsho lwemozulu iyasetyenziswa ngokuphawulekayo.

IAgenda yoMthetho nempembelelo

Umongameli usoloko echaza ucwangciso lwemithetho kwiLizwe loMbuso we-Union, efaka izicelo zemali ezithile kunye neenkqubo ezithile. Isebe eliphetheyo lingalungisa amatyala lize lisebenze namahlakani ahlangeneyo ukuze liwazise. Umongameli kwakhona usebenzisa izicelo zoqingqo-mali, amaqumrhu karhulumente, kunye nokungagunyazi koluntu ukubumba ingxoxo yezemithetho. Iwebhsayithi yeSebe emhlophe yeHolo [ igcina izicelo kunye nezenzo zolawulo lwangoku.

Umongameli onguMongameli noMphathiswa

Isekela lomongameli likhonza njengoMongameli weBhunga leNtlanganiso, livote iivoti zokruthako. Ikhabhathi/idibanisa iintloko zamasebe alawulayo (umz., uRhulumente, uKhuselo, uNondyebo) ._Izigcume zisebenza njengomongameli kwaye zidlala indima engundoqo ekuzalisekiseni imithetho. Oonobhala beKhabhinethi badla ngokungqinela phambi kweKhomishini, ukuxhasa uqingqo-mali lwamaziko, kunye nokubonelela ngobuchule ngexesha lenkqubo yemithetho-wino.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika Nokuhlaziya Umthetho

Isebe lezomthetho, eliqulethwe yiNkundla Ephakamileyo neenkundla ezisezantsi zezephondo, lichaza imithetho lize liqinisekise ukuba iyavumelana nomGaqo-siseko. Ijaji ayiwuqalisi umthetho kodwa inempembelelo enzulu ngamandla okuhlola ityala. Iinkundla zoManyano zigqiba amatyala neempikiswano, zisebenzisa imimiselo kunye namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko kwiinkcukacha ezithile.

Isakhiwo SeeNkundla Zomanyano

Ijaji yephondo iquka imigangatho emithathu:

  • [[UMTL:0] IiNkundla zezephondo: iinkundla zamatyala eziva amatyala amaninzi karhulumente. Kukho izithili ezingama-94.
  • IKonsati yezibheno: nazo zibizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zesiphaluka, zihlola izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili. Kukho iziphaluka ezili-13 (12 zengingqi kunye nenye iFederal).
  • Inkundla ephakamileyo: Inkundla ephakamileyo, equlethwe ngabagwebi abasithoba. Isiva kakhulu isibheno esivela kwiinkundla zesiphaluka okanye kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo xa kuqukwa imbambano karhulumente. INkundla ikhetha ukuba ngawaphi amatyala okuva (idlulisela isibeleko).

Impinda yezeejaji

Uhlolo lwezomthetho lugunyaziso lweenkundla lokuvakalisa imithetho okanye imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo engekho mgaqweni. Eli gunya lamiselwa kumqondiso wetyala (1803 Marbury v. Madison, apho iJaji eyintloko uJohn Marshall yabhala khona ukuba "yilo iphondo kunye nomsebenzi wesebe lezomthetho ukuchaza oko umthetho ukuko. Ukususela ngoko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaphelisa urhulumente nemimiselo emininzi. Xa iNkuNkundla iwisa umthetho, iyatshitshiswa, kwaye isebe lemithetho kufuneka liwuququle umthetho okanye licelele umGaqo-siseko ukuba uwise ulawulo.

Uhlolo lwezomthetho lusebenza kuzo zombini izenzo zowiso-mthetho kunye nezenzo zegunya. Umzekelo, kumgangatho ophezulu wephepha le Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952), iNkundla yabetha phantsi umyalelo wesigqeba somphathi Truman wokubamba izigingqi zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea, ilawula ukuba umongameli ungaphezulu kwegunya lakhe lomGaqo-siseko.

Ukutolika Imithetho

Kwanaxa imithetho ingumGaqo-siseko, iinkundla kufuneka zitolike intsingiselo yazo. Iingxoxo ngolwimi olusemthethweni zingafuna ukuba iinkundla zihlolisise iinjongo zowiso-mthetho, imbali yowiso-mthetho, kunye neencwadi zolwakhiwo. Ezi nkcazelo zimisela imizekelo ekhokelayo ukunyanzeliswa nokuthotyelwa komthetho kwixesha elizayo. IiBhunga zingasabela kutolikwa komthetho ngokugweba injongo, ngokunempumelelo zibhukuqe ukufundwa kwenkundla (kungekho sigqibo kwelo tyala).

Indima YeNkundla Ephakamileyo Ekubhaleni Imithetho

Ngeli xesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo ilawula inkqubo kawonke-wonke ngokwengqiqo engokwesithethe, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ilawula iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke ngokwezigqibo zayo zamalungelo abantu, amandla orhulumente, inkululeko yokuthetha, nezinye imimandla. Imithetho yeNkundla isoloko inyanzela iKhongoze iqhube okanye ihlaziye imithetho. Umzekelo, emva kokuba iNkundla ibethe iinxalenye ze-Voting Rights Act Act Shelby County [F:][FLT][F:] [FLT]] [12] [202020], iNgqungquthela kodwa ayiwudlulisanga umthetho omtsha wokubuyisela umthetho.[5]

Funda okungakumbi ngenkqubo yokugweba kwi-webhsayithi esemthethweni yeNkundla yezomthetho .

Iindlela Zokukhangela Nokulungelelana: Indlela Amasebe Alinganisela Ngamanye Ngayo

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ingundoqo kurhulumente wase-U.S. Isebe ngalinye linamandla akhethekileyo alivumelayo ukuba linyanzele abanye, lithintele naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni. Ngeli ngezantsi yimizekelo engundoqo yendlela amasebe asebenza ngayo ngexesha lokwenza imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba ikho.

Ukujongana Nomongameli

  • O ukunganambitheka kwe Veto: Congress ingasaphula iveto engumongameli ngesibini sesithathu sobude benqanawa kumacala omabini.
  • Imithetho yokubhalisa: Indlu ingambhaqa umongameli; iNdlu yeQembu ingabanjwa ize ishenxise.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla okuqinisekisa: Indlu yengqungquthela kufuneka iqinisekise ii-arhente eziyintloko zesebe eliphetheyo kunye nabagwebi.
  • Amandla entengiselwano: ulawulo lwemali yawo onke amasebe aphetheyo neenkqubo. Isenokungakwala ukubeka imali efanelekileyo kumanyathelo kamongameli.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ulawulo oluthe ngqo: Iikomiti zingaphanda izenzo zegunya, amaxwebhu ethoba, kwaye zinyanzelisa ubungqina.

Ukujongana Noomongameli Kwingqungquthela

  • Ulawulo: Umongameli angalwamla umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imiyalelo esebenzayo: umongameli angalathisa indlela imithetho enyanzeliswa ngayo, maxa wambi ngeendlela ezihambelana nosukelo lwayo lwenkqubo.
  • A amandla okuqulunqa: Umongameli umisela abagwebi namagosa aphezulu, ephembelela ukhokelo lwejaji kunye noorhulumente.
  • Amandla e-Pradon: umongameli angaxolela ulwaphulo-mthetho lukarhulumente, olunokulinganisela amandla eBhunga ukunyanzelisa imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho nxamnye nabantu.

Ukujongwa Komthetho Kwingqungquthela NakuMongameli

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Impinda yeJudicial: Iinkundla zingabetha imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko.
  • Ufako lwemithetho: Iinkundla zichaza intsingiselo yemimiselo, iphembelela indlela esetyenziswa ngayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ixesha lobomi: abagwebi boMbutho bamiselwe ubomi (ngokubhekiselele kwihambo elungileyo), babakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye babavumela ukuba bajonge amanye amasebe ngokwabo.

Iitsheki Kwicudicary

  • Ulawulo lomthetho-siseko we Juriscion: iKhomishini ingaguqula igunya elilawulayo leNkundla ePhakamileyo (ngemida yomgaqo-siseko) kwaye imisele isakhiwo seenkundla ezisezantsi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukubhalisa nokususa: [ Abagwebi bangaphenjelelwa yindlu kwaye basuswe yiBhunga lolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nempazamo.
  • IsiHlalisi-Mpanzi soMgaqo-siseko: Ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo itolika umGaqo-siseko ngendlela engquzulana ngayo neeKhomishini, iBhunga lingacebisa ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko ukuze liguqule utoliko. Oku kufuna ii-3-3 zezindlu zombini kunye nokuhlaziywa kwamazwe amathathu.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isivumelwano kunye neNgqiniseko: Umongameli umisa abagwebi, kwaye iBhunga leNtlanga libaqinisekisa. Oku kunika amasebe ezobupolitika impembelelo kuqulunqwa yijaji.

Kuluhlu olubanzi lwee-checks nolulungelelwano, bona USA.gov inkcazo yamasebe karhulumente.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yokwenza imithetho edityanisiweyo

Umthetho Obalulekileyo Wokunyamekela

Ukudlula koMthetho we-Affordble Care Act (ACA) ngo-2010 kubonisa ukudlala okuntsonkothileyo phakathi kwamasebe. Ingqungquthela yabhaliswa yaza yadlulisela umthetho emva kwengxoxo enkulu, umongameli wayityobela, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayixhasa kakhulu kuyo i-National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202) ngexesha imisela ukunyuka kweMedicaid. Izenzo zolawulo kunye nabakhweli bemali-mali eziqulukileyo zilungise i-AA, ibonisa ukuba i-internbranch Confieting.

Umgaqo-nkqubo woTshintsho

Oomongameli baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukubumba ukunyanzelisa ukugcinwa kokhuseleko lokufuduka, njengenkqubo yeDeserred Action for Childhood Agewals (DACA). IKhomishini iye yazama ukudlulisa utshintsho olubanzi lokufuduka kodwa iphumelele kakhulu. INkundla ePhakamileyo, kwiBhunga loKhuseleko lwe Homeland v. Le nkqubo ibonisa ukuxinezeleka okunamandla phakathi kwamasebe.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokuqonda

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho eUnited States intsonkothile, ebandakanya onke amasebe orhulumente aqhubeka encokola. Iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho, ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yesebe, ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho neempembelelo, kunye nejaji iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ihlale ingekho kwimida yomgaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo, idityaniswe nokuxilonga kunye nolungelelwaniso, ikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunye nokuthintela ubuzwilane. Abafundi, abafundisi-bafundisi, kunye nabemi bemihla ngemihla, ukuqonda ezi misebenzi ikhuthaza ukungenelwa kolwazi oluthelekelelekileyo kwidemokhrasi. Ngokubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yemithetho, ukuvota, nokuhlala besazi ngezigqibo zomthetho, abantu ngabanye banokugcina imithetho elawula uhlanga. Izixhobo eziyila inkqubo efuna ukubandakanyeka kwemisebenzi yesebe ngalinye esebenzayo kwinyathelo lokuqala lokuba lisebenze kakuhle.