Ukwazisa: Amasebe Amathathu Ngamaxesha Entlekele

Iimeko zentlekele zemvelo ./noba iintlekele zemvelo, ukuwa kwezoqoqosho, iingozi zoluntu okanye izisongelo zokhuseleko.) Zivavanya ukukwazi ukumelana nokusebenza kwamaziko karhulumente. EUnited States, amasebe amathathu karhulumente (owawabulala, owiso-mthetho, kunye nezomthetho) ngalinye lithwele iimbopheleleko ezahlukileyo phantsi komGaqo-siseko, kodwa indima yalo iba yeyona inzima ngakumbi ngexesha longxamiseko. Isantya, umlinganiselo, kunye nomthetho wesenzo sorhulumente uyakwazi ukugqiba iziphumo ezichaphazela izigidi zabantu. Ukuqonda indlela isebe ngalinye elisebenza ngayo ngexesha leengxaki zolawulo, inkqubo kawonke, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yabantu. Oku kuqwalasela imisebenzi engaqhelekanga, ingqwalaselo yembali nemeko yanamhlanje, kunye nokuhlola ukuhlolwa kweminye indlela enzima okanye ukusabela kweengxaki.

Ukuphendula Kwesebe Eliphetheyo: Isantya, Igunya Nomanyano

Isebe elilawulayo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli, lidla ngokuba lelokuqala ukuphendula kwiimeko ezimaxongo. Umyalelo walo womgaqo-siseko “ukunyamekela ukuba uMthetho ubulawe ngokuthembeka” udibanisa namandla ongxamiseko angokwemvelo ukuze asebenze ngokukhawuleza. UMongameli angathumela oovimba borhulumente, imiyalelo yabalawuli, kunye namaqumrhu angqalileyo afana neFederal Emergency Managency Management Agency (FEMA), iSebe loMnyango woKhuselo, kunye neSebe leSebe lezeMpilo-ezempilo kunye neeNkonzo zoLuntu. Noko ke, umgangatho wegunya lolawulo longxamiseko ibingumbandela wengxoxo eqhubekayo, ingakumbi xa izenzo ziphazamisa inkululeko yabemi okanye iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zomthetho.

Amandla Engozi Namagunya Okumisela Imithetho

Amandla ongxamiseko kaMongameli asuka kwimithombo emininzi: umGaqo-siseko, imimiselo efana noMthetho weSizwe we-Emerdiation Act (1997), kunye nemizekelo yembali. Ukuvakalisa uvulo lwemeko kaxakeka kwesizwe kubandakanya amandla okubuyisela inkxaso-mali, ulawulo lobucala, kunye nemigaqo ethile. Umzekelo, ngexesha lobhubhani we-COVID-19, uMongameli uDonald Trump wacela uMthetho weStafford kunye noMthetho weSibonelelo sokhuselo-Mgaqo-mali ukuze kukhawuleziswe ukuphuhliswa kwemichiza kunye nokukhutshwa kwemveliso yezamayeza. Isebe eliphetheyo likwayalelana nabalawuli borhulumente ngoonqano-xakeka, nangona urhulumente unokwenza ukhupho lwenkxwe xa urhulumente kunye nolawulo lombuso lunyukele.

Ufundisiso Lwetyala: Septemba 11, 2001 Nemfazwe Ephembelela Uloyiko

Akukho ngxaki yangoku ephinde yamiswa ngamandla aphezulu ngaphezu kohlaselo lwabagrogrisi ngoSeptemba 11, 2001. Kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wavakalisa ungxamiseko lwesizwe kwaye wasungula imisebenzi yomkhosi eAfghanistan. ISigunya sokusebenzisa umkhosi womkhosi womkhosi (AMF) esidluliswe yiKhomishini yanika uMongameli igunya elibanzi lokusebenzisa “yonke amandla afunekayo kunye namandla afanelekileyo.” Isebe eliphetheyo laseka iSebe le Homend Security, ladala umkhosi we-USA PATRIOTS, kwaye lagunyazisa ukwenziwa kwenkqubo zokuhlola iinkqubo zobugosa, kwaye lathi kamva lijongeneengxaki ezisemthethweni. Impendulo ye-9/11 yabonisa ukuba umgangatho ophezulu ufanelekele, owesenzo esinesahlukeneyo, kodwa laphakamisa imibuzo ehlala ihleli malunga nolungelenelo phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Inkanyamba uKatrina Nemida Yokusabela Kwabantu Abambalwa

Inkanyamba uKatrina ngo-2005 yabhenca ubuthathaka obungathethekiyo kulawulo lwezigqeba ezilawulayo. Phezu kwazo nje izilumkiso zangaphambili, impendulo karhulumente phantsi koMongameli uGeorge W. Bush yayicotha yaye ingasebenzi kakuhle. IFEMA, ngoko phantsi kweSebe Lokhuseleko Lombuso Wendawo, yasilela ukuhambisa izinto, ukushiya abemi, okanye ukubuyisela ucwangco eNew Orleans iintsuku ezininzi. Le ntlekele yakhokelela ekuwisweni komphathi we-FEMA Brown kwaye yabangela utshintsho olukhulu ekulungiseleleni intlekele, kuquka noMthetho we-Post-Katrina Emergency Reformation Reformation ka-2006. Imeko igxininisa ukuba amandla olawulo lwezikomkhulu kuphela anele ngaphandle kokulungiselela ucwangco oluqinile kunye nemijelo yonxibelelwano olucacileyo nolukuhlayo nolawulo norhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Ulawulo lweziphene zegunya langoku: I-COVID-19

Isifo se-COVID-19 savavanya amasebe aphetheyo kumacala amabini abaphathi. Phantsi koMongameli uDonald Trump, iWhite House yagunyazisa uMthetho weStafford yaza yathumela umkhosi ukuba wakhe izibhedlele zexeshana. Isantya somsebenzi sokwenza isantya somchamo sikhawulezise ukukhupha inkqubela yexesha lomsebenzi. Phantsi koMongameli Joe Biden, imiyalelo elawulayo yagunyazisa izigqubuliso kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente, yaseka ukhokelo lweCHOVAID-19 ETreaty, yayalela ulawulo lwe-Occupalty Ukhuseleko ne-Administration (OSA) ukukhupha imiqathango yexeshana nje longxamiselo yolawulo lukawonke. Isifo esilawulayo yabalasemgatya indlela ezihamba phambili ngayo: ukusuka kulawulo lokuqala kumaziko olawulo lokuqala lwezolawulo lukawonke wonke kwiZiko zolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo loluntu.

Impendulo Yomthetho: Ukuxhasa, Ukulawula, Nokubeka Imithetho

IBhunga linendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni iimeko ezimaxongo ngokuxhasa intsebenziswano ngenkxaso-mali, ukuvalwa kwetyala, nokumiswa komthetho. Ngoxa isebe elilawulayo lisoloko lisebenza kuqala, isebe lewiso-mthetho linika oovimba, isiseko somthetho, kunye neenkqubo zokuphendula ezifunekayo ukuze kuhlaziywe unyango. Ngexesha lamanqam, iBhunga linokuhamba ngesantya esingaqhelekanga, ukudlulisa amatyala adla ngokuthabatha iinyanga ngeentsuku ezimbalwa. Noko ke, i-digricklock ingenza umsebenzi we-witrogion, njengoko kuboniswa kwisilingi yetyala elininzi kunye nokuvala urhulumente enqanda iintambo zokulwa.

Izixhobo ezithe gqolo kunye nemithwalo yeziphumo

IKhomishini yeNkqutyana iphethe “amandla esipaji,” ithetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemali eninzi yorhulumente ngexesha leengxaki kufuna imvume yomthetho. Amatyala enkcitho yengozi angakhokelela amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ekunikezeleni iintlekele, ukukhuthaza kwezoqoqosho, kunye neenkqubo zempilo zikawonke-wonke. Ngokomzekelo, emva kwengxaki yemali yowa ka-2009, iKhomishini yeMbutho yadlulisa iMiqathango yoNqululo (TEP) ka-2011,a ii-R37 zezigidi zemali esetyenziswayo. UMthetho olandelayo weMelika wokuLawula nokuKhuselwa kwezeko, i-mali e-mali, kunye noMgaqo-ngo-mali ye-ntengo ye-mali, kunye noMnyango we-Merika, i-Accessort, kunye noMgaqonga-mali we-Melika.

Ubuchule bokulawula nobokuphendula

IBhunga liqhuba ulawulo ngokuva, uphando, kunye ne-Rhulumente Accounting Office (GAO). Emva kwengxaki, iikomiti zisoloko ziva ityala lokuhlola izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo, ukufuna amaxwebhu, kunye namagosa abuzayo. Umzekelo, iHouse Khetha Committee kwiNdlela yokuhlasela iCapitol Reastle, ivelisa ingxelo eneenkcukacha ngokusilela kokhuseleko kunye nesebe eliphetheyo elingathathi nxaxheba. Ngokufanayo, iKomiti yeNtsimbi yeeNtsimbi yeNtlanga yoKhuselo lwezo lweSebe icuthazelela u-FEMA ukusebenza emva kwenkanyamba enkulu. Ulawulo olunempumelelo lungakhokelela ekuguquleni i-Nguqulo olunjengo-9/11 yeKhomishini, efundisa ukwabelana ngezakhono. Noko ke, ulawulo olunongamele i-cwe kwimidlalo yezopolitiko yezo zezopolitiko, ngokucukumelwa kwe-wonke.

Ufundo lomthetho lwetyala: UMthetho we-USA PTRIOT

Ngo-Oktobha 2001 ngenkxaso ekufuphi nemposiso, uMthetho we-USA PARIOTT owandisiweyo wokujonga ukhuseleko lomthetho kunye namaqumrhu obuntlola. Wathoba ibhawa ukuze ufumane imvume, ivumele iintambo zokujikeleza, kwaye walungela ulwazi phakathi kwe-CIA ne-FBI. Ngelixesha abaxhasi babewuphikisa lo Mthetho wawubalulekile ekulweni ubugrogrisi, abagxeki babewubambezela ukhuseleko lweSine seSinyuso. Umthetho wagunyaziswa kwakhona amaxesha amaninzi ngokulungisa izinto, kunye namalungiselelo awo okutshona kokutshona kwelanga okuhlola okunyanzekileyo okukhawulezileyo okubonisa indlela isenzo somthetho okokugqibela okungabanga umGcimbiso-mgamgamgamthe. Ngonyaka wonyaka we- 2015, indawo yembutho-mithelo yemithetho ye-ASFUS, ibonakalisa iimbono ze-ocesterty.

Uhlolisiso Lomthetho Lwetyala: Iziphumo Zengxaki Yemali Yonyaka wama - 2008

UMthetho we-Emergency Economic Effectivementation Act ka-2008, owadala i-TARP, wathinjwa okokuqala eNdlu ngaphambi kokudlula emva kokutshona kwentengiso ephawulekayo. Ingqungquthela yagunyazisa iFederal Reserve ukuba ithathe amanyathelo angaqhelekanga, anjenge-ibheyile enkulu ye-IAG. Lo mthetho waquka amalungiselelo emali yenkcitho kunye nokuphatha kweqela leququlu-staunion. Ulawulo lwe-Obama lwaqhutywa kamva ngenxa ye-Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation kunye noMthetho we-Consumer Protection Act ngo-2010, eyamisa imimiselo emitsha kwiibhankini kwaye yadala i-Consurence Intecial Finity Irection Bureaureaugeneal Bureaureaureau yeze (CFPB).

Ukuphendula kwesebe eligwebayo: Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko ngamaxesha oxinezeleko

Isebe lejaji, elisoloko lihamba kancinci kakhulu, libaluleka kakhulu ngexesha lamanqam kuba liqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zihambelana nomGaqo-siseko. IiNkundla zihlola imiyalelo yezolawulo, imimiselo, kunye nezenzo zolawulo zomthetho, ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye norhulumente ophathwe kakubi, kwaye zimisela imizekelo ekhokelayo kwiimpendulo zexesha elizayo. Indima yejaji inokuba nempikiswano: inkxalabo eninzi kakhulu ingaphazamisa imigudu yongxamiseko, lo gama ukuthomalalisa okuncinane kakhulu kunokuvumela ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo. Umlinganiselo phakathi kokuthintelwa kwezahlulelo nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho uvavanywa uvavanywa kakhulu.

Ukuhlolisiswa Kwezenzo Zexesha Lentlekele

Iinkundla zisebenzisa amaqondo ahlukeneyo okuhlola amanqam anxulumene nezenzo zikarhulumente. Kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe, iinkundla zisoloko zithobela umphathi phantsi “umbuzo wezobupolitika” imfundiso okanye“imfihlelo”. Noko ke, xa amalungelo angundoqo ebekwe esichengeni, iinkundla zingangenelela. Ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi II, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ebekelwe ityala [[FT:]. [Nyusahlulo ye-FOM]. [iiiiimeko ezikhoyo] i-Rodenti ye-UMFM].[10] i-Rhoumev.[4] i-FFM.[acegoss , i-FUFUS] i-FUS] inguquace.[2004]

Ukukhuselwa Kwenkululeko Yamakhaya Ebudeni Bexesha Leengxaki

Imisebenzi yejaji enzima kakhulu ngumsebenzi wokukhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Imizekelo yembali iyafundisa: ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, uMongameli uLincoln ulenze i-habeas corpus, kodwa uMahluleli omkhulu uRoger Talney walawula [[FLT: 0]] ex eparter Merryman[ [1861]) [iiiSicwangciso soburhulumente sodwa) esinokuthi kuphela silawule uLinconcony. Ngexesha le Red Spect Speas emva kwemfazwe I, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT:] scheck. United States[FLT] [FLT:] [19] [19] [19]) ixhasa imiqathango yentetho ekhululekileyo, kodwa kamva njengezenzo zonqulo ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente ze-Rhosa.[FLD] Branburg v[FFFELT] [19] [19] [1969] ikhutshwe) yemis yemi, imiqatha yomyalelo yemiba

Uphawu lwelizwe Ubeko phambili: [[FLT: 0] Ubeko olusezantsi Lwekhasi & lamp; I Tube Co. V. Sawyer[[FLT: 1] (11952)

Ingxelo ebaluleke kakhulu engolawulo lolawulo ngexesha lemfazwe yeKoriya. Xa uMongameli uTruman wathatha izigalo zentsimbi ukunqanda ukuhlasela ngexesha lemfazwe, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula [[FLT: 0]] ulutsha oluncinane [ loMongameli loburhulumente] ukuba ungabi nalo igunya lomgaqo-siseko lokuthatha impahla yangasese ngaphandle kogunyaziso lomthetho. Lo mgwebi uRobert Jackson wasungula umsebenzi wesigqeba esinesiqu senqanawa esiphezulu xa ugunyaziswe yiKhonkxaneli; izenzo “enyeni lokuphela kwendlu-majoni” xa ithe clo; kwaye izenzo eziphantsi kakhulu xa kuthe kwaphela umgaqo-mthetho ochasene nomthetho womthetho. Lo mbutho uGaqonga uRhulumente uRhulumente uhlala ukho kuqwanelo lwemeko lwemeko longxamiseko-xakeka.

Iingxaki Zezeejaji Zale Mihla: I-COVID-19 Nangaphezulu

Lo bhubhani wabangela igalelo elingathethekiyo lecawa. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ku i-Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo (2020) yabetha phantsi imida yokuhlala kwaseNew York kwiicawa, ngelixa yase Southern Bay United Pentecostal [[FLL] v. [200] [20] I-ivumela imiqathango yeKhalifoni engaphakathi yonqulo olunolwahlulwayo. Inkundla nayo yavala i-CDC i-morlator kunye nomthetho we-oSHAA yomthetho wokhuselo-mthetho woonqando-mthetho wocando-mthetho wokuziphatha i-enzandolo---ase-ase-menti, kunye nemidabini ye-ogractive ye-ographic ihamba rhoqo emva kwexesha elide.

Ukusebenzisana Phakathi Kwamasebe: Iindlela, Ukulungelelana, Nolwahlulo

Akukho sebe lisebenza ngokwalo ngexesha lengxaki. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ibangela intsebenziswano esebenzayo enokunyusa okanye ithintele ukusebenza kwempendulo iyonke. UmGaqo-siseko unyanzela amasebe ukuba alungelelanise ngeli elinye irhafu ukuze alungelelanise imali yoko izicelo zesebe eliphetheyo, iinkundla zihlola oko isebe eliphetheyo likwenzayo, kunye nezigunyaziso eziphetheyo ezigunyazisa oko kufunwa yiBhunga. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le nkqubo idla ngokukhokelela ekukhuphisaneni, ukuncokola, ukunxibelelana, nokulalanisa.

Isigqibo Semfazwe Nomkhosi

Umzekelo oqhelekileyo woxinezeleko lwama-interbranch yisigqibo seWar Powers of 1973, egqithe kuMongameli Nixon emva kwemfazwe yaseVietnam. Kufuneka uMongameli azise iKhomishini kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48 zokuqhuba imikhosi kwaye arhoxe imikhosi emva kweentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iKhomishini igunyazise ukuqhubeka kwesenzo. Abalawuli baye basoloko bewucell ’ umngeni lo mthetho njengongawiswano kumphathi-mkhosi okwigunyazisa intloko-mikhosi yabo. Nangona kunjalo, iye yayila isigqibo songxamiseko ekwenzeni iimfazwe ezinjengeLibya (201) ne-Siriya (2014) (0).

Ukulwa Neemali Zokucinywa Ngurhulumente Ngexesha Lobunzima

Ulawulo lweBhunga lokuxhasa ngemali lunganyanzelisa umphathi ophetheyo ukuba atshintshe izinto eziphambili. Umzekelo, ngexesha lokuvalwa kwemisebenzi yentlekele karhulumente ka-2013, i-National Park Service ivala izikhumbulo kwaye i-FEMA inciphisa uqeqesho lwentlekele.

Impikiswano yezaphula-mthetho: Ukuxolisa nokungqinelana

Xa ijaji isiyalela umphathi ukuba athathe okanye angavumi ukwenza, ukuthobela akuzenzekeli. Kubikwa ukuba uMongameli uAndrew Jackson wathi, “UJohn Marshall wenze isigqibo sakhe; ngoku makazimenze anyanzelise!” Ngokubonisa inyaniso yokuba iinkundla zixhomekeke kumthetho olawulayo. Noko ke, ulawulo lweTrump oluchasiweyo lumele luthobele uphando lwaseNdlungwini, olukhokelela ekudelweni kwemiqathango yokhuseleko. Kwiimeko ezimanqamlezo, umphathi angamelana nemiyalelo yetyala lesizwe, njengoko kujongwe kwiGuantana habeas.

Ukulawula kweKhomishini kunye nokuLawula

ICriss isoloko iphembelela ukuqanjwa kwejaji ngokwayo. Ngexesha lesifo somgwebi wama-2020, ukuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeQela uAmy Coney Barrett kwaqhubeka phezu kokungavumelani kobufutshane nonyulo lomongameli. Kwimeko ezingxamisekileyo zangaphambili, oomongameli baye bamisela abagwebi abaye bagqiba kamva ngamatyala afanayo. / ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwempendulo phakathi kwamasebe. Ulawulo lwamaBhunga lukwabumba umgangatho wolawulo: ukuxhasa iinkundla zikarhulumente, ukwandisa imikhosi yabagwebi, kunye nemithetho yengozi ebhenela phambili kuzo zonke iinkqubo zomthetho.

Isiphelo: Izifundo Zolawulo Ngexesha Leengxaki Zokungaphili

Ukuqonda indlela isebe ngalinye likarhulumente elisabela ngayo kwiimeko ezimaxongo kubaluleke kakhulu kubemi, abafundisi, nabenzi benkqubo ngokufanayo. Isebe eliphetheyo lizisa isantya kunye nobuchule bokusebenza kodwa lineengozi. Isebe lemithetho linika inkxaso, igunya, ukuphendula kodwa linokucotha kwaye likwazi ukukhusela kunye nokulawula. Isebe lezomthetho likhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko lize limisele imida kodwa limele lilungelelanise ukulungelelanisa ukuma kobuso. Amanqamlezo-mhlaba enyani . (ukusukela ku-9/11) kunye neSiphepho sikaKatrina ukuya kwisifo se-CHOVAN) kodwa liza kufuneke ukuba onke amasebe asebenzayo asebenze kunye, ngokunjalo siqonde ukulawulwa kwemeko-demo-mGeneraltic .