Ukuvalwa kwezixhobo zikarhulumente kusuka kwimiqathango enqabileyo ye-Precedcup yezopolitiko enamandla enokuthi iphazamise iinkonzo zikarhulumente kangangeeveki. Ukususela ngo 1976, iUnited States iye yafumana iisithuba semali ezingama-21 ezikhokelela kwizithuba ezahlukeneyo zokuphazamiseka kukarhulumente , ukuguqula ukusuka kwizinto eziphazamisa uqingqo-mali kungenelo lwezobuxhakaxhakaxhakaxhaka obuchaphazela izigidi zabantu baseMelika. Ukuqonda le mbali akubonisi nje indlela esifike ngayo kwingxaki yethu yangoku, kodwa kutheni ii-injini ziye zaba luphawu oluqhelekileyo lolawulo lwaseMelika.

Olu hlalutyo lunzulu luchaza indaleko yokuvalwa korhulumente kwimvelaphi yabo esemthethweni ngaphaya kwawo onke amanqam amakhulu emali, ukuhlolisisa amandla ezobupolitika, iimpembelelo zezoqoqosho, kunye nezifundo ezifundwe malunga neminyaka engamashumi amahlanu yobundlobongela bobundlobongela. Ukuba ungumfundi wembali yezobupolitika, umqeshwa wengingqi oxhalatyiswe kukuvalwa kwexesha elizayo, okanye ummi ozama ukuqonda isizathu sokuba iBhunga lisilele ukukhupha uqingqo-mali ngexesha, olu khokelo lunika umongo obalulekileyo womnye wemi yedemokhrasi ephindaphindiweyo yaseMelika.

Ngaphambi kowe - 1976: Ihlabathi Elahlukileyo Loqingqo - mali

Ngaphambi kwe1970, urhulumente wesizwe wasebenzisa iinkqubo zoqingqo-mali ezingacwangciswanga ezinokubonakala zingezozabo namhlanje. Xa iKhomishini yasilela ukudlulisela iindleko zomnxeba ngexesha, abameli baqhubeka besebenza phantsi kwengcamango yokuba imali iza kuvunywa ekugqibeleni. Le sivumelwano sendoda sisebenza ngenxa yokuba:

  • Imisebenzi yokulungisa iqwalaselwa imvume eboniswayo ukusuka kwiNgqungquthela
  • Iintloko ezi-agnes zazinolwazi olubanzi ukugcina imisebenzi ebalulekileyo
  • Izithethe ezithe tye ezidibanisiweyo ekusebenziseni inkxaso-mali njengesixhobo sokuxhathisa ukwenzela iinjongo zenkqubo ezingahambelaniyo
  • inkqubo yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali ibingamiselwanga kakuhle kunye ne-volution

Le nkqubo yayingafezekanga – maxa wambi abameli babesebenza bengenagunya elicacileyo okanye bengasebenzi ngaphandle kwemvume ecacileyo – kodwa yathintela ukuphazamisana okupheleleyo kweenkonzo zikarhulumente kwiimpikiswano zoqingqo - mali.

UMthetho woHlahlo-mali ka- 1974

IXesha lamanzi lazisa utshintsho olubalulekileyo ukuze kumiselwe amandla omongameli kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukuvelela kombutho. UMthetho woLawulo loHlahlo noLawulo loMsebenzi woMsebenzi woLawulo lweNtshona Koloni ka-1976 waqinisekisa ngokusisiseko indlela urhulumente wengingqi odala ngayo uqingqo-mali kunye nezixhobo:

[[UMTL:0] Ulungiselelo olungundoqo:

  • IKomiti yoHlahlo-mali eDala neNdlu yeNtlanganiso
  • ISebe leMicimbi yoLuntu limisele iOfisi yoHlahlo-mali yeNkcubeko (CBO)
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi weCandelo
  • Ukuba negunya elilinganiselweyo lokungasebenzisi imali efanelekileyo
  • Yenza inkqubo yoxolelwaniso ukuze kufunyanwe iindleko zoqingqo-mali

Ngoxa yayicetyelwe ukuthethelela inkqubo yoqingqo - mali, ezi nguqulelo ngokungazi zadala ilungiselelo elingokwasemthethweni elaliza kwenza kube lula ukuvala.

UMthetho Ochasene Nedepression Neendaleko

IAntideficiency Act, eyadlula okokuqala ngo-1884 yaza yalungiswa izihlandlo ezininzi, ithintela amaqumrhu karhulumente:

  • Ukusebenzisa imali ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe
  • Ukwamkela iinkonzo zokuzithandela
  • Ukwenza iimbopheleleko zigqwese ngaphezu kwemali ekhoyo
  • Ukubandakanya urhulumente kwizivumelwano ngaphandle kogunyaziso

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, lo mthetho wawuchazwa ngokulula, uvumela ukuba kuqhutywe ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi ngexesha lengxaki yemali.

Iimbono Ezintle: Ukuqalisa Kokuphela Kwale Mihla

April 25, 1980 waphawula utshintsho xa uAtterney jikelele Benjamin Civiletti wakhupha uluvo olusemthethweni ngokungqongqo ukutolika uMthetho we-Antideficiency. Walawula loo nto:

  • Iimca-mvo kufuneka iphelise imisebenzi xa iimpazamo ziphelelwa
  • kuphela imisebenzi efunekayo ukukhusela ubomi nempahla ingaqhubeka
  • [[UMTL:0] Abasebenzi abasebenzi abasebenzi abakwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle komvuzo , kwanokuzikhethela
  • [[UMTL:0] Iziphumo zinokuba yiziphumo zezohlwayo zolwaphulo-mthetho

Uluvo lwesibini Januwari 16, 1981 luthamba kancinci lobume, buvumela ukuba:

  • Ukukhuselwa kweembopheleleko zomgaqo-siseko
  • Imisebenzi egunyazisiweyo ngumthetho ukuqhubeka nangona ingasebenzi
  • Imisebenzi yokuvala ngokulungelelanisiweyo

Ezi mbono zatshintsha iingxaki zemali ezazibangelwa ziingxaki zolawulo zaba ziingxaki, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba urhulumente wale mihla apheliswe.

Ixesha Elipheleleyo Lexesha lokuvala komanyano (197-6)

Ulawulo lweFord (1976)

01 - Oktobha 11, 1976 iintsuku [10]

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] I-ICT: Ukuchasa ngaphaya kwenkxaso-mali yesebe loMsebenzi ne-HEW
  • [[UMTL:0] I-ICT: Inxalenye yokuvala okuchaphazela amasebe athile
  • [[UMTL:0] Isigqibo: Inkxaso-mali yexeshana evunyiweyo
  • Uphawu : Ukuvala kokuqala phantsi kwemithetho yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali entsha

ICarter Year (1977-190)

Ulawulo lweCarter lwafumana izithuba ezintlanu zemali, nangona uninzi lwaba nempembelelo encinci ngenxa yotoliko lwangaphambi kwe-Civiletti:

[[UMTL:0] 01 - Oktobha 13, 1977 (ientsuku)

  • Ukungavisisani ngemali yokuqhomfa
  • Isiphumo sokusebenza esincinci

[[UMTL:0] October 31 - Novemba 9, 1977 (iintsuku)

  • Ukuqhubeka nokuqhomfa
  • Unyaka omnye

[[UMTL:0]Novemba 30 - Disemba 9, 1977 iintsuku ezisibhozo][[UMTL:1]

  • Isithathu sokuvalwa kwenqanawa phezu komba omnye
  • Ipateni yenkxaso-mali yexeshana iyavela

[[UMTL:0] 01 - Oktobha 18, 1978 (iintsuku)

  • Ukungavumelani ngemisebenzi kawonke-wonke
  • UCarter warhoxisa amatyala awayecinga ukuba ayachithakala

[[UMTL:0] 01 – Oktobha 12, 1979 (ientsuku)

  • Ingxabano ngokuhlawulwa kwengqungquthela inyusa nokuxhaswa kwemali yokuqhomfa
  • Igqityele ukuvalwa phambi koluvo lwe-Polinetti

IReagan Era (1981-199)

Ulawulo lukaReagan lwabona ukuvalwa kwezakhiwo ezisibhozo njengoko ukutolikwa okutsha okungqongqo kuqalisa:

[[UMTL:0] Novemba 20-23, 1981 (ientsuku)

  • Comment=Isiqalo sokuvala phantsi kwemithetho ye Civiletti [[FLT: 1]
  • Abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni abangama-241 000 bahlatywa
  • Zixabanise ngokusetyenziswa kwemali
  • Misela umzekelo wezona maphepha okumisa umsebenzi

[[UMTL:0] 01 - Oktobha 2, 1982 (1 usuku)

  • Ukuphoswa kwexesha lokudlula kuqingqo - mali
  • Ukuvalwa kophawu kakhulu

[[UMTLL:0] Decber 17-21, 1982 (ientsuku ezintathu)

  • Inkcaso kwiinkqubo zemisebenzi kawonke-wonke
  • Indlu neBhunga alikwazanga ukuxolelanisa umahluko

[[UMTL:0]Novemba 10-14, 1983 (iimini ezintathu)[[UMTL:1]

  • Ukungavumelani ngemfundo, imisebenzi yamanzi, noncedo lwamanye amazwe
  • UReagan wayefuna ukusetyenziswa imali engakumbi yokuzikhusela

[[UMTL:0] 01 – Oktobha 3, 1984 (ientsuku)

  • Ukungavisisani ngeendleko zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neeprojekthi zamanzi
  • Reagan wafuna ukudibanisa isigqibo esiqhubekayo kwipakethi yolwaphulo-mthetho

October 3-5, 1984 (1 usuku)

  • Name
  • Ukungavisisani okuqhubekayo ngemibandela efanayo

October 16-18, 1986 (usuku)

  • Ukungavisisani ngemibandela emininzi kuquka
  • Ukuvalwa kobuchule kakhulu

[[UMTL: 0] Decber 18-20, 1987, (1 usuku)

  • Ukungavisisani Ngemfundiso Entle Noncedo
  • Ukuphela kokugqibela kokuvalwa komongameli weReagan

Ulawulo lwaseBush (1990)

[[UMTL:0] October 5-9, 1990 (ientsuku ezintathu)

  • Ukungavumelani okungachananga
  • U-Bush oshiyiweyo "akukho rhafu intsha" umphumo wesifungo
  • Abasebenzi abangama-800 bahlatywa
  • Ukugqibela ngokuvumelana ngoqingqo-mali

IClinton-Gingrich Slavidown (1995-19996)

Ezi ndlela zokuvala ziphawule ixesha elitsha lokuvala iintsimbi njengezixhobo zezobupolitika:

[[UMTL]Novemba 13-19, 1995 (iintsuku)

  • [[UMTL:0] INguquko yeRepublic" idibana nomfuziselo wayo
  • Abasebenzi abangama-80 000 belizwe
  • Ingxabano kuneziko lenzululwazi, imfundo, imekobume nempilo kawonke wonke
  • Isihlalo somkhosi womoya esinye sona sanguphawu lukaGingrich ngokobuqu oluncinane ngaphezu komkhosi omnye

[[UMTL: 0] Decber 15, 1995 - Januwari 6, 1996 (ientsuku ezili-1)

  • Ukuvalwa okude kakhulu kwedayamoshini [[FLT: 1]
  • Abasebenzi abangama-284 000, 475 000 abasebenza ngaphandle kwentlawulo
  • Iindleko: R2,4 amawaka ezigidi
  • Uluntu luvukele amaRiphabliki
  • Ireyithingi zemvume zeClinton zanyuka
  • Inkcazo ephambili yezobupolitika eqwalaselweyo nguGingrich

[[UMTL: 0] isiseko sempembelelo:

  • Urhulumente we-Washington D.C. wachaphazeleka ngokunzulu
  • Ummandla wesizwe weepaki
  • Izicelo zepasport kunye nencwadi yemvume ziyekwa
  • Uphando lwempilo luphazamisekile
  • Ukucoca inkunkuma enetyhefu kuyekwa

Iminyaka ye-Tsh-Obama: Ifutshane Kanye (2001-2013)

Akukho zivalwayo zenzekileyo ukususela ngo 1996 ukuya ku 2013, ixesha elide ngaphandle kokuvalwa kwemida ukususela ngo 1976. Iimeko ezininzi zafak ’ isandla:

  • Izifundo zezobupolitika ezifundwe kunyaka-996
  • 9/11 ikhuthaza umanyano ekusebenziseni izinto eziza kuqala
  • Iimfazwe eIraq naseAfghanistan zinciphisa ukulangazelela iimfazwe zasekhaya
  • Ingxaki yemali ifuna intsebenziswano ye-bipartina

Iqela Leti licimiwe (203)

[[UMTL:0] October 1-17, 2013 (iientsuku)

  • IMPAWU: imigudu yeRiphabliki yokususa/layisha Intshukumo yokuphatha enokufikeleleka
  • I-Leader: Umlinganisi Ted Cruz's intetho yeeyure ezingama- 21
  • I-ICT: 800 000 ehlanjelwe, izigidi ezingaphezulu zichaphazelekayo
  • iCost: ii24 bhiliyoni kwimveliso yezoqoqosho
  • Isigqibo: iiRiphabliki zikhutshiwe ngaphandle kokufikelela usukelo

Iziphumo zomqondiso:

  • Iipaki zesizwe zavalwa, ziphulukana nee - R2,50 ezigidi
  • Ukuncitshiswa kwe-CDC yesifo
  • Ukhangelo lwe FDA luncitshisiwe
  • I-ECD
  • Uphazamiso lwenzululwazi

Ubalo

[[UMTL] Januwari 20-22, 2018 (ientsuku ezintathu)

  • Ingxabano nge-DACA kunye nokufuduka
  • Abacimi bemali abavaliweyo ngokufutshane
  • Ugqibe ngesithembiso sengxoxo yokufuduka

[[UMTHLO: 0] February 9, 2018 (iiyure ezi-9)[[UMTL:1]

  • Ubusuku bokuvala ubuchule
  • Uqhankqalazo lukaPaul malunga nemali echithwayo lwanda
  • Isiphumo esisebenzisekayo

[[UMTHL: 0] Decber 22, 2018 - Januwari 25, 2019 (iintsuku ezingama-35)

  • Ukuvalwa kwedayamo eMvalelweni we U.S.
  • Imfuno yeTrump yemali exabisa ii-R3,7 zezigidi zezigidi zodonga
  • Abasebenzi abangama-80 000
  • Unxweme lwamajoni lwalusebenza ngaphandle kwentlawulo
  • Ukungabikho kwabalawuli beenqwelo-moya kwabangela inkxalabo yokhuseleko
  • Izigidi zeFBI zazisebenza ngaphandle kwentlawulo
  • Ukuvavanywa kokutya kuncitshisiwe
  • Imali ehlawulwayo
  • Ipakeji zikazwelonke zilahlwa
  • [[UMTL:0] Ipheliswa xa uphazamiseko lohambo lomoya lusongela uqoqosho

Izinto Ezinamandla Zezobupolitika: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuziva Udiniwe Kuqhubeke Kukho

Izizathu Zokwakhiwa

urhulumente owahlulweyo udala iimeko zokuvalwa:

  • Amaqela awahlukahlukeneyo alawula indlu, iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, Nolawulo
  • Akukho ndlela yokunyanzela ulalaniso
  • Comment
  • Ukwanda kokuDluliswa kweQumrhu

[[UMTL:0] inkqubo yobucukubhede:

  • Imali yezonyango efunekayo
  • Iikomiti ezininzi ezibandakanyekileyo
  • Ixesha elisisigxina (umhla we - 1)
  • Ukusebenzisa rhoqo izigqibo eziqhubekayo

Indaleko Yeenkqubo Zezobupolitika

[[FLT: 0]s-190s: ukungavisisani ngobuchule ngamanqanaba athile emali (199): Iimfazwe ezandisiweyo zengqiqo kumsebenzi karhulumente [[FLT:] 2000s: ukuthomalalisa okufutshane ngenxa yezisongelo zangaphandle [[[FLT:]] 2010s: i-odown ediasesss's's's's's'iinteeejogno yemiciso [[[FLT:]]

Umdlalo Obekek ’ Ityala

Uphando oluthe rhoqo lwenziwe ngoluvo lukawonke-wonke lubonisa oku:

  • AmaMelika agxeka umbutho obonwa njengoqalayo ukuvala [[FLT: 1]
  • [[UMTL: 0] Abalawuli baluncedo kwiposi yeposi [[FLT: 1]
  • Imvume equkunjelweyo iyehla nangaliphi iqela
  • uphazamiseko lwezoqoqosho lunciphisa umvuzo wezopolitiko

Imizekelo yembali:

  • 1995-96: IiRiphabliki zibekwe ityala (iityhefu zibonise 2:1 umlinganiselo)
  • 2013: IiRiphabliki zibekwa ityala (iityhefu zazibonisa imida efanayo)
  • 2018-19: ITrump ekuqaleni yazibanga ityala, yandula ke yabekwa ityala

Uhlalutyo oluchaphazela izoqoqosho

Iindleko Ezithe ngqo

Iziphumo zomqeshwa osetyenziswayo:

  • Ukungaphumeleli kwemveliso ngexesha lokuvalwa
  • Iingxaki zokuziphatha nokungazifaki
  • Iindleko zolawulo zokuvalwa/ukuqalwa
  • Imali ehlawulwayo ngaphandle komsebenzi owenziweyo

[[UMTL:0] Imilinganiselo yezoqoqosho:

  • Imali exabisa ii - R2,4 zezigidi
  • 2013: Ii - R22 zamawaka ezigidi ezilahlekileyo
  • 2018-19: Izigidi ezingamawaka eedola ezili-1 (uqikelelo lweCBO)
  • Ii - R3,50 zamawaka ezigidi zilahleka ngokupheleleyo

Imiphumo Engangqalanga Ezoqoqosho

[[UMTL:0] Iziphumo zecandelo:

  • Iintlawulo zoManyano
  • Amashishini kufutshane nezakhiwo zikarhulumente aphulukana nabathengi
  • Ushishino lokutyelela iidolophu luphazamisa
  • Ukungaqiniseki
  • Ukuzithemba kwabathengi kuyancipha

[[UMTL: 0] Iziphumo ezithe vetshe:

  • Imali nganye karhulumente engachithwanga ichaphazela uqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni
  • Abasebenzi nabasebenzi banciphisa iindleko
  • Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba eKlasta yaseClaremont (7%)
  • Irejista yemali eninzi

Iziphumo Zexesha Elide

Ukuthotywa kweGovernance:

  • Ukufumana isiphiwo esinzima sikarhulumente
  • Ukuhla kwempumelelo karhulumente
  • Uzalisekiso lwenkqubo olulibaziswayo
  • Ukungaqiniseki ngexabiso elingaphezulu

Ingqikelelo-magama yehlabathi

Indlela Ezinye Iingxaki Ezilusingatha Ngayo Uhlahlo - mali

[[UMTL: 0] Iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi azikuvumeli ukuvalwa kwemijelo

  • Unyuso oluzenzekelayo oluxhobisa unyulo
  • Imfuno zomGaqo-siseko ukuze kungenelwe uqingqo-mali
  • Ukwahlulwa ngokwahlukeneyo kwamagunya
  • Uqeqesho lweqela elinamandla

[[UMTL_HAWU] Izahlulo:[[UMTL:1]

  • UK: Urhulumente uyawa ukuba uqingqo-mali aluphumelelanga
  • IsiJamani: uqingqo-mali oludlulileyo luyaqhubeka ngokuzenzekelayo
  • Canada: Ukungaphumeleli kubangela ukuba kungabi nakuzithemba ukuvota
  • Australia: ukudityaniswa okuphindwe kabini okunokwenzeka

Iziphumo zokubuyiselwa kweU.S.

Ukucinywa kuchaphazela ukuma kweMelika:

  • Imibuzo ngokuzinza kukarhulumente
  • Ukuncitshiswa kwengxelo
  • Urhwebo lungaqinisekanga
  • Inkxalabo yamazwe ahlangeneyo
  • Iinkqubo zophuhliso lwehlabathi ziphazamisekile

Uhlalutyo lokuPhindeka

[[UMTLL:0] Ngeshumi leminyaka:[[UMGAQO:1]

  • Iintsuku ezingama-56 zizonke
  • Ngowe - 1980: 8 kuvinjwa iintsuku ezingama - 20 zizonke)
  • konyaka wama-1990: ii-asethi ezintathu zokuvalwa kwemipu (iintsuku ezingama-27)
  • 2000: 0 Ilayishiwe
  • 2010: 3 isalathisi (iintsuku ezingama-54)
  • 2020: 0 iibhanki (ukude)

Izigqumo zokuvala (ientsuku ezi-1-3): Ezona ziqheleke kakhulu, zobugcisa ekuphakathi kuvala (ientsuku ezi-16): ukuma kwezobupolitika [[FLT:]] Izivalo ezizinzileyo (17+ iintsuku): iimfazwe ze-matrip

Intsingiselo yokuvalwa kwenqanawa ixesha elide, ephazamisayo kakhulu ibonisa ukwanda kokungabi nandawo yaneleyo.

Imilinganiselo Yonyaka

: Okwesibini okuqhelekileyo (ukuphelelwa kwesigqibo sokuqukumbela) : imihla eqheleke kakhulu (ekupheleni konyaka we-fiscal) Decber[: Eyesibini eqhelekileyo (ukukhawulezisa ummiselo wesiphelo sesigqibo) [[FLT:] imihla [[FLT:]] enqabileyo, idla ngokuba yimpikiswano ethile.

Izifundo Ezifundiweyo

Izifundo Zezobupolitika

[[UMTL:0] Ukuphelelwa kwemiqathango kunqabile ukufikelela usukelo lwenkqubo:

  • Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba
  • 2013: UA akatshintshanga
  • 2018-19: Akukho mali ifunyenweyo

Isiphazamisi esingasemva siyajikajika:

  • Igalelo lokunika ityala ngokutsha
  • Ukudideka kwezoqoqosho kubavoti
  • Abasebenzi abasebenza ngomanyano bavelisa ulwazelelelo

Izifundo Ezisebenzayo

[[UMTL:0] Iingxamiseko ziphucule ucwangciso:

  • Ukulungelelaniswa okungcono kwabasebenzi
  • Iinkqubo zokucima ezicoca
  • Iinkqubo zonxibelelwano eziphuculiweyo
  • Yenza kwakhona uxwebhu

[[UTL:0] iziphumo zeziphumo zeteknoloji:

  • Imisebenzi enokwenziwa
  • Isixokelelwano soncedo lombane
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba (7%) lubonise ukuba amabali aphazamisayo

Izindululo Zokutshintsha

Izicombululo zoMthetho

[[UMTLL: 0] izisombululo eziqhubekeka ngokuzenzekelayo:

  • Urhulumente wemali kumgangatho ongaphambili
  • Susa isisongelo sokuvala
  • Imali-mali eninzi ecetyiweyo, akukho nanye egqithileyo

[[Uhlaziyo:0] Akukho kuhlahlela, Akukho namvuzo:[[Uhlaziyo:1]

  • Imali ehlawulwayo eqeshwe ngequmrhu lowiso-mthetho ngexesha lokuvalwa
  • Ingxaki yesi-77 yoHlaliso
  • Inkxaso kawonke-wonke kodwa elinganiselweyo

[[UHL:0] Uqingqo-mali lwexesha:[[FTL:1]

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wekota
  • Ixesha elingakumbi lokucwangcisa
  • Iindawo zobungxwaba-ngxwaba ezincinane
  • Isetyenziswa ngempumelelo kumaphondo angama-20

Utshintsho

[[UMTL: 0] Isilingi yetyala:

  • Susa ugunyaziso olwahlukeneyo lokuboleka
  • Khusela udityaniso kunye nokuvalwa komlilo
  • & Nciphisa amanqaku obunzima

[[Uhlahlo:0] inkqubo yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali eyomelesiweyo:

  • Ixesha elimisiweyo
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi
  • Umda oncitshisiweyo wokutshintsha
  • Imilinganiselo esengqiqweni yexesha

Imouse Yexesha Elizayo

Oonobangela Abanokunyusa Ukuvaleka

  • Ukuqhubeka
  • Ungquzulwano olukhulayo kumajelo eendaba
  • Ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo njengeqhinga lezobupolitika
  • Imigaqo ebuthathaka
  • Izizathu ezikhuthaza impikiswano

Izinto Ezinokunciphisa Ukuziva Usilele

  • Ukudinwa kwabantu ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle
  • Imiphumo yezoqoqosho iba mibi
  • Ingcinezelo yoluntu
  • Ukutshintsha kokhokelo
  • Utshintsho olunokubakho

Isiphelo: Ukuphelisa Umjikelo Wokucinywa

Imbali yokuvalwa kolawulo lukarhulumente worhulumente wengingqi ityhila indaleko ekhathazayo ekulibaziseni uqingqo-mali lobuchule kwizixhobo zemfazwe yezobupolitika. Lento yaqala njengeengxuba-ngxube yemibutho engaqhelekanga iye yaphumela kwingxaki ephindaphindwayo ebiza amawaka ezigidi, iphazamisa ubomi, kwaye ithoba ulawulo lwaseMelika. Ukuvalwa kwama-21 ukususela ngo 1976 kufundise izifundo ezicacileyo: Zinqabile ukufikelela kwiinjongo zenkqubo, zisoloko zikhupha umsindo, kwaye ngokunganqandeze zitshabalalise igama elihle loqoqosho nodumo lwaseMelika.

Unyuko ukusuka ekuvalweni kwempelaveki emfutshane ukuya kunyaka wama-35 wonyaka ka-2018-1919 lubonisa ukuba ingxaki iya isiba mandundu, ayiphucukanga. Ukuvalwa kwenqanawa ngakunye kumisela imizekelo eyenza kube lula ukucinga ngelandelayo, ukwenza umjikelo wokonakalisa onzima ukuphulwa. Umjikelo woluntu – abasebenzi bezwe elisemngciphekweni olahlekileyo, iingeniso ezilahlekileyo, abemi bakhanyele iinkonzo – baye baba ngumonakalo okhuselayo kumadabi ezobupolitika.

Imbali ikwabonisa ukuba amaxesha amade ngaphandle kokuvalwa komonakalo anokwenzeka. Isithuba seminyaka eli-17 ukusuka ngo1996 ukuya ku-2013 singqina ukuba impembelelo ehlukeneyo yezopolitiko zingaphumelela. Umbuzo ojongene nedemokhrasi yaseMelika kukuba singakwazi kuphinda sifumane izithethe neenkqubo ezenza ukuba ukuvalwa kwezinto kungabi yimfuneko, okanye ukuba zingowona thunywashe osisigxina wezobupolitika zethu.

Ukuqonda le mbali asikokwenza imithambo yemfundo nje kuphela - kubalulekile kubemi abafuna ukwaphula umjikelo. Ngokuqonda iipakethi, ukufunda kwiimpazamo zexesha elidlulileyo, nokufuna imposiso kumagosa anyuliweyo, amaMerika angaqhubela phambili kutshintsho olubangela ukuba kungabikho sizathu esiphindaphindiweyo sokwazi ngembali. Izibonda ziphezulu kakhulu, kwaye iindleko zikhulu kakhulu, ukwamkela ukuvinjwa korhulumente njengesiqhelo. Imbali ibonisa ukuba akukho nto imele iyenzeke.

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