Indima Ebalulekileyo Yoorhulumente Basekuhlaleni Ekusabeleni Ngexesha Lentlekele

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balelona mbombo yempendulo yongxamiseko eUnited States. Ngabokuqala ukufika, ngabokuqala ukuqwalasela umonakalo, kwaye ngabokuqala ukuqala ukulungiselela ukuhlangula kunye noncedo. Amandla abo neembopheleleko zabo azingomthetho nje kuphela. Banesiseko esingundoqo somsebenzi ongundoqo wokukhusela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, bagcine ucwangco, kwaye baqinisekise ukuphumelela koluntu. Ngoxa amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo anjengo [FM] anikela inkxaso ebalulekileyo, ngamagosa-ooomatiloshe bengingqi, abaphathi-dolophu, abaphathi-maqumrhurhu, ooxakeka-omatilo-me-me-me-me-me-me-me-me-metaawexesha-m-yokuhlala-meya kufuneka bahlulele izigqi zesizwe. Ukuqonda indlela la mandla asebenza ngayo nabani kwimicimbi kawonke, okanye ulawulo loburhulumente.

Eli nqaku lichaza amaziko angundoqo orhulumente wongxamiseko kwaye lihlola ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezintsonkothileyo zocwangciso, igunya, intsebenziswano kunye nokuphunyezwa komsebenzi okuchaza ulawulo lwale mihla longxamiseko. Siza kuvavanya izakhiwo ezisemthethweni, uphando lokwenyani lwehlabathi, ucelomngeni oluzingisileyo, kunye neenkqubo ezinokwenziwa ukuqinisa amandla okuphendula asekuhlaleni.

Isiseko: Imisebenzi yolawulo lwexesha longxamiseko lwangaphakathi

Ulawulo lwexesha lengxaki yinkqubo equka amacandelo amane: ukulungiselela, ukusabela, nokuchacha. Oorhulumente bongingqi banoxanduva lokuphumeza zonke iinkalo ezine kwimimandla yabo. Indawo yabo ekhethekileyo (isondele kubantu kunye nokusingqongileyo) ivumela ukuba balungelelanise imigaqo yesizwe neyombuso kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, amanani, kunye neengozi.

Ukuzilungiselela nokuzifaka engozini

Urhulumente ngamnye wasekuhlaleni kufuneka aphuhlise iinkqubo zongxamiseko ezibanzi (ieOP) ezibonisa iingozi zendalo, iingozi zobugcisa, iingozi zokonzakalisa impilo kawonke-wonke, kunye nezisongelo zokhuseleko. Ezi zicwangciso zichaza iindima, iimbopheleleko, ii-oyile, kunye neendlela zokufuduka. Ukulungiselela kubandakanya ukuqhuba iimvavanyo zobungozi (HV'Ass) ukubeka amatyala kunye nokunika oovimba bemali ngokwendlela. Umzekelo, uluntu lwaselunxwemeni lujolise kwinkanyambandezo, loxa iindawo eziphakathi emhlabeni zinokungqukuva, izikhukula, okanye iinyikima.

Uqeqesho Nemithambo

Izicwangciso zisebenza kuphela ukuba ziqheliselwa. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baqhuba imithambo ecwangcisiweyo kunye nethektha phezulu ukwenzela abaphendulayo, imisebenzi kawonke-wonke, amasebe ezempilo, kunye neenkqubo zesikolo. Le nkqubo ivavanya imigaqo-nkqubo yonxibelelwano, ukwenza izigqibo phantsi koxinzelelo, kunye nokusebenzisana. I Homeland Security Sexual Execrification System inikeza iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuqeqesha. Ngaphandle kokuziqeqesha ngokuzinzileyo, amaxesha okuphendula nokulungelelanisa okusebenza kwaphuka phantsi koxinzelelo lokwenene.

Inkqubo yoNxibelelwano noLuntu kunye nezilumkiso

Ngexesha likaxakeka, kucacile, ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kwaye kuchanile ulwazi lungasindisa ubomi. Oorhulumente bongingqi basebenzisa i-Emergency Alerming Systems (EAS), ukujika ucingo olungenazingcingo ze-General Emergency Marts (WEA), ukubuyisela umva u-911 weefowuni, iziqhagamshelanisi zonxibelelwano, kunye nokushicilela ushwankathelo olufutshane. Kufuneka balawule amarherhe kunye nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo ngexa benika imiyalelo esebenzayo, iindawo zokufihla inqanawe, iindawo zokufihla imfihlo, izigqubu, izigqumo zamanzi. Ukubhebhetha nge-injini ye-Integrated Public Alert and Isilumkisi Seed System (IPAWS) kungumsebenzi ongundoqo oye wamkele iindawo ezininzi.

Umanyano noRhulumente noManyano

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abasebenzi besodwa. Bawenza amaziko omsebenzi ongxamiseko (ieOC) kwaye balungelelanisa namaqumrhu olawulo lukaxakeka karhulumente phantsi kwenkqubo yeSizwe yoLawulo loMkhosi (NIMS). Ngexesha lentlekele enkulu, bangacela uncedo kurhulumente, ngoko urhulumente ngeSibhengezo soMthendeleko. Le nkqubo ye-hiercarchive iqinisekisa ukuba abantu bafune ukwazi urhulumente kunye nokuphendula korhulumente, kodwa ikwafuna amagosa asekuhlaleni ukuba abe yingcaphephe kwimijelo ye-bhuza.

Amandla exesha likaxakeka: Igunya elingokwasemthethweni nemimandla

Ngexesha longxamiseko oluvakalisiwe, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafumana amandla omthetho anokuthintelwa. La magunya achazwa ngemithetho yesizwe enceda abantu, imigaqo yasekuhlaleni, yaye maxa wambi imiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu. Oku kulandelayo ngawona magunya aqhelekileyo asetyenziswayo.

Isibhengezo Semeko Yengozi

Isibhengezo sasekuhlaleni sinkcunkqeza phambili esivula ubuncwane obongezelelekileyo namagunya asemthethweni. Sisenokukhutshwa ngusodolophu, isigqeba sephondo, okanye ibhodi yephondo. Isindululo sivumela urhulumente ukuba agqithe imithetho eqhelekileyo enikwayo, abasebenzi abangqalileyo abavela kwamanye amasebe, bavulele izivumelwano zoncedo, kunye nemigaqo yonyanzelo-mcimbi. Umzekelo, ngexesha lesifo sobhubhani se-COVID-19, izibhengezo zasekuhlaleni zabangela ukuba kucinywe amashishini angeyo eemfunobugcisa, imiqathango, nemiqathango yezo yokuhamba.

Imiyalelo yokuphuma

Imiyalelo yokukhulula enyanzelisayo iphakathi kwawo onke amandla okukhulula anokusetyenziswa ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Banyanzela abemi ukuba bashiye iindawo ezimisiweyo ukuze baphephe ingozi ekufuphi kwimililo, kwinkanyamba, kwimichiza, okanye kukhukuliseko. Ngelixesha abantu benokuvavanya ngokusemthethweni imiyalelo enjalo, iinkundla ngokubaxhasa phantsi kwemfundiso ye amandla olawulo [[FLT:]].

Ukubekwa kweZibonelelo kunye noLwiyo

Kwingxaki, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangayalela izibonelelo − kuquka izinto zabucala .* Ukuncedisa iimfuno zikawonke-wonke. Oku kungabandakanya ukucela amagumbi ehotele kubaxhasi bokuqala, ukuthatha izinto zonyango, okanye ukuthumela ukutya nokusasazwa kwamanzi. Isakhiwo somthetho siyahluka ngokwesizwe, kodwa imbuyiselo iyafuneka. Ngexesha leSiphekepheke uKatrina, ukungakwazi kwabaphathi basekuhlaleni ukunikezela ngokukhawuleza izinto eziluncedo ezikhokelela ekubandezelweni; utshintsho olulandelayo lujolise ekuqukumbeleni ezi nkqubo.

Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe imisebenzi kawonke-wonke

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangayimisela imiqathango yexesha lokufika kwexesha, imida, ukuvalela ukuthengiswa kotywala, nokunyanzelisa ukuhlaliswa kwabantu ngokwesondo okanye ukunyanzelwa ukuba bafumane imiyalelo esemthethweni. Ezi zinto zenzelwe ukukhusela ukuphangwa, ukunciphisa ukudluliselwa kwezifo, nokugcina ucwangco lwabemi. Ngexesha lemililo engama-202020 eKhalifoniya, ukuhla kwexesha langokuhlwa kunceda ukukhusela izinto ezishenxiswayo. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, imiyalelo yempilo ebekelwe umda ekutyeni naseminyangweni yesikolo.

Ukwakha Inethwekhi Yempendulo Entlukwano

Akukho rhulumente wasekuhlaleni onokuthi alawule uxakeka olukhulu yedwa. Impumelelo ixhomekeke kuthungelwano oluhlaziyiweyo oluhlaziyiweyo.

Oorhulumente

Amasebe olawulo lwemeko kaxakeka esizwe anikela inkxaso ekhoyo, abasebenzi, kunye nemali ekhoyo kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Zikwasebenza njengejelo loncedo lwamazwe asekuhlaleni. Umanyano lombuso-mhlaba lwenzeka ngeZiko leMbetho yeMbetho yeMsebenzi (SEOC) nangokusebenzisana ngoncedo olufana ne-Emergency Management Agamplication Company (EMAC). Amazwe angathumela amajoni esizwe ekwalathisa inkxaso yomoya ekulweni komlilo, kwaye anikele ngobuchule bokukhangela nokusindisa.

Ingxakeko yomanyano

IFEMA ikhokela impendulo karhulumente, kodwa amanye amasebe adlala indima engundoqo: iCDC yongxamiseko lwezempilo kawonke-wonke, i-EPA ukwenzela izinto eziyingozi, iBumba lee-Inginers zolawulo lokhukhuliseko, kunye neHHS ukuze zifumane ukwanda komsebenzi wezonyango. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka bathumele izicelo ezisesikweni zoncedo lukarhulumente, ngokufuthi besebenzisa inkqubo yoLuntu ka-FEMA ukuqokelela ukususwa kobugxwayiba, amanyathelo okukhusela ungxamiseko, kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona kwesiseko sikawonke-wonke. Le nkqubo inzima, ifuna uxwebhu olucoselekileyo kunye nokuthobela imithetho yorhulumente.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Imibutho efana ne-American Red Cross, uMkhosi woKhuselo, kunye namaqela asekuhlaleni asekelwe kukholo anika indawo yokuhlala, ukutya, ukucebisa, kunye nokusebenzisana kwamatsha - ntliziyo. Isoloko igcwalisa izithuba ezingenakugqunywa ngamashishini karhulumente. INational Voluntainty Organizations Monicial in Disaster (VOAD) yenza olu manyano lube lusesikweni. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni mabaquke aba basebenzi kunye nabo baze babaquke ekucebeni.

Amaqabane azimeleyo

Amashishini anemisebenzi egxekayo, yothungelwano, kunye namandla okunikezela. Oorhulumente bongingqi bangasebenzisana nezi zixhobo zokubuyisela amandla ngokukhawuleza, kunye nabathengi bokusasaza izinto ezikhoyo, kunye nabanikezeli be-telecom ukugcina inkonzo yeseli. I-ofisi yecandelo lokusebenzisana ne-PSLO) ixhaphakile kwimisebenzi emikhulu ye-EOCs. Izivumelwano zoncedo lokwakha neenkampani, abanikeli bepetroli, kunye neenkampani zezothutho zingakhawulezisa ukululama.

Oko Sikufundayo Kwiintlekele Ezinkulu

Iziganeko zehlabathi zokwenene zityhila amandla nobuthathaka bamagunya karhulumente asekuhlaleni asebenzayo.

Inkanyamba uKatrina (2005)

Ukuzimela nokungalungelelaniyo kwempendulo kuwo onke amanqanaba", kodwa ingakumbi ukungabikho kwenkqubo ecwangcisiweyo ekucebeni ukufuduka, unxibelelwano oluphakathi, kunye nokwabiwa kwamathala. Ukungaphumeleli kokuphuma kwemali kwenqanawa kwaphucuka kumthamo wasekuhlaleni. Isixeko saseNew Orleans sasingenazo izithutho ezaneleyo kubemi ngaphandle kweenqwelo-mafutha, kwaye iSuperdome yaba yindawo yokuzimela yezonqobo yokugqibela ngaphandle koncedo olwaneleyo. Iziphumo zakhokelela kwiinguqu kwiNational Response Framework yoncedo kunye nokugxininisa okukhulu kwimiqathango yasekuhlaleni.

I-COVID-19 Pandemic (2020-2022)

Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni aba ngunobangela ophambili wokusabela kwesifo esimandundu, ukuqhuba uvavanyo, ukunxibelelana, kunye nokusasazwa kwemichiza. Kwakhona aye alwa nemiyalelo yempilo kawonke-wonke, ukuphazamiseka kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokungahambelani kwezobupolitika. Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni kwafuneka balinganisele ngokukhawuleza unxibelelwano lwezicwangciso-nkqubo, ukusungula iinkonzo ze-teleakhthathi-ntellings, kunye neqabane lemibutho yabantu ukufikelela kuluntu olungaphantsi kwesongezo. Isifo sagxininisa imfuneko yokuba kubekho izakhiwo zoluntu ezisempilweni ezimanyeneyo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni.

EKhalifoniya itsha lula (208-2021)

I-Counties njenge Butte (Umlilo Omnyinyibilikisiweyo) ne Sonoma zabonisa ukubaluleka komcimbi obalulekileyo wemiyalelo yokufuduka kwakudala kunye neenkqubo zobukhali boluntu. Amagosa asekuhlaleni ajamelana nomsebenzi onzima wokusabisa amawaka abantu kumlilo osasazwa ngokukhawuleza. Amandla avala ngezixhobo ezisebenzisa izixhobo ezincedayo adala ukungaphumeleli okutsha. Ezi ziganeko zabangela utyalo lwetyala lokulumkisa, uthungelwano oluqinileyo, kunye nolawulo lwezityalo olunamandla kakhulu.

ISitshingitshane uMaria (2017) ePuerto Rico

Nangona iPuerto Rico iyingingqi ye-U.S., amava ayo abonisa imingeni emininzi karhulumente wasekuhlaleni: ukutshatyalaliswa kwezibonelelo, ukulahleka konxibelelwano, ukunqongophala kwepetroli, nokucotha kokuphendula kukarhulumente. OoMasipala babengenawo amandla kangangeenyanga. Le ntlekele yakhuthaza inyathelo lasekuhlaleni elifana nezixhobo ezincinane ezibalekayo zoluntu kunye nemibutho yokusasaza okufanelekileyo, ebonisa ukuphumelela kokhokelo lwasekuhlaleni kwanaxa iinkqubo zombini zingaphumeleli.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Olutsha Olujamelene Noomaneja Bexesha Lengozi

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela eqhubekayo, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bayaqhubeka belwa nemiqobo enzima.

Akukho Zinto

Uluntu oluncinane lusoloko lusebenzisa ulawulo lwexesha likaxakeka ngezixhobo ezincinane eziphelelwe lixesha. Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lokulungelelanisa izikolo, iindlela, neenkonzo zoluntu. Imali yeSebe loKhuseleko lweHomeland incitshisiwe ngokweemeko zokwenene, inyanzelisa iindawo ukuba zenze okungakumbi ngemincinane. Oku kuchaphazela isantya kunye nokusebenza ngqo.

Imida Yonxibelelwano

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba izilumkiso zifikelela wonke umntu — kuquka izithethi ezingezo isiNgesi, abantu abaneziphene, nabo bangenazo iimfonomfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono. I-Siren, iTV/radio isandi esiphumayo, kunye nezilumkiso zokubhaliweyo azikho jikelele. Ngaphezu koko, unxibelelwano oluphakathi konomathotholo nogcino-lwazi oluhlukeneyo alusasebenzisani ngokupheleleyo. Uthungelwano oluQophelo lwakhiwa ukuphendula oku, kodwa ukutholwa komntwana kuyahluka-hluka.

Iingcinezelo Zezobupolitika Nezomthetho

Amagosa asekuhlaleni anyulwayo ajongene nohlolo olunzulu ngexesha longxamiseko. Izigqibo eziphathelele ukufuduka okunyanzelekileyo, ukuvalwa kweshishini, okanye ukwabiwa kwezibonelelo kusenokungathandwa ngokwezobupolitika kwaye kukhokelela ekumangalelweni. Ukoyika amatyala maxa wambi kulibazisa ukuthabatha inyathelo elibalulekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, abanye oosodolophu babemadolw ’ anzima ukuxelela abantu ukuba bangabaleki phambi kweSitshingitshane uSandy de kube selisele lishiyile ixesha eliphezulu. Ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke nenkululeko yabantu kusoloko kunguxanduva.

Imisebenzi

Abaphathi abaninzi bongxamiseko basekuhlaleni badla ngokuzihambelana okanye amatsha - ntliziyo. Iinkqubo zophuhliso lobugcisa ziyaguquguquka. Izimvo zokuzilolonga zisenokuba azihambi rhoqo okanye azikho kakuhle. Iziphumo zinokuba ngabasebenzi abangenayo inkumbulo yezihlunu efunekayo kwimisebenzi entsonkothileyo, ephindaphindiweyo. IFeMagemergency Management Management Institute (EMI) inikela uqeqesho lwasimahla, kodwa ukuthatha uhambo kunye nomlinganiselo wexesha.

Ugcino-lwazi noxinzeleleko lobuxhakaxhaka

Ukusabela ngexesha likaxakeka kwangoku kufuna idata yokwenene yexesha elililo .weather yokondla, iikhamera zenqwelo-moya, ukujongwa kwezentlalo, ukulandelela imithombo yogcino-lwazi, kunye novavanyo lomonakalo. Kodwa oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni basaxhomekeka kwiimaphu zamaphepha, kwizandiso zezandiso, nakunxibelelwano lwe-ad hoc. Ukususa imithombo yogcino-lwazi kumfanekiso osebenzayo lusukelo oluqhubekekayo olufuna ugcino-mali lobugcisa kunye notshintsho lwenkcubeko.

Iindlela Zokomeleza Amandla Ongxamiseko

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokuthabatha amanyathelo acacileyo ukuze balungele yaye bakwazi ukunyamezela.

Ukuphumelela Ekuqeqesheni Nakukwenza Umthambo

Imithambo eqhelekileyo, enokuba luncedo ebandakanya bonke abasebenzi kunye necandelo labucala kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni, dibanisa ulwakhiwo kunye nokuvaleka kwezithuba. Uqeqesho olusekelwe kwimeko kufuneka lugqume ukungaphumeleli kwecascadensi (umz., inkanyamba elandelwa kukuphelelwa kwamandla kunye nengxaki yamafutha). Abasebenzi abaqeqesha abantu ngapha nangapha kwesebe baqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi abangundoqo abafumaneki.

Ukufundisa Unxibelelwano Lwale Mihla

I-IPAWS kufuneka yamkele i-IPAWS ukwenzela izilumkiso zikawonke-wonke, iqinisekisa ukuba unxibelelwano lonomathotholo lusebenza, kunye nokufak' imali kwinkqubo yogcino-lwazi (ifowuni ezi-setellite, unomathotholo oqhelekileyo). Amaqela olawulo lwezentlalo-ntle yoluntu kufuneka aqeqeshelwe ukuphikisa iingxelo eziphosakeleyo. Ukudala iofisi yolwazi lukawonke-wonke esebenzayo kuma-24/7 ngexesha leziganeko kuqheliselwa phambili.

Ukujongana nokuqinisekisa izivumelwano zoncedo lomanyano

Ukulindela de intlekele ifike kwizivumelwano zotyikityo selishiyile kakhulu. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka bagcine ii-EMAC kunye nezivumelwano ezicwangcisiweyo zangaphambi kokumiswa kolawulo olungummelwane, izinto eziluncedo, kunye nezindlu zokwakha. Ezi zivumelwano kufuneka ziquke amalungiselelo ahlawule intlawulo kunye nokhuseleko lwetyala.

Ukwakha Uxolo Loluntu Ngokubandakanyeka

Amaqela okuphendula ngongxamiseko lwasekuhlaleni (i-CERT), amaqela ajongene nasekuhlaleni, kunye namaqumrhu amatsha - ntliziyo angakwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukufikelela korhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Amaphulo okufundisa abantu ngabanye ngokulungiselela (ngokufana nokuba ne-godkit, iplani yentsapho, kunye ne-inshorensi) kunye ne-inshorensi , zinciphisa iimfuno zabaphendula kuqala. Ukuqhuba izikolo, iicawa, namaqela amatsha - ntliziyo ekucebeni kukhuthaza impucuko yokuzilungiselela.

Ubuxhakaxhaka obugungqisayo bokwazi iimeko

Ukwamkela iinkqubo zolwazi lwe-Gographic (GIS), ii-drones zohlolo lomonakalo, kunye neendawo zovimba zokwenene ezigcina ugcino-lwazi (njengeWeb-EOC) zinika abenzi besigqibo umfanekiso ocacileyo. Iindawo zogcino-lwazi ezivulekileyo zinokuphucula unxulumano noluntu kunye ne-media. Noko ke, ubugcisa bumele bubekwe kumandla anokuthenjwa kunye nee-nethwekhi ezibomvu.

Ukuhlakulela Ukulungiselela Ngokusemthethweni

Icebiso lomthetho wasekuhlaleni kufuneka lihlole lize lihlaziye imithetho yongxamiseko, abathunywa begunya, kunye nabaxhasi bokufumana imali kwangaphambili. Ukuqonda imida yamagunya `njengexesha imiyalelo yokuhlalisa abanye inyanzelekile okanye indlela yokusingatha iimfuno zempahla(-"ii-prevents ezibiza imali eninzi ngexesha lengxaki.

Indlela Engaphambili: Ukomeleza Isiseko

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bahlala benolona mlinganiselo ulula nowamkelekileyo worhulumente kwiimeko zongxamiseko, kodwa ukuphumelela kwabo kunxulumene ngqo nokulungiselela, ubuncwane, kunye nokucacisa okusemthethweni. Njengoko ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunyusa ukuphindaphindeka nokuqina kweentlekele zemvelo, kwaye njengoko iindyikitya zokuhlasela nokusongela ngekhompyutha zisanda, amandla neembopheleleko zamagosa asekuhlaleni ziya kukhula. Ukuveliswa kwemali kulawulo longxamiseko akuyondleko-mali.

Ngokuqonda ububanzi obupheleleyo bamagunya asekuhlaleni `ukusuka ekuthumeleni imiyalelo yokufuduka kuququzelelwa koovimba bamagunya . kwaye ngokuqhubekayo, ngokuqeqesha, ngokusebenzisana, nangokuhlaziya, bangaqinisekisa ukuba xa kufikelelwa intlekele elandelayo, ingingqi yabo ayilungiswanga kuphela kodwa iyaqina.