Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sohlanga

Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko wase-United States simi njengenye yezimbo ezithe yahlulwa kakhulu nezinamandla zenjongo yezobupolitika kwimbali yoluntu. Ihlatyelwe ehlotyeni ngo1787, yavela kwingxaki enkulu. Irepublic eselula yaseMerika, eyayilawulwa ngamanqaku angenamathemba eConfederation, yayingukwenza amatyala. Intengiselwano yezorhwebo yaving'inte yamiwa kukukhuphisana. Ityala lesizwe linyuswe ngaphandle kwendlela karhulumente yokulawula irhafuthelo. Amandla angaphandle, kuquka iBritani neSpeyin, adelela ulawulo lwaseMelika ngokungasohlwayweyo. I-Shays &ferquo; Ukuvukela okugqibelela okuphela yayingu1786, imvukelo yamatyala yabalimi abaxhobileyo eMassadentias ekwaya ebonakala ukuba urhulumente osembini urhulumente ombini urhulumente urhulumente umele umgangatho.

Abathunywa abahlanganiseneyo ePhiladelphia hayi nje ukuphelisa amanqaku, kodwa ukuwabuyisela ngokupheleleyo. Isiphumo yaba ngumthetho omtsha wolawulo owenziwe kufuphi negunya elinamandla lezwe. UPregedge wayengengomsebenzi obalulekileyo; yayiyintetho yenkonzo kulo lonke eli phulo. Isebenza njengesishwankathelo seSivumelwano soMgaqo-siseko waseMelika esinyanzelisa urhulumente kwigunya kwaye udwelise iinjongo ezabelwanayo zomanyano. Ukuqonda iPregedge ayiyo kubalulekile ekuqondeni umoya nelombilini yemithetho-Mgaqo-siseko waseMelika.

Ulawulo olugqibeleleyo lwe " Thina bantu "

Isiqalo sentetho eyaphulwa ngokugqibeleleyo kwingcamango yezobupolitika eyaziwayo yenkulungwane ye-18: “ Thina bantu &”. Oku yayiyimbambano yenguquko. Amanqaku ombutho aye aqala nge “ Thina abathunywa abangaphantsi kokutyikityelwa kwe-United States, i” ibonisa umanyano phakathi koorhulumente abalawulayo. UmGaqo-siseko omtsha, ngokwahlukileyo, wabeka igunya lawo ngqo kubemi baseUnited States njengequmrhu lohlanga elinye.

Oku yayikukunyuswa okuthe ngqo kolawulo oluqhelekileyo. Yayigatya ingcamango yokuba igunya laliphuma kukumkani, kwisihandiba, okanye kwanakwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ngokwazo. Endaweni yoko, yaqinisekisa ukuba igunya lorhulumente wesizwe elisekelwe ekuvumeni kolawulo. Eli binzana libumba isiseko soMbutho weSizwe waseMelika: abantu banika igunya, kwaye urhulumente ulisebenzisa phantsi kwemida neenjongo ezichazwe kumGaqo-siseko.

Ngubani Ekuqaleni Owayequkiwe?

Kubalulekile ukuvuma ukuxinezeleka okunzulu okufakwe kwelo binzana lokuqala. Ngo1787, i “ thina bantu ” asizange siquke ama-Afrikaan African, amaMelika Omthonyama, abafazi, okanye amadoda amhlophe angenazo ipropati. UmGaqo-siseko ngokwawo wadibanisa usungulo lobukhoboka ngembali yesithathu yamaFiffth Ukuyeka kunye ne-Fugitive Slave Slave Claus Claus. Lo msantsa phakathi kwe-&squo; ulwimi oluno olululo nolo lwenyani lomthetho waseMelika umela umzabala wembali yaseMelika.

Imfazwe yamakhaya yaluvavanya ngokungqalileyo uhlobo lwe-Union kunye nentsingiselo yeNkqubela-Mbetho yaBantu. ISindululo semfazwe yasemva kweNkqutyana yeMimiselo yokuHlaziya i— i-13, 14th, ne15th — yayingumgudu ocacileyo wokuzisa umGaqo-siseko ngokuhambelana nesithembiso soMgaqo-siseko. UMthetho we-14 Wesindululo wavakalisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho yabo bonke abantu, ngokunempumelelo ukwandisa ingcaciso ye “ i-Instruction; i-alct; i-alctivementalquo; ibandakanya abantu ababengamakhoboka. ISindululo se-1999n'imthetho sonyaka ka-19656 kunye neSivumelo somthetho wephondo lwephondo loburhulumente nocawase-R. Imbali yeUnited States, kwinxalenye enkulu yembali yeNungwengwe-Weld; i-Wedo; ithetha ngomthetho jikelele.

Iintsika Ezintandathu Zesigqeba Sabemi BaseMerika

Udweliso lwesiqalo ludwelise iinjongo ezintandathu ezahlukileyo, ezidityanisiweyo umGaqo-siseko owawuyilelwe ukufikelela. Ezi asizoziphuzo nje ezifuna ukuphendula; ziinjongo ezincinci zikarhulumente. Ziziinjongo ezingundoqo zesivumelwano phakathi kwelizwe nabemi balo.

1. Ukwakha Umanyano Olugqibeleleyo

Igama “ More ” libalulekile. Abalawuli befreyim abazange bazibanga bedala umanyano olugqibeleleyo. Bavuma ukuba umanyano olukhoyo phantsi kwe Amanqaku eNcedo lwalunesiphene kwaye lufuna ulungiso. Injongo yayikukuqhubela kuhlanga olunamandla, olunamandla ngakumbi nolunentlupheko.

Le njongo yaqhubela phambili utshintsho lokwakhiwa komGaqo-siseko. Yaseka inkqubo yolawulo lorhulumente apho urhulumente wesizwe waba nobukhulu ngaphezu kwemimandla ethile ebalaliweyo. ISupremacy Claus eCandelo VI yenza umGaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente, kunye nezivumelwano zomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, obophelela abagwebi belizwe lonke. UmGaqo-siseko wadala urhwebo olumanyeneyo, imali enye, kunye nomgaqo omnye. Injongo yayikukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ekwakhiwe phantsi kwemithetho ephantse yatshabalalisa iRiphabliki kwishumi lokuqala leminyaka.

Imfazwe yamakhaya yaba luvavanyo olupheleleyo lwale ngxelo. Ukuququalisana kwaMazantsi kumazwe kwayicel ’ umngeni ngqo ingcamango yomanyano olungapheliyo. UAbraham Lincoln, kwidilesi yakhe yokuqala yokuvula, wacela iPermanence ye-Union, ephikisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko wenziwe ukuba wenze i “a egqibeleleyo ngakumbi umbutho i” kwaye akukho rhulumente onokuthi awushiye ngaphandle kwesizathu. Umanyano lwe-’ uloyisolo ku1865 lwayiqinisa ingcamango yohlanga olungenazikhuseli.

2. Ukumisela Okusesikweni

Abalawuli be-Frames babekholelwa ukuba irepublic ezinzileyo yayifuna inkqubo yokusesikweni efanayo nengamkelekanga kwikhethe lasekuhlaleni okanye kwimithetho. Phantsi kweZihlomelo zoLawulo lweSizwe, akukho komiti yejaji. Iinkundla zelizwana zazingabameli bomthetho bokugqibela, kwanakwimicimbi yesizwe. Oku kwakhokelela kwisiphithiphithi, kumazwe awahlukeneyo achaza izivumelwano nemithetho ngeendlela eziphikisanayo.

UMgaqo-siseko wathetha ngokuseka iNkundla ePhakamileyo nokunika iNkundla ePhakamileyo amandla okuseka iinkundla eziphantsi. Inqaku III laqinisekisa ukumiswa kokumiselwa kobomi bonke kwabagwebi besizwe (ngendlela yokuziphatha okuhle), ukukhusela abo kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Ukusungulwa kwejaji yesizwe kwakubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba umthetho unegunya. Ingcamango yokuhlola ityala, emiselwe Marbury v. Madison [183], yanika iinkundla amandla okuwisa imithetho echasene nomthetho, iqinisekisa umthetho ngokubhekele phambili.

Ukusukela okusesikweni kuye kwaba ngumzabalazo oqhubekayo. I-Pramendement ye-14 &FLTquo; isiqinisekiso se- “ ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho i” iye yaba sisiseko sezona mfazwe zibalulekileyo zomthetho kwimbali yaseMelika, ukusuka Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [54] [isiphelo sesikolo, bergefell v. Hodges (20) [20)] eqinisekisa ukulingana komtshato. Ukumiswa kokusesikweni kuyimfuneko okusebenzayo, okuqhubekayo kwe-Melika ye-American Contract.

Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi

Uxolo lwasekhaya luthetha uxolo kwimida yesizwe. Umqhubi ophambili wembali wale ngxelo yayinguShays ’ Ukuvukela. Xa iqela labalimi abatyala imali eMassachusetts lathatha izixhobo zokuvala iinkundla ze lithintele ukukhusela iinkundla, urhulumente wesizwe phantsi kweMigaqo yeNtlalo wayengenamandla okuzimisa. Imo yaseMassachusetts kwafuneka iphakamise eyayo imikhosi yayo, kwaye imvukelo yade yathotywa ngumkhosi oxhaswa ngasese.

Esi siganeko soyikisa izikhulu eziphezulu ezathenjiweyo zaqinisekisa abaninzi, kuquka uGeorge Washington noJames Madison, ngemfuneko engxamisekileyo yorhulumente onamandla ombindi. UmGaqo-siseko wanika urhulumente worhulumente igunya lokuphelisa ukuvukela nogonyamelo lwasekhaya. IGatya le-IV, ICandelo lesi-4 liqinisekisa lonke urhulumente weRiphabliki ukuba lingurhulumente ozimeleyo kwaye lithembisa ukukhuselwa korhulumente ekuhlaseleni nogonyamelo lwasekhaya.

Iingxoxo zale mihla malunga noMthetho we-Indurrection, ukusetyenziswa koMgaqo-mkhosi weSizwe, kunye nokusabela korhulumente kwisiphithiphithi sabemi konke kubuyela emva kolu wiso lwesiseko. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokulondoloza ucwangco nokukhusela inkululeko yabemi luhlala lucekecekile, kodwa i-Actrsquo karhulumente; imbopheleleko yokunyanzelisa uxolo ibhalwe ngokucacileyo kwiNgqungquthela yaMasiko.

4. Ukunikezela ngokhuselo oluqhelekileyo

Iriphabliki yamandulo yaqonda ukuba ukusinda kwayo kwakuxhomekeke kubuchule bokuzikhusela kwizisongelo zangaphandle. Inqaku loMbutho lashiya ilizwe lichanile ngokuyingozi. Urhulumente osembindini wayengenakukwazi ukuphakamisa umkhosi okanye umkhosi wamanzi; kwafuneka ukuba afune imikhosi nemali. Oku kwashiya iUnited States isengozini yokuhlaselwa ngumkhosi wamazwe aseYurophu.

UmGaqo-siseko wasusa amandla okunyusa nokuxhasa imikhosi, ukulungiselela nokugcina umkhosi wamanzi, nokubhengeza imfazwe kwiBhunga loMphathiswa. Yenza uMongameli waba nguMphathi-mikhosi wamandla axhobileyo. Oku kwadala isicwangciso sokhuselo esimanyeneyo sohlanga olukwazi ukuvelisa amandla nokukhusela izilangazelelo zeMelika kwamanye amazwe.

Izigulane zazikrokrela kakhulu kwimikhosi emileyo. Kungoko amandla okuxhasa umkhosi aye alinganiselwa kwimiqathango yeminyaka emibini kwinqaku I, Icandelo 8, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga liza kusoloko lihlola amandla emfazwe. Umlinganiselo phakathi kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nemfuneko yokukhusela umkhosi wesizwe onamandla ubengumxholo osoloko ungundoqo kwimbali yaseMelika. Ukunikezelwa komkhosi oqhelekileyo kuvele kumkhosi oncinci wemida kunye nomkhosi wemfazwe wemfazwe yemfazwe ekhawulezayo ukuya kuthungelwano lwehlabathi lonke lwesiseko somkhosi nezivumelwano, kodwa umgaqo wesiseko welizwe uhlala unjalo.

5. Ukukhuthaza uNkcubeko Jikelele

Mhlawumbi eli lelona binzana liphikisanayo kwisakhelo. Kumphandle wayo, ithi urhulumente ukho ukulungiselela intlalo-ntle yabo bonke abemi, hayi nje izityebi, amaqela anamandla, okanye amaqumrhu athile. Kodwa yintoni i “ i-ganeral facefonce ” ithetha ntoni?

Kwakukho iinkcazelo ezimbini ezikhuphisanayo ekuqaleni. UAlexander Hamilton waphikisa ngelithi ibinzana elinika iBhunga igunya elibanzi lokuhlawula irhafu nokulichitha nangayiphi na injongo eya kunceda uhlanga lonke. UJames Madison, owayalela iPlanethi yeVirginia, waphikisa intsingiselo elinganiselweyo: ukuba i &lquo;general refeal referalment Apprdquo; igalelo lalibotshelelwe ngokungqongqo kwamanye amagunya adweliswe kwiGatya I, iCandelo 8.

Imbono kaHamilton ixhaphakile, ingakumbi ukusuka kwiNkathi Entsha Yomsebenzi ukuya phambili. Iinkqubo zeNew Deart zikaFranklin D. Roosevelt zamela ulwandiso olukhulu lwamandla karhulumente phantsi kwebhanile yokukhuthaza intlalo-ntle yoluntu jikelele phakathi koKudodobala Okukhulu. UMthetho wokhuseleko lweNtlalo ka-1935, ukusekwa kweMedicare kunye neMedicaid ngo1965, kunye noMthetho weAfford Careal Care act wonyaka ka-2010 zizonke ezizibopho zomgqeba. Ingxoxo ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wokubandakanyeka kuluntu kwintlalo-ntlalo, izibonelelo, kunye nocoselelo lwempilo iyaqhubeka ukuchaza imicimbi yaseMelika namhlanje.

6. Ukufumana Iintsikelelo Zenkululeko

Injongo yokugqibela yesiqalo kukukhusela inkululeko — hayi nje yesakhathi sangoku, kodwa ye “ isizukulwana esitsha. ” Oku kufaka umGaqo-siseko ngokujonga phambili, uxanduva lokuzalwa. Izigulane zaziyiqonda kakuhle indlela inkululeko enokulahleka ngokulula ngayo, xa zisuke zalwa utshintsho ngokuchasene nomlawuli oqhelekileyo.

UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala wawunemigaqo emininzi yokukhusela inkululeko, njengokwalela amatyala emali kunye nemithetho ye-ex post compo, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-habeas corpus. Noko ke, ukufakwa kweBhili yamaLungelo kwabangela impikiswano. Uninzi lwamaFederali lwaphikisa ngokuthi kwakungeyomfuneko kuba urhulumente wesizwe wayengomnye wamagunya alinganiselweyo, adweliswe ngokwemiqathango. Abachasi-Federali bagxininisa kwimigaqo ecacileyo yokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Isithembiso sokudibanisa iBhili yamaLungelo sasiluncedo ekukhuseleni ukupheliswa koMgaqo-siseko. Iziphendu zokuqala ezilishumi zamkelwa ngo1791. Zakhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yonqulo, yendibano, kunye nesicelo (sokuqala sokuHlaziya), ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo (iSinyuso), ukukhusela imikhosi (i-Ofisi), ukukhusela ukuphehlwa nokuxhuzula okungaqiqisiyo (iFourth), kunye namalungelo ommangalelwa (iFith, isiThathu, isiThathu, isi-6, isiHwe-8).

Ukuqinisekisa iintsikelelo zenkululeko ezifunekayo ngaphezu kwamalungelo okudwelisa nje. Umzabalazo ubukuko ukunwenwa kwezo ntsikelelo kumntu wonke. I-Emancipation Proclations, iMithendeleko yemfazwe yamakhaya, iSinyuselo se-19, kunye neMbutho yaMalungelo yangaphakathi yayiyimigudu yonke ukuzalisekisa iPregegedge ’ isithembiso. Inkululeko asiyomeko ecacileyo kodwa ngumgaqo ophilayo omele ukhuselwe uze wandiswe.

Isiqalo Sawo Njengenkampu Engokwasemthethweni Neyopolitiko

Ngelixesha isiqalo ngokwaso singaniki mandla akhethekileyo okanye amalungelo — iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula kuJacobson v. IMassachusetts[FL: 1] (05) ukuba isiqalo sonxibelelwano asingomthombo wamandla asezantsi alawulayo ezwe elingu— isebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokutolika. Imisela umoya nenjongo yomGaqo-siseko. Inkundla isoloko ibhekisa kuqaliso xa kutolikwa iinjongo ezinzulu zikarhulumente.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), iJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall wacaphula iNgxelo yokuphikisa ukuchaza okubanzi kwamandla ezwe. Waphawula ukuba umGaqo-siseko wawujolise ekunyamezeleni ixesha elizayo, kwaye iindlela zawo ezifunekayo ukuqhelaniswa neziphelo zawo ezinkulu, njengoko kuchazwe kwi Preggedge. Le meko yaseka imfundiso yamandla acacileyo, axhomekeke ekuqondeni ukuba urhulumente umele abe nezixhobo ezimiselwe kwimigca yokuvula umGaqo-siseko.

Isiqalo sikwasebenza njengovavanyo lwezopolitiko nezomphumo. Oomongameli abasuka kuLincoln ukuya ku-Oma baye bacela ulwimi lwabo ukulungiselela imingeni yesizwe. ULincoln wabhenela kwimigaqo yesiqalo kwiDilesi yeGetysburg, ephikisa ukuba imfazwe yabemi yayiluvavanyo lokuba uhlanga lwe- “ lunqunyulelwe kwiNkululeko, kwaye lunikezelwe kwisicelo sokuba bonke abantu badalwe ngokulinganayo i-” lungahlala ixesha elide. Ulwimi lweDaluganiso lunika amagama ahlukeneyo engxoxo yesizwe emalunga nenjongo karhulumente.

Iprojekthi Engapheliswanga Yolawulo - melo lwaseMelika

IContract yangaphakathi yaseMelika, njengoko ichazwe kwisiqalo, asiloxwebhu oluthe tye. Liphulo eliqhubekayo. Igama “ More ” kwi “ idipo egqibeleleyo kakhulu umbutho ” idlulisela ukuba umsebenzi awuze uphelele. Isizukulwana ngasinye sifumana ilifa imbopheleleko yokuxhasa nokuqhubekisa phambili imigaqo yemithetho, uxolo, intlalo, intlalo, kunye nenkululeko.

Ingxowa-mali ifuna ukuba abemi balapho babe nobumi obuphambili. Icela abemi ukuba bagcine urhulumente ebeke ityala kwimilinganiselo ayimiselayo. Xa amaMerika ethetha ngenkqubo yokufuduka, ukuvota, amalungelo okungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ukhuseleko lobuzwe, okanye inkululeko yabemi, baphikisana ngokupheleleyo ngentsingiselo yentshabalalo. Babuza: Ngaba siyasizalisekisa esi sivumelwano? Ngaba simisela okusesikweni kubo bonke?

Isiqalo semicimbi namhlanje ngenxa yokuba simisela ulawulo lwemiqathango yokuziphatha edibeneyo yaseMerika. Ikhuthaza ingxoxo phakathi kwenjongo enye. Kwixesha lolwahlulo olunzulu lwezopolitiko, ukubuyela kwimigaqo yeSihloko kungaba sisikhumbuzo soko kumanyanisa uhlanga. Sisiseko soMbutho waMasipala waseMerika, intluphene edibanisa abemi kunye nekamva leRiphabliki.

Ukuqonda isiqalo sibalulekile ukuze siqonde ubumi baseMerika. Sisibhengezo sokuba urhulumente akakuphelanga, kodwa yindlela yokufumana okusesikweni, uxolo, ukhuseleko, impumelelo, nenkululeko. Le yimiqathango yesivumelwano. Ukuzixhasa yimbopheleleko engapheliyo ye “ Thisty; Abantu. &cquo;