Uyintoni Umthetho Wamakhaya?

Umthetho wamakhaya lisebe lenkqubo yomthetho elijongene neempikiswano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, amashishini, okanye eminye imibutho. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imvelaphi yomthetho wamakhaya wale mihla ibuyela kwiRoma yamandulo, apho iCorpus Juris Civilis (Umthetho wamakhaya) imigaqo esemthethweni egunyazisiweyo eyathi kamva yaphembelela phantse Yurophu yelizwekazi kwaye, ngokusetyenziswa kwelizwekazi, amazwe amaninzi akwilizwekazi, amazwe amaninzi ahlala ngokumanyeneyo. Namhlanje, iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya zisebenza ezizweni ezinjengeFransi, iJamani, iJapan, kunye neninzi lwamazwe akwiLatin America, ngelixa iinkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo (njengezo zaseUnited States noBukumkani base United States) zixhomekeke kakhulu kwimizekelo egweba. Phezu kwako nje okungavisisanayo, iinjongo ezingundoqo zomthetho zamakhaya zihlala zihleli ngokuzinye: ukulungiselela inkqubo elungeleneyo, yoxolo yokulungisa ingxabano nokubuyisela amaqela azo.

Imigaqo Efanelekileyo Yomthetho Wamakhaya

Amalungelo namatyala obuqu

Umthetho wasekuhlaleni ulawula ulwalamano olusemthethweni phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo. Lumisela oko kumele kufuneke kubantu ngabanye kunye nemibutho yabo, qha, okanye ngesivumelwano senkathalo ekwi-tort, okanye ngembopheleleko yokuzibophelela kwishishini. Xa iqela lingawuphumeleli loo msebenzi, iqela elijongene nezo zenzo linelungelo lokufuna unyango kwiinkundla zasekuhlaleni.

Indlela Yokuzilungisa Ngaphandle Kwesohlwayo

Injongo ephambili yesenzo soburhulumente asikokohlwaya umenzi wobubi kodwa ukwenza iqela elinzakeleyo liphelele. Oku kufunyanwa ngokufumana amayeza afana nembuyiselo yemali, ukwenza okuthile (ukunyanzelisa iqela ukuba lenze oko lithembise kona), okanye imiqathango (ukuyalela iqela ukuba linqande ihambo ethile). Iziphumo zesohlwayo zinqabile kwiinkqubo zomthetho ococekileyo kwaye zisoloko zigcinelwa amatyala abandakanya ukungakhathali okanye ukuziphatha okubi okungalawulekiyo.

Umthwalo Wobungqina: Ukungxamiseka Ngobungqina

Amatyala asekuhlaleni afuna umgangatho ophantsi wobungqina kunamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Endaweni yokubonakalisa ukuba unetyala “ngaphandle kobunyani,” i-paltiff kufuneka ibonise ukuba“ kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba u-"awunaku" (oko kukuthi, amathuba angaphezulu kwama-50%) ukuba ummangalelwa ufanele abekwe tyala. Lo mqobo usezantsi wenza kube lula kwiqela elinzakelelekileyo ukubuyisa imbuyekezo kwanaxa ubungqina bungagqibekanga.

Ukuzinzisa Isigqibo Kumthetho Wamakhaya

Isigqibo sempikiswano siquka iinkqubo apho amaqela ezilungisa iingxabano zawo ngaphandle kokuzinceda okanye ugonyamelo. Umthetho wamakhaya unika iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ezisuka kwiingxoxo ezingacwangciswanga ukuya kwiingxoxo zenkundla ezisesikweni. Indlela nganye inobuchule bayo, iindleko, kunye nokufaneleka okuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwaloo mlo.

Uqukuqelo

Ukuxokozela kuyindlela eqhelekileyo neqhelekileyo yokulungisa impikiswano. Amatheko ngokuqhelekileyo anesiluleko esisemthethweni okanye ngaphandle kwesiluleko sokusebenza.", athelela ngqo ukukhangela iindawo ezinokufumaneka. Ngenxa yokuba ingxoxoxo inguwo wokuzithandela nowasese, ivumela amaqela ukuba enze izisombululo zokuyila ezingenakuyalelwa yinkundla. Noko ke, ingxubusho isenokusilela ukuba elinye iqela alizimisele ukulalanisa okanye ukuba kukho ukungalingani kwamandla okuphawulekayo phakathi kwamaqela.

Isicwangciso

Kwindawo yonxibelelwano, iqela lesithathu elingathathi-nxaxheba (umlamleli) linceda unxibelelwano phakathi kwabachasayo. Umlamleli akanyanzelisi sigqibo kodwa unceda amatheko acacise izilangazelelo zawo, achaze ukhetho, afikelele isivumelwano esamkelekileyo. I-media isetyenziswa kakhulu kumthetho wentsapho (umz., uqhawulo-mtshato kunye nokugcina abantwana), iimbambano zasemsebenzini, kunye neengxabano zezentengiso. Ngokuqhelekileyo zingxamisekile kwaye azibizi mali intsonko, kwaye ngenxa yokuba amaqela alawula iziphumo, imigaqo-media isoloko ivelisa imilinganiselo ephezulu yolwaneliseko. Ngoku imikhosi emininzi yemibutho yabemi ifuna ukuba amaqela azame ukuzama ukuphendula amatyala kwiimeko ezithile, ezifana neengxoxo ezincinane okanye iimpikiswano zommelwane.

Ushenxiso

Ulwahlulo luyindlela esesikweni esetyenziswayo kwinkundla. Amaqela akhetha omnye okanye ngaphezulu abaququzeleli bemeko ``abanalwazi kumbandela'. Abaphulaphuli ababuvayo ubungqina kunye neempikiswano bandule ukukhupha isigqibo esibophelelayo (impesa). Ulwahlulo lusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwizivumelwano zelizwe lonke, iimpikiswano zolwakhiwo, nemibandela yomsebenzi. Inika iingenelo ezininzi: i-averbitrotion, i-'i-projects' igcinwa iyimfihlo, kwaye amaqela angakhetha imithetho nendawo. Noko ke, ukurbit-transtion kusenokuba ziindleko, kwaye isiseko sokutsala i-agratyamzamsko zilinganiselwe kakhulu. Kumazwe amaninzi, ukukhutshelwa komthetho onikezelwayo njengoMthetho [FLD: 0]

Uqikelelo

Ukumangalelwa yinkqubo yokuzisa imbambano phambi kwenkundla kawonke-wonke ukuze ufumane umgwebo onyanzelekileyo ngokusemthethweni. Yinkqubo esesikweni nefanelekileyo yesigqibo sokuphikisana. Ukwenziwa kweqhinga kulandela imithetho engqongqo enxulumene nobungqina, ukuncenga, kunye nemisebenzi emiselwe ixesha. Amaqela anikela amatyala awo (nangokuba ngamanye amaxesha ijaji) eyenza isigqibo esibophelelayo esisekelwe kumthetho nakumanani.

Umlinganiselo wokwenziwa kobuxoki

  1. Imposiso: Isalathisi sikhalaza esichaza izibakala kunye neziphakamiso ezisemthethweni; ummangalelwa uphendula ngempendulo okanye intshukumo yokulahla.
  2. Intsingiselo: [[FLT: 0] Zombini amacala atshintshisana ngobungqina, athathe intlawulo, kunye nokhuphiswano lokuqokelela ulwazi. Eli candelo linokuba lide kwaye libiza imali eninzi.
  3. Intshukumo zetyala: Izahlulo zingacela inkundla ukuba isombulule imibandela ethile okanye ikhuphe ityala phambi kokuvavanywa (umz., ugwebo lwesishwankathelo).
  4. [[UMTL:0] : Icala ngalinye linikela ityala lalo ngamangqina, amaxwebhu, kunye nobungqina obungochwepheshe. Ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala bandule ukukhupha isigqibo.
  5. Appal:[ Iqela eliphulukana nentonga lisenokuvavanya isigqibo senkundla egwetywayo kwinkundla egwebayo, liphikisa ngelithi iimpazamo zomthetho zichaphazele iziphumo.

Kuba ucalucalulo lunokuba luxanduva lwexesha kunye nexabiso, amaqela amaninzi ahlola uxolelwano, uluvo, okanye uqikelelo kuqala. Kodwa ke, ukucalucalulwa kuhlala kuyimfuneko xa kuyimfuneko, xa elinye iqela lingavumi ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwezinye iindlela, okanye xa umgwebo kawonke-wonke uyimfuneko ukucacisa amalungelo.

Unikezelo Njengomsindisi

Unikezelo lolona luqhelekileyo lusetyenziswa kwiimeko zomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Injongo kukubuyisela umntu olimeleyo kwindawo ebeya kuba kuyo ukuba isenzo esiphosakeleyo asizange senzeke .

Umonakalo Wenetha

Umonakalo we-monetha yimali ehlawulwayo elungiselelwe ukuhlawulela ilahleko ehlawulwa yi-acttiff.

  • [[NTLA] Umonakalo wekompyutha: gquma ilahleko yokwenene enjengeendleko zonyango, ukuphulukana nengeniso, umonakalo wempahla, neentlungu kunye nokubandezeleka. Kwimeko zesivumelwano, ilahleko yemali efunekayo ijolise kumphandle “ofanelekileyo wemali ethengiswayo” `uxabiso lwento ebeyilindele.
  • [[NTL:0] Umonakalo ongundoqo: gquma ilahleko engangqalanga ebangelwa kukwaphuka, njengengeniso elahlekileyo okanye umonakalo kudumo lweshishini, ukuba ilahleko yayinokubonwa kwangaphambili ngexesha isivumelwano senziwe ngalo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umonakalo okhoyo: Isixa esincinci sophawulo esinikwayo xa ilungelo elingokwasemthethweni laphulwa kodwa akukho lahleko lwenyani lwenzekileyo.
  • Umonakalo odityanisiweyo: A anikwa kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo ukubohlwaya ummangalelwa ngenxa yehambo engalunganga nokunqanda ukuziphatha okufanayo. Asizizo zonke imikhosi yomthetho yasekuhlaleni evumela iziphumo zomophulo.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Kwezinye iimeko, imali iyodwa ayisiso isicombululo esifanelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukuba umthengisi akavumi ukudlulisela isakhiwo esikhethekileyo somhlaba okanye umfanekiso onqabileyo, umthengi angacela inkundla ukuba ithengisele ukuba enze isivumelwano kanye njengoko kwakuthenjisiwe. Isenzo esingqalileyo singunyango oluthe ngqo kwaye sinikwa kuphela xa ilahleko yemali inganele, njengaxa umbandela wesivumelwano ukhethekile. Iinkundla zikwaqwalasela nokuba ngaba ukunyanzelisa kuyasebenza kusini na nokuba ngaba umgcini-mthetho usebenze ngokholo olulungileyo kusini na.

Iintshukumo

Umyalelo wenkundla ngumyalelo onyanzela iqela ukuba lenze, okanye ungavumi ukwenza `isenzo esikhethekileyo. I-injctions zinokuba zezokwexeshana (zigcine imeko de kuvelwe ityala elipheleleyo) okanye ezisisigxina (ukuphelisa impikiswano ekugqibeleni). Zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiimeko zempahla zobulumko ukunqanda ukuchaswa, kumthetho wemekobume ukuthintela ungcoliso, nakumthetho wentsapho ukuthintela ukukhathazwa. Ngenxa yokuba imiyalelo inokuba neziphumo ezinzulu kwiqela elivaliweyo, iinkundla zisebenzisa iinjongo ezingqongqo phambi kokuba zinikezele, kuquka nokuboniswa kwengozi engalungisekiyo kunye nokuphumelela kwiimfanelo.

Indima Yeenkundla Kwinkqubo Zomthetho Wamakhaya

Iinkundla zisebenza njengezona ziphambili ekuchaseni iimpikiswano zamakhaya. Zitolikeni imimiselo, zihlola ubungqina, kwaye zikhupha imigwebo ebophelelekileyo emele ithotyelwe ngamaqela. Kwimithetho yomthetho wasekuhlaleni, abagwebi badla ngokwenza indima ephambili kuneminye imithetho eqhelekileyo, kuba inkqubo isekelwe kwimithetho engqinelanayo kunokuba ibe yiyo elandela imizekelo. Abagwebi bahlolisisa izibakala, baphengululi, baze balathise imigaqo echanekileyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba imigaqo esemthethweni iyasebenza. Akukho mgwebi edla ngokubandakanyekileyo kwimicimbi yamakhaya; endaweni yoko, ijaji enye okanye iqela labagwebi abango bangond ’ ukugqiba ukuba kusini na.

Iinkundla

  • [[UMTL:0] IiNkundla eziQuquzelelayo: zikwabizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zemeko yokuqala. Ziva ubungqina, zigqibe izibakala, zize zisebenzise umthetho ukufikelela kwisigqibo. Iimeko ezininzi zabemi ziqala zize ziphele apha.
  • Inkundla enika iziphumo: ihlola isigqibo senkundla egwebayo seempazamo zomthetho okanye inkqubo. Abasoloko bebuya bengena bungqina ngaphandle kokuba baphazamile.
  • IiNkundla zeCassation:[[FLT / IiNkundla zoGunyazo:1] iinkundla eziphakamileyo kwiqumrhu lomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Ziva kuphela amatyala aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo engokwasemthethweni okanye apho iinkundla ezisezantsi zingavumelaniyo nokuchazwa komthetho. Isigqibo sazo sibophelelekile kuzo zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi kwaye zisoloko zikhonza ukumanyanisa imfundiso esemthethweni.

Kumazwe amaninzi omthetho wasekuhlaleni, iinkundla ezizodwa zikho kwiindawo ezithile zemibandela yemibandela `njengeenkundla zezentengiso, iinkundla zemisebenzi, okanye iinkundla zentsapho'evumela abagwebi ukuba bahlakulele ubuchule obunzulu kwezo ndawo. Umzekelo, iNkundla yeFederal Fiscal yaseJamani isingatha iimpikiswano zerhafu, ngelixesha i-France i-Conseil d’État eva amatyala achasene namaqumrhu alawulayo karhulumente.

Ukuthelekisa: Umthetho wamakhaya uphikisana noMthetho oqhelekileyo

Ngoxa eli nqaku lijolise kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, kuluncedo ukuqonda indlela owahluke ngayo kwiinkqubo zomthetho. Kumazwe aqhelekileyo omthetho, abagwebi baxhomekeke kakhulu kwizigqibo zangaphambili (ukubekwa phambili) njengomthombo oyintloko womthetho. Kumazwe omthetho wasekuhlaleni, imimiselo nemigaqo ingumthombo oyintloko, kwaye abagwebi balindeleke ukuba basebenzise umthetho njengomthetho obhaliweyo kunokuba bamisele imithetho emitsha. Le mpembelelo ichaseneyo nemigaqo yemithetho: iziphumo zomthetho zamakhaya zityekele ekubusweni kobukhokeli bomthetho, kunye nabagwebi abalawula ukuhlanganiswa kobungqina, ngoxa amatyala aqhelekileyo engoorhulumente, kunye namagqwetha anikela ubungqina kumgwebi onganyanzeli. Iindlela zogwebo ezichaseneyo ezifana nokusebenza komthetho kunye nolawulo lwezimedipozi ziphumelela zombini, nangona iinkqubo zomthetho ezilawulayo zahlukene.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngomthetho Wamakhaya Nesigqibo Sengxabano

Imigaqo yomthetho wamakhaya inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kurhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Izivumelwano ezininzi ezinqamlezayo ziquka iingcamango zomthetho wabemi, kwaye ukuthatyathwa kwezizwe ngezizwe kusoloko kuvela kwiinkqubo zomthetho wabemi. Imigaqo ye-UNIDROIT ye-International Commercial Contracts kunye neCISG (Ingqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kwi-Ngqungquthela yezizwe ngezizwe yeMali yeNtshona Koloni) ibonakalisa izithethe zamakhaya. Amaqela athelekele urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe, aqondana nezigqibo zombini ezifuna ukuphikisana nembuyezo zomthetho zifuna ukubuyisa izivumelwano ezisebenzayo kunye nokuhlawula amalungelo okunqamleza imidanga.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Kumntu Nakushishino

Nokuba ungumenzi womsebenzi ophosakeleyo okanye ushishino olujongene nempikiswano ekhoyo, ukuqonda imigaqo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni kungakunceda ukuba usebenzise imeko ngendlela ephumelelayo. Qala ngokuhlola naziphi na izivumelwano ezibhaliweyo nokuqokelela amaxwebhu afanelekileyo. Zama unxibelelwano okanye i-mediation ngaphambi kokuba usebenzise intengiso; ulawulo oluninzi lufuna okanye lukhuthaze ngamandla oku. Ukuba kufuneka uye enkundleni, jongana negqwetha elinolwazi ngemithetho ekwindawo efanelekileyo yomthetho. Ukuchaza okuncinane, amazwe amaninzi omthetho karhulumente aye azenza lula iinkqubo ezincinci ezithengwayo ezinciphisa iindleko kwaye zilibazise. Okokugqibela, yibani nolwazi lwemimiselo yexesha apho umele umisele ityala okanye ixesha. Ukuba ungayigqibize ngexesha lokusebenza kuwenziwa kwakho ukuba uhlawule.

Isiphelo

Umthetho wamakhaya unika isiseko esibalulekileyo sokucombulula ingxabano nokunika imbuyekezo xa amalungelo obuqu ophulwe. Ngokunika uludwe lweendlela zokucombulula iimpikiswano `kusukela kuxoxiso kunye nokuphendulana nokuhlaziywa' nokuhlaziywa'."Ivumela amaqela ukuba akhethe indlela ehambelana neemfuno zawo. Imigaqo yokuhlawula, enoba ngomonakalo wemali, umsebenzi othile, okanye imimiselo, ijolise ekubuyiseleni okusesikweni nokugcina ulungelelwano lwentlalo. Njengoko ulwando lwehlabathi, ukuqondwa okuqinileyo kwemigaqo yomthetho yamakhaya kuya kuba luncedo ngakumbi kubantu, kumashishini, nakwiingcaphephe zezomthetho ngokufanayo.