Umgaqo wokuzikhusela olawulwa yimeko-ntle yesizwe ngumgaqo osetyenziswa njengesixhobo esinesiseko esilawulayo eMelika olawula ngokusisiseko indawo ehlala abantu xa kufikelelwa intlekele. Le mfundiso yamandulo engomthetho, ethetha ukuba ingatsalelwa enkundleni ngaphandle kwemvume yabo, yenza ukhuseleko oluntsonkothileyo kwaye ngaphandle kokwahlukana okuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo indlela ingqwalaselo yoluntu etyhileka ngayo ngexesha lokuphendula kongxamiseko. Ukuqonda la mandla asemthethweni ayimfuneko kubaphathi bongxamiseko, oogqirha, abenzi bemithetho, kunye naye nabani na onokuzifumana efuna ukuba aphendule emva kwengxaki.

Yintoni umanyano olungoyena Mongami weLizwe?

Ulawulo oluphezulu lwezoburhulumente lubonisa imvelaphi yalo kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, apho isiBhulu sasigqalwa singenakuzikhusela kwimpahla engafanelekanga ngenxa yokuba "uKumkani akanakwenza nto iphosakeleyo". Le ngcamango yeBhunga yafakelwa kumhlaba waseMerika yaza yafunyanwa isekelwe ngokucacileyo kumgaqo-siseko wePramente yeshumi elinesithoba, eyavunywa ngo-1795. IsiHlo soHlomelo sinika ukuba igunya lorhulumente lokulawula lingaqhubeki ngokuchasene nesizwe esithile sabemi bolinye ilizwe okanye abemi basemzini, nangona iinkundla ziye zayichaza njengemi ekwabahlalisayo ngokoluntu belizwe.

Kumphakathi wayo, ukukhusela ulawulo oluphezulu kuthetha ukuba urhulumente akanakumangalelwa ngaphandle kokuba unikeze imvume yakhe ecacileyo. Olu khuselo ludlulela kumaqumrhu karhulumente, izixhobo, nakumagunya asebenza kumsebenzi wawo osemthethweni. Le mfundiso isebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo: igcina imiqolo yoorhulumente ekuncipheni ngokunjalo, ivumela amazwe ukuba asebenzise imisebenzi karhulumente ngaphandle kokungenelela kwekomiti elawulayo egqala njengezinto ezilawulayo kwinkqubo yethu yesiseko somGaqo-siseko.

Umlinganiselo Wolawulo Oluphakamileyo

Ukhuseleko olunikwa yiyo yonke imikhosi yozikhusela kwimicimbi yezolawulo luphangalele kodwa aluphelelanga. Bagquma izimvo eziziswa kwiinkundla zorhulumente zombini zesizwe nezephondo, nangona amazwe egcine amandla okuphazamisa ukhuseleko lwawo njengoko ebona kufanelekile. Okubalulekileyo, imfundiso yahlula phakathi kwemisebenzi karhulumente nemisebenzi engaphezulu: izenzo ezithathiweyo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu lwesizwe zifumana ukhuseleko olomeleleyomeleleyo kunezo zentengiso okanye ezo zeproprieta kwindalo.

Imisebenzi yempendulo yexesha likaxakeka iyehla ngokusisigxina kudidi lomsebenzi karhulumente. Xa urhulumente ewenza usebenze imithetho yakhe yolawulo longxamiseko, uthunyelo lokhuselo lwesizwe, okanye ulawulo lwabafuduki, isebenza kumandla ayo okulawula ukukhusela impilo nokhuseleko loluntu. Olu hlelo lukarhulumente lomeleza ukhuseleko lwesizwe xa abantu befuna ukubamba urhulumente obeke ityala lokwenzakala ngokwezenzo zongxamiseko.

Isicelo soLawulo oluPhezulu kwiNkxaso yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana

Iimeko zokusabela ngexesha likaxakeka zizisa ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo kuhlalutyo olulawulayo lokhuseleko. I-cris ifuna izigqibo ezikhawulezileyo phantsi kweemeko zokungaqiniseki okukhulu, ngokufuthi ezifuna oorhulumente ukuba benze izinto ezinokubangela umonakalo ngokungaziyo. Iintlekele zemvelo, iingozi zempilo kawonke-wonke, uhlaselo lwabanqolobi neengozi zoshishino, konke okunokubangela ukuba urhulumente afune ukuhlasela abantu.

Khawucinge ngezi meko zilandelayo apho ukhuseleko oluphezulu lunokusetyenziswa khona:

  • Imiyalelo yonikezelo: Xa urhulumente eyalela ukufuduka okunyanzelekileyo ngexesha lenkanyamba okanye lomlilo, abantu abaphulukana nezoqoqosho okanye umonakalo wobuqu ngexesha lokufuduswa kwenkqubo bangafuna ukubamba urhulumente ofanele ukuthembeka. Ukukhusela okuqhelekileyo kuxhomekeke kwintelekelelo ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uluchasile ukhuseleko lwayo kwezi meko.
  • Unyango lwezamayeza olugqithisileyo: Ngexesha lesifo esigqugqisayo okanye isiganeko somonakalo omkhulu, amaziko ezonyango asetyenziswa ngurhulumente asenokungathwaliswa kwaye angakwazi ukunikela inkathalo eyaneleyo. Izigulana okanye iintsapho zabo ezithi zingakwazi ukuthatha uxanduva okanye unyango olungelulo zijongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo yezokhuselo lwezikhuseli.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukungaphumeleli kwesiseko somthetho: Xa iileve zingaphumeleli, ukuwa kweendlela, okanye igridi zamandla zihla ngexesha lobungozi, abanikazi bempahla kunye namalungu onzakeleyo asenokumangalela urhulumente ngenxa yokusilela ukugcina izibonelelo ezichuliweyo. Ukukhusela umgangatho wolawulo kusoloko kuchaza ukuba izigqibo zibandakanya ukwabiwa koovimba kunye nemimiselo.
  • Izenzo zonyanzelo-mthetho: urhulumente kunye namapolisa asekuhlaleni anokusabela kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo angasebenzisa amandla, athintele ukushukuma, okanye athabathe impahla. Ukhuselo oluphezulu lungakhusela ezi zenzo, nangona ngaphandle kwezenzo zobudoda zolwaphulo-mthetho zeqhinga zinokusebenza.

Ucelomngeni Olusemthethweni Nolukhethekileyo Kumanyano Olusebukhosini

Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olubanzi olunikwa yiyo i-odential jasti, izihlandlo eziliqela ezimiselwe kakuhle zenza iindlela zokuzithethelela ngokwendlela yoluntu ngexesha lempendulo yongxamiseko. Ukuqonda ezi zimkhethe kuyingozi kumagqwetha amele amaqela onzakalayo nakumagosa karhulumente afuna ukuqonda ukuchanabeka kwawo kwityala.

Izixhobo Ezingalawulekiyo

Amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela imikhosi yetort ukuba iphazamisa ukhuseleko lwezikhundla zolawulo lweziko loburhulumente kwiindidi ezithile zezibhengezo. Le mithetho ivumela ityala ngokuchasene nemeko yokungakhathali, umonakalo wempahla, kunye nomonakalo wobuqu, phantsi kwemiqathango ethile kunye neemfuno ze-process. Umzekelo, i-Olifore Tort Exentiers Act ivumela iisuti nxamnye nezenzo zoluntu zomonakalo obangelwa kukungakhathali kwabasebenzi bawo, kodwa ifuna abasebenzi abaqhelekileyo ukuba babhale ityala kwisithuba seenyanga ezintandathu zomonakalo.

Izenzo zetort zelizwe zisoloko ziqulathe ucwangciso olungqalileyo lwezimo zongxamiseko. Amanye amazwana anika ukhuseleko oluphezulu kwimisebenzi yolawulo longxamiseko, ngelixa amanye egcina amalungiselelo awo jikelele okuphelisa iimeko ezinzima. Ulwimi olukhethekileyo lomthetho we-raiser karhulumente ngamnye lumisela umgangatho wonyango olukhoyo.

INgxelo yoMgaqo-nkqubo weQuery

Xa urhulumente wesizwe ebandakanyeka kwimpendulo yongxamiseko ngamaqumrhu anjengeFEMA okanye kwiSebe lezeMpilo kunye neeNkonzo zabantu, iFederal Tort Antiers Act inika umgaqo-nkqubo oyintloko wokuthelekisa amatyala karhulumente. IFTCA inika ukhuseleko oluphezulu kurhulumente wephondo lokhuseleko lwezitopi ezinikezelwa ngabasebenzi besebe abasebenza ngokwendawo yomsebenzi wabo, ngaphandle kokwenza okubalulekileyo.

I-FTCA engundoqo enxulumene nokuphendula ngexesha likaxakeka iquka:

  • Umsebenzi wobuchule ochaseneyo: Le mivalo enxaxhileyo isekelwe ekusetyenzisweni kwemisebenzi yeqhinga yabasebenzi besizwe, nokuba iqhinga lisetyenziswa kakubi. Iinkundla zitolike ngokuphandle oku kukhuselwa ukukhusela izigqibo zenkqubo, kuquka ezo zenziwe ngexesha locwangco nophelo.
  • Imisebenzi echaseneyo: izityholo ezivela kwimisebenzi yomkhosi ngexesha lemfazwe azikhutshwanga kwintsalela yeFTCA. Oku kunxaxhi kungasebenza xa ugcino-lwazi lomkhosi lusetyenziselwa ukuphendula ngexesha likaxakeka.
  • Umahluko ofanelekileyo wenkathalo: IFTCA ayisebenzi xa abaqeshwa bezwe besebenzisa inkathalo efanelekileyo ukuthobela imimiselo okanye imimiselo, nokuba ihambo egunyazisiweyo ibangela umonakalo.

Iinkundla ziye zazama ukumelana nokusetyenziswa kwezi zinxaxhi kwimeko zikaxakeka. Umzekelo, emva kweSiphekepheke uKatrina, abalawuli bazisa izityholo ezininzi ngokuchasene neQumrhu lomkhosi loonjineli ukwenzela ukungaphumeleli kwelevee. Iinkundla zathi ubukhulu becala ukwenziwa nokugcinwa kwezigqibo kwamajoni kuye kwawela kumsebenzi owenziweyo, ukukhusela ukubuyela kwintlekele eyaphumela kwimposiso.

Ukuvumelana Nesuti Ngomthetho

Kwakhona amazwe asenokuvuma ukuvumelana nomthetho othile othetha ngeendidi ezithile zamatyala. Amanye amazwe aye amisela imimiselo yokuzikhusela kongxamiseko echaza ngokuthe ngqo umlinganiselo wetyala labaphendulayo. Le mithetho isoloko ilungelelanisa imfuneko yokukhuthaza inyathelo longxamiseko ngokuvuma ukuba amaxhoba afanelwe luhlobo oluthile lonyango lokulungisa.

Abaphendula ngokweemeko basoloko benandipha ukukhusela okufanelekileyo okanye ukhuseleko olusemthethweni olubakhusela kwiimfanelo zobuqu xa besenza ngokwemisebenzi yabo. I-Fecterning Empine Yooffray Health Practitions Act, eyamkelwe ngamaphondo amaninzi, inika iingcebiso ezikhuselekileyo kwiingcali zezempilo ezisebenza ngokuzithandela ngexesha longxamiseko. Ezi migaqo azinakufikelela kwimo okanye kumasebe azo, kodwa zingachaphazela umhlaba wonke ngokulinganisela abamangalelwa abakhoyo.

Iingxelo zomGaqo-siseko nezenzo zecandelo 1983

Enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo ekuthintelweni kolawulo loburhulumente ivela kwimithetho yamalungelo abantu. Icandelo lowe-1901 loMthetho wama-42 we-U.S. livumela abantu ukuba bamangalelwe urhulumente kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko. Ngoxa ukukhusela ulawulo oluzimeleyo kumazwe njengezinto ezikhoyo, akwazeki kumagosa asemthethweni azimeleyo ngokobuqu ngenxa yokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko.

Lo mahluko ubangela amathuba abalulekileyo okuzithethelela kwiimeko zongxamiseko. Xa abadlali bakarhulumente bebandakanyeka kwihambo echasene nomGaqo-siseko, njengemigaqo yokugxotha abantu ngokungekho mthethweni, ukuvalelwa kwabantu ngabanye ngokungekho mthethweni ngexesha lokubekwa kwelungu, okanye amandla agqithiseleyo ngexesha lokugcinwa komthetho wongxamiseko, amaxhoba angazizisa izityholo ngokuchasene namagosa ajongene noxanduva. Noko ke, ezi ngxelo zijongene nemiqobo yawo, kuquka nemiqobo efanelekileyo ekhusela amagosa okhuselo ekhuselayo kwityala ngaphandle kokuba aphule umthetho.

Uxanduva logunyaziso loluntu ngexesha lengxakeko

Unxulumano phakathi kokhuseleko oluphezulu nokusabela ngexesha likaxakeka lubangela imekobume entsonkothileyo echaphazela abathathi-nxaxheba, abamangalelwa, kunye nabantu abanomdla ophangaleleyo. Ukuqonda ezi ziphumo kunceda abaxhasi benkqubo yomthetho basebenzise inkqubo esebenzayo.

Izithintelo Zokuphendula

Xa ukhuseleko oluzimeleyo lusebenza ngokuphandle, amatheko onzakeleyo angazifumana engenayo indlela efanelekileyo yokuwalungisa. Amaqumrhu orhulumente abangela umonakalo ngokungakhathali okanye ngokungakhathali izigqibo zongxamiseko asenokuphepha ityala ngokupheleleyo. Oku kungabi natyala kumele kubangele iziphumo ezininzi:

  • Amaxhoba athwale umthwalo opheleleyo wemali wokwenzakala kwawo, kuquka iindleko zezonyango, ukonakaliswa kwempahla, nokuphulukana nengeniso, ngaphandle kwendlela yokuphinda afumaneke kwiqumrhu eliphetheyo likarhulumente.
  • Amagosa karhulumente asenokuba anciphisa izinto ezikhuthazayo ukuze aphucule imithetho yezonyango, esazi ukuba iimpazamo zawo aziyi kuba nemiphumo yemali.
  • Ukukholosa kukawonke wonke ngamaziko karhulumente kusenokuphela xa abantu beqonda ukuba urhulumente unokwenza izinto ngaphandle kokohlwaywa xa kungxamisekile.

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sabonisa ngokucacileyo ezi ngxaki zinamandla. Abahlali basekhaya abalupheleyo kunye neentsapho zabo bazisa izityholo ezininzi ngokuchasene nolawulo lorhulumente kunye namasebe ezempilo ngenxa yokusilela ukukhusela abantu abasengozini. Uninzi lwale nkcazelo lwalahlwa ngezizathu eziphezulu zokuzikhusela, zishiya iintsapho ngaphandle kokuzifunela into ezithi kukusilela okuyintlekele kolawulo lukarhulumente.

Iindlela Zokubuyisela

Phezu kwayo nje le miqobo, ukunqanda ukukhusela ulawulo lomntu kudala iindlela ezifanelekileyo ukuze abantu bafune okusesikweni. IiAttorney ezimela amaxhoba ongxamiseko kufuneka zihlolisise ngenyameko izibakala ezingqalileyo zemeko nganye ukuze zifumane iingcamango ezikhoyo ezingokwasemthethweni:

  • Imeko-bume yetort ithi ithobela izenzo: ukunamathela ngokungqongqo ekuqapheleni iimfuno kunye nexesha lokucwangcisa ixesha kubalulekile ukugcina iintelekelelo phantsi kwemisebenzi yereyithi yereyithi ye-octal. Ukungahambi kwexesha lokugcina into ngemini enye kungathintela ulungiso olusisigxina.
  • Ukwahlula abantu abamangalelwayo: Xa urhulumente ngokwawo engogonywa, ukumangalela amagosa ngamanye kubuchule bawo bobuqu kunganika enye indlela. Noko ke, ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kunye nobuncwane obulinganiselweyo bemali busoloko bulawula le nkqubo.
  • Izibhengezo zeConstigation: ICandelo lowe-1998 izenzo ezisekelwe kwizenzo zokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko zingasinda kucelomngeni lokhuseleko lobugocigoci xa ucelwwna ngokufanelekileyo. Amatyala asekelwe kwinkqubo efanelekileyo yokwaphulwa komthetho ofanelekileyo, ukwaphulwa kokhuseleko okulinganayo, kunye nokuphulwa kweMpanziswano yeMpanziswano yesibhozo konke konke kuye kwahlaziywa ngokwezimo zongxamiseko.
  • Ityala lesenzo eliphantsi kwemimiselo karhulumente: Eminye imimiselo karhulumente yenza amalungelo obuqu esenzo anokudlula imiqobo yezokhuselo oluphezulu. Umzekelo, uMthetho wokubuyisa ikopi kunye noMthetho weMelika oneziphene uvumela iisuti nxamnye nemikhosi yesiphene, kuquka nokucwangcisa ngexesha likaxakeka kunye nokusabela.

Ukulungelelanisa Izilangazelelo Ezidityanisiweyo

Uxinzeleleko phakathi kokhuseleko olulawulayo nokuziphendulela kwimpendulo yongxamiseko lubonisa iingxoxo ezinzulu zenkqubo malunga nendima efanelekileyo yetyala likarhulumente. Abaxhasi bokhuselo olubanzi lolawulo loburhulumente baphikisa ngelithi ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunjalo, oorhulumente bebeya kuphenjelelwa luloyiko lokuzinzisa ngexesha leengxaki. Oomanejaji bemeko yengozi bebengathandabuza ukwenza into engxamisekileyo ukuba zonke izigqibo zinokuba neziphumo zokumangalelwa ngexabiso eliphezulu. Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa kwemali kawonke-wonke ekufuneni ityala kunye nomonakalo kunganciphisa oovimba abafumanekayo ngezonanzelo ngxamiseko.

Abachasi bokhuselo olubanzi lokukhusela ulawulo oluphezulu bamele baphendulele ulawulo olulungileyo, ingakumbi xa urhulumente ejongene nongxamiseko. Baphikisa ngelithi isisongelo sokuzidibanisela sikhuthaza ukucwangcisa ngenyameko, uqeqesho olucokisekileyo, nokwenza izigqibo ezicace gca. Ngaphandle kobuchule bokuphendula, abantu ababuthathaka banokuthwala iingozi ezimandundu ngexesha leentlekele, kwaye ukungaphumeleli kukarhulumente akuchatshazelwa kwaye akulungiswanga.

Izigqibo zomthetho kulo mmandla zibonisa la maxabiso akhuphisanayo. Iinkundla zisoloko zibandakanyeka kuhlalutyo lwenyaniso ukufumanisa ukuba ihambo ecetyiweyo ikwimisebenzi ekhuselweyo okanye imisebenzi yolungiselelo esebenzayo. Umahluko phakathi kwezigqibo zomgangatho wocwangciso, ezidla ngokhuseleko, kunye nezenzo zomgangatho wokusebenza, ezisenokungabi njalo, ziyaba mathandabuzo kwiimeko zongxamiseko.

Ulwazelelelo Olusebenzisekayo Kubalawuli Bexesha Lentlekele

Ukuqonda ukugonya imilinganiselo yomzimba elawulayo akuyonto nje efundiswayo kwiingcaphephe zolawulo longxamiseko.

Ucwangciso noManyano loMbhalo lwangaphambili

Amaziko olawulo lwexesha lengxaki kufuneka abhale iinkqubo zawo ngocoselelo ukuseka isiseko sokhuseleko olucwangcisiweyo. Xa izigqibo zenziwe ngeenkqubo ezimiselweyo, ngegalelo elisuka kwingqwalasela yemibandela enxulumene nemibandela nokuqwalaselwa kweemeko ezikhuphisanayo, iinkundla zisenokufumanisa ukuba ziwela kwimisebenzi ekhuselweyo.

Uqeqesho kunye nemithetho yokuziphatha

Iinkqubo zoqeqesho eziphuhliswa kakuhle kunye nemithetho elandelwayo esebenzayo ingafeza iinjongo ezimbini: ziphucula ezona ziphumo zoncedo longxamiseko kwaye zomeleze ukhuseleko olusemthethweni. Xa abaphendulayo belandela imithetho elandelwayo emiselweyo, abanamathuba mancinane okubandakanyeka kwihambo eya kubhenca urhulumente kwityala. Ukongeza, ukunamathela kwimithetho elandelwayo ibonisa ukuba abaphendulayo basebenza ngenkathalo efunekayo, bexhasa ukukhusela ukukhusela ukukhusela.

Uthungelwano nokubonisa ngaphaya

Unxibelelwano olucacileyo noluntu malunga nemiqathango karhulumente ngexesha longxamiseko lungasingatha izinto ezilindelweyo luze lunciphise umngcipheko wokungangeni kwityala. Nangona kungekho mntu ungenalwazi onokuthintela ukumangalelwa, abemi abanolwazi abafane bafune izinto ezithe zathelekelelwa ngokolindelo olungekho ngqiqweni lokhuseleko lukarhulumente.

Utshintsho lwemeko kunye notyekelo oluqhaqhazelisiweyo

Ukusetyenziswa kokhuseleko oluzimeleyo kubume bokusabela ngexesha likaxakeka kuyahluka kakhulu kwiimeko zongxamiseko. Amanye amazwe aye amisela abathinteli abaphangaleleyo bokhuseleko, ngoxa amanye egcina iinkuselo ezikhulu. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo ziyimfuneko kumagqwetha nakubaphathi bongxamiseko abasebenza kwimimandla emininzi.

Utyekelo lwakutshanje lwemithetho lubonisa ukurhoxa komgangatho wokuzikhusela kwimiqathango yolawulo ngokuthe ngcembe kwiimeko ezithile. Amaphondo aliqela aye amisela amalungiselelo okusingatha iimfanelo ezikhethekileyo kwiimeko zongxamiseko zempilo yoluntu, adala iingxaki ezisikelwe umda ngenxa yokungakhathali okugqithisileyo okanye ukuziphatha okubi okungalawuleki ngempazamo. Amanye amaphondo andise izenzo zawo zokuzibiza ngetort ukuze agubungele iindidi zentengiso ezazivalwe ngaphambili.

Izindululo zowiso-mthetho zomanyano luye lwafuna ukulungisa ukhuseleko lolawulo oluphezulu kwiimeko zongxamiseko. Umzekelo, emva kokuchitheka kwe-oyile enzulu e-oyile, iNgqungquthela yaqwalasela umthetho owawuza kwandisa ityala kumasebe abandakanyekileyo ekuqeqesheni unxweme. Nangona iingcebiso ezinjalo zingasoloko ziphumelela, zibonakalisa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo zenkqubo malunga nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wokuphendula kukarhulumente.

Isiphelo

Imfundiso inika ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo oluvumela oorhulumente ukuba benze izinto ngexesha likaxakeka ngaphandle koloyiko olugqithisileyo lokungaqiniseki. Kodwa oku kushiywe kunye nokungaqiniseki okusemthethweni kuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphendula kuyenzeka, ingakumbi xa urhulumente eqhuba imida yomgaqo-siseko okanye ewela ngaphakathi kwemithetho.

Kubongiswa abasemthethweni, ukuhamba kweli bala kufuneka uluvo oluntsonkothileyo lwemigaqo jikelele yokuzikhusela kwimiqathango kunye nomthetho othile wemithetho ekhethekileyo yolawulo olufanelekileyo. Kubaphathi bongxamiseko, ukuzazi iinkqubano zolawulo lokhuseleko oluphezulu bakhuthaza ukucwangcisa, uxwebhu olucokisekileyo, nokunamathela kwimithetho emiselweyo ephuhlisa ukusebenza nokukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni.

[[UMTL_HAWU] Izibonelelo:[[UMKCU]