Ukwazisa: Ucelomngeni Lokulahla Urhulumente Ngenxa Yokwaphulwa Komthetho

Isiseko sokhuseleko loburhulumente esikhusela amaqumrhu karhulumente ekumangalelweni ngaphandle kwemvume yawo ecacileyo. Lo mgaqo, osekelwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi wamaxesha aphakathi, unemiphumo enzulu ekuhlaziyweni kwabemi, ingakumbi xa abathengi befuna ukuphenduliswa kwemithetho yokhuseleko lwabathengi. Ngoxa le mithetho yenzelwe ukukhusela abantu kwizenzo ezingekho sikweni, ezikhohlisayo, okanye eziqhathayo, ngokufuthi babalekela kumqobo wokhuseleko lobukhosi xa lowo utyholwayo engummeli karhulumente, umbutho, okanye umbutho worhulumente.

Ukuqonda indlela ukhuseleko olulawulayo oluchaphazela ngayo ukuthengwa kwemali efunekayo kumagqwetha, abenzi benkqubo, kunye nabathengi ngokufanayo. Le mfundiso ayizenzeli ngokwayo zonke iimfuno; endaweni yoko, idala uvavanyo oluntsonkothileyo lwendlela yokuzikhusela, imiqobo, kunye neenguqu ezilawulayo. Eli nqaku lihlola ukukhuselwa kolawulo oluphezulu kumbandela wokukhusela abathengi, lihlolisisa ukungavumela ukumangalelwa, kwaye lixubusha iingxaki ezisebenzayo kunye nemigudu yokulungisa eyakha lo mgaqo womthetho.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nendlela Ekhoyo Yale Mihla Yokungavisisani Okulawulayo

Ingcamango yokuzikhusela ekuzimelanga ngokuzimeleyo isuka kumthetho wamaNgesi oqhelekileyo uthetha ukuba "uKumkani akanakwenza nto iphosakeleyo" Ngamaxesha emfazwe, umlawuli wayethathwa njengomthombo wokusesikweni kwaye wayengenakusiwa kwiinkundla zakhe. Oku kuthintelwa kwafakelwa kumathanga aseMelika yaye kamva kwathatyathwa nguUnited States, nangona kwakusenziwa utshintsho. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yaqinisekisa ukuba imfundiso ingurhulumente akanakubekwa ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, imvume yokungaquququzeli isuka kwimithetho yobuthixo iye kwimicimbi eluncedo: ukukhusela ubuncwane, ukukhusela urhulumente, ukukhusela ulawulo lukarhulumente, nokuthintela ukugxatyaniswa komthetho nomthetho kawonke wonke.

Namhlanje, ukukhusela umgangatho worhulumente nowesizwe ngokwahlukeneyo, unemithetho eyahlukileyo esetyenziswa kumntu ngamnye. Le mfundiso ayiphelelanga; iintlawulo zowiso-mthetho zibangele ii-parties ezininzi, kwaye iinkundla ziye zayila iiprojekthi ezininzi ezingafaniyo. Noko ke, ingcamango engagqibekanga ihlala isithi amaqumrhu karhulumente akhuselekile kwisuti ngaphandle kokuba ngummiselo othile owenzelwe ukukhusela ukunqanda ukudleka.

Iintlobo zoLawulo oluPhezulu: Umanyano, URhulumente, Nesizwe

EUnited States, ukhuseleko oluzimeleyo luthatha iindlela ezintathu ezingundoqo. [[FLT:] I-FEderal souciso-siseko sokhuseleko lwezoburhulumente ikhusela urhulumente waseUnited States kunye namasebe akhe ekumangalelweni ngaphandle kokuba iKhompathiswa isohlwayo sidabi sokhuselo-mthetho. ] ukhuselo lwesithintelo olulawulayo [[[FLTLT:3]], olukhuselwe luSiphendulo seshumi elinesixhenxe leMphetho-mda, iisuti ezichasene namazwe akwinkundla yesizwe, kwaye ngokufuthi kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, ngaphandle kokuba imvume yephondo. [FLT.[FLT:]]] olunokhuseleko oluphezulu lwesizwe [[FLTLT] ngokunjalo lukhusela izizwe zaseMerika kwimpahla elungileyo ngaphandle kwemvume yazo. Uhlobo ngalunye olusebenza phantsi kwemithetho kunye nomthetho, ukwenza umsebenzi wemithetho emele igosamele ihambele.

Ukudibana Kwemithetho Yokhuseleko Neyokukhusela Abaniniyo

Imithetho yokukhusela i-Cester (njenge-Federal Trade Commission (FTC), iMithetho nezenzo zokungalungiyo nokukhohlisa (UDAP), kunye neNyaniso kuMthetho we-LPNT(iyilelwe ukuba igcine amashishini efuna ukulahlekisa, ukuqhatha, okanye ihambo eyingozi. Xa umbutho karhulumente ubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi eya kungqubana na le mithetho ukuba yenziwe ngumdlali wabucala, umbuzo uba kukuba umthengi angamangalela urhulumente. Impendulo ixhomekeke ekubeni urhulumente uluchasile na ukhuseleko lwakhe lohlobo oluthile lwento athetha ngayo.

Ngokomzekelo, umbutho karhulumente oqhuba ivenkile uthengise iimveliso ezinesiphene okanye ubandakanyeke kwizibhengezo zobuxoki. Inkampani yabucala izakujongwa kumthetho we-UDAP osemthethweni wesizwe, kodwa umbutho wesizwe ungagunyazisa ukukhusela ukhuseleko. Kwiimeko ezininzi, umthengi ushiywa ngaphandle kwelungelo lobuqu lesenzo ngaphandle kokuba umahluko uyasebenza. Lo msantsa unciphisa ukunqanda kunye nosukelo lokuhlawula lomthetho wokukhusela abathengi.

Ezikhethekileyo: Xa Urhulumente Enokuphazanyiswa

Ukuqonda ukungalingani kokhuseleko olupheleleyo, iintsebenzi zowiso-mthetho zimisele abachasi-mthetho abasebenza ngemiqathango ethile. Oyena uphambili nguMthetho weFederal Tort Intetiess (FTCA), ophazamisa ukhuseleko lukarhulumente lwezomthetho lwezokhuseleko lwabasebenzi abasebenza ngaphakathi komkhatho. IFTCA ivumela iisuti ezininzi zenkathazo, kodwa iqulethe iisuti ezininzi ezingezo, ezifana nezithi zivela kwimisebenzi ye-electry okanye ii-torts. Ukukhusela ulawulo oluvakalayo kurhulumente, iFTCA, isenokunikezela ngendlela, kodwa isoloko ixinene.

Kumgangatho wezwe, amazwe amaninzi aphumeze athetha ukuba ukhuseleko lwezomthetho oluphazamisayo kwintengiso ezithile, ngokufuthi ngemimiselo enqamlezekileyo yomonakalo. Amanye amaphondo anemimiselo ekhethekileyo ephazamisa ukunqanda ukuphulwa kwemithetho yokukhusela abathengi. Umzekelo, uRhulumente weKhalifoniya uvumela amasuti ngokuchasene nemithetho esetyenziswa ngurhulumente ukwenzela ukulwa nomthetho onyanzelisa umsebenzi onyanzelekileyo, onokuthi uquke iimfanelo zokukhusela abathengi. Kodwa ke, la matyala asoloko ethintelwa kwaye achazwa ngokungqongqo.

Ukhukuliso noMkhosi

Olunye ulwaleko oluntsonkothileyo luvela xa umthetho karhulumente udelela ukukhuselwa kwabathengi kurhulumente worhulumente. Umzekelo, ukuba umbutho worhulumente ubandakanyeka kuqheliselo lokubolekisa oluchasene nemithetho yomthetho, umbutho usenokuphikisa ngelithi ukukhusela urhulumente ekuthinteleni umthetho karhulumente ukuba ungawusebenzisi. Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo ziye zathi amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni akhuselekile kwimithetho yokhuseleko karhulumente ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga lizichaphazelele. Le mpembelelo inokushiya abathengi ngaphandle konyango olucacileyo kwaxa ukuziphatha kukarhulumente kuyingozi.

Impembelelo ekumisweni kwabemi: Iingxaki Zemveli Nezinga

Imfundiso yokuzikhusela ekuzilawuleni ibangela imiqobo ebalulekileyo yabakhuseli kwiimeko zokukhusela abathengi. Kwanaxa kukho inkqubo yokuzikhusela engaqhelekanga, izaliswe yimiqobo engasetyenziswayo ekunxibeni imigca echasene nabamangalelwa ngasese.

Iimfuno ezingqongqo

Izenzo ezininzi zetort zifuna iziphumo ezicacileyo zokufaka ingxelo yolawulo ngexesha elifutshane. Ngokufuthi iinyanga ezintandathu ukuya kunyaka omnye ("phambi kokufaka ityala). Ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela ezi mfuneko zesaziso zibopheleleke ngokupheleleyo. Ukongeza, isaziso kufuneka sinikelwe kumbutho othile ochaphazelekayo, kwaye umbutho unokuba neenyanga ezintandathu zokuphendula. Oku kudinwa kwegunya kusenokuba ngumgibe kwabangaziyo, kwaye abathengi abaphoswayo kukuphoswa kwemiqathango ngenxa yokungabi nalwazi olusemthethweni baphulukana nelungelo labo lokuphendula.

Iintlekele Nendlela Yokuzicombulula

Kwanaxa abalawuli be-FTCA bephumelela ekumangaleleni iqumrhu lorhulumente, amayeza akhoyo asoloko ethintelwa. Iingxelo ezininzi zomonakalo ohlahlelayo, zikhupha iziphumo zetyala, kwaye zilinganisela intlawulo yegqwetha. Umzekelo, iFTCA ithintela iziphumo zokohlwaya ngokuchasene ne-United States. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwanokuziphatha okubi okungalawulekiyo komqeshwa wesizwe kungaphumela kwimbuyiselo etho ethobayo, ukunciphisa iziphumo zokuthintela umthetho. Ngaphezu koko, izenzo zeklasi ezichasene nemikhosi karhulumente kunzima ukuzigcina ngenxa yemiqathango yemiqathango yemiqathango yeminye yemiqathango neyongalo yenkosi kwimiqathango yendlela ethile yoncedo, njengemimiselo yehambo yangaphambili.

Imilinganiselo Yomlinganiselo Nemisebenzi Yobulumko Ekhethekileyo

Omnye umqobo ongundoqo kukungabikho komthetho osebenzayo, olondoloza ukukhuselwa kwezenzo zikarhulumente ezibandakanya izigqibo okanye ukhetho. Kwimeko zabathengi, oku kudla ngokukhusela amaziko alawulayo kwityala lokunyanzelisa okuthenjiswa kukungakhathali okanye ukusilela ukulumkisa abathengi ngeengozi ezaziwayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. itolike ngokuphandle ukusebenza okungaqhelekanga, okubangela kube nzima ukuba abo basebenza ngokuphandle bakwazi ukukoyisa.

Uhlolisiso Lwamatyala: Ukusetyenziswa Kwendlela Elawulayo

Isifundo semeko 1: I-arhente yeFederal Intenganiso

Qwalasela iFederal Home Administration (FHA), efaka izibambiso zezindlu zemali neboleka ngqo abantu abathile ababolekiweyo. Ukuba iFHA ibandakanyeka kuqheliselo lokubolekisa ngokusemthethweni oluchasene noMthetho weFair House Precediture okanye i-List Ordernity Act, abolekayo bangazisa i-scheme. Noko ke, ukukhusela kwe-FHA phantsi kwe-FTCA kusenokuzibanga ukuba kwenziwe umonakalo, nangona isiqabuliso esikhoyo sinokubakho phantsi koMthetho we-Administrative Procediture Act. Oku kwenza isicwangciso sokwahlulwano somthetho wokulungisa apho intlawulo lungafumaneki kodwa isinxebo senkqubo yoncedo.

Isifundo setyala 2: Ulawulo lweRhulumente luphumele iziphumo

Inkampani yezemali elungiselelwe urhulumente enika abathengi amanzi okanye umbane isenokubandakanyeka kuqheliselo olukhohlisayo, olufana nokuhlawula iindleko ezifihliweyo okanye imigangatho egqwethekileyo. Ukuba isibonelelo yingalo karhulumente, ingagunyazisa ukukhusela ulawulo. Amazwe amaninzi anokukwazi ukukhusela iproprietary yomsebenzi (imisebenzi enokwenziwa ngamashishini azimeleyo), kodwa umahluko phakathi kwemisebenzi karhulumente nemisebenzi ye-propiritiary ucace kakhulu. Abathengi kwamanye amazwe basenokungakwazi ukuzisa izinto ezifunwa ngu-UDAP ngokuchasene noncedo, ngoxa kwezinye izinto benako.

Ukufundwa Kwetyala 3: Isizwe Secasinos Nobuqhetseba Bethengi

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe oluzimeleyo lulucelomngeni olukhethekileyo kubathengi abasebenza namashishini esizwe, anjengeecasino okanye amashishini e-intanethi. Umntu othengiswe kwicebo lokukhohlisa ngushishino lwesizwe angafumanisa ukuba isizwe asikhange sinikezele ekukhuseleni ukukhusela izilwanyana. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ixhasa ukukhuselwa kwesizwe esibanzi, kwaye amashishini amaninzi asebenzisa izizwe aquka amatyala okuqhatha anokufumana amayeza alinganiselweyo. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abanamathuba ambalwa okuhlangulwa ngaphandle kokuba isizwe sivume.

Izindululo Ezisemthethweni Zokulwa Norhulumente

Phezu kwayo nje le miqobo, amagqwetha namagqwetha akrelekrele aye avelisa iindlela zokuzikhusela kulawulo lwawo.

Ukufuna Amacomputo Olawulo Kuqala

Ukuphelisa amayeza olawulo kusoloko kuyimfuneko, kodwa kusenokuba lithuba elifanelekileyo. Ukunika ingxelo engokweenkcukacha ngolawulo kunye nesebe kungabeka isiseko esiyinyaniso sokuthetha ngokulandelayo kwaye kusenokukhokelela ekulungiseni ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokumangalela. Maxa wambi izicelo zikulungele ngakumbi ukucombulula izibhengezo zolawulo ukuphepha iindleko nokubhengezwa kwemali.

Ukusebenzisa enye impikiswano

Amaqumrhu amaninzi karhulumente anenkqubo zokuthintela ukunqanda ukuphindwa kwempikiswano. Ezi nkqubo zinganika abathengi inkqubo ekhawulezileyo, engeyoqhelekileyo. Kodwa ke, asoloko ebeka iikepisi kwimivuzo kwaye afuna ukuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezingagunyaziswanga ngaphambi kokuba kuqhubeke.

Iingxelo zomGaqo-siseko

Phantsi kwama-42.C. ngo1998, abantu ngabanye basenokumangalelwa ngurhulumente kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko. Okunye ukuphulwa kokhuseleko lwabathengi, njengokuthatha into ekhohlisayo okanye inkqubo efanelekileyo yokuphulwa, kungafakwa njengeengxelo zomGaqo-siseko. ICandelo lowe1901 linika isicombululo somonakalo nesokukhulula amagosa karhulumente kubuchule bawo (nangokuba kungenganxamnye norhulumente ngokwakhe). Le ndlela inokuwuyeka ukhuseleko olusemzimbeni ngenjongo yokufumana uncedo kwizinto zobuqu zegosamcimbi, kodwa kufuneka ingqine ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko.

Iinkqubo zodidi kunye nokhuthuzo loluntu

Izenzo zodidi ezichasene namaqumrhu karhulumente zilucelomngeni kodwa ziyinto engenakwenzeka. Amanye amaphondo anemiqathango ethile yezenzo zodidi kwizenzo zawo zokuthatha inxaxheba, ngoxa amanye evumela izenzo zodidi ziphantsi kwemigaqo engqongqo. Iinkampani zomthetho zoluntu nezikhundla zorhwebo loluntu maxa wambi zisukela impembelelo yokucel ’ umngeni ukuchaswa kwenkqubo, ingqwalasela yezixhobo ze-media nengcinezelo yezopolitiko yokunyanzelisa iinguqu zomthetho.

Utshintsho Olusemthethweni Nekamva Lomanyano Olungalawulekiyo

Xa kunikwa ukungabikho komthetho owenziwe yinkqubo yokuzikhusela kwimizila, kuye kwafuneka kuhlaziywe. Amanye amazwe aye amisela abahlaseli abaphangaleleyo bokhuseleko lwabathengi, eqonda ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente angafanele avunyelwe ukuba asebenzise ubungangamsha bawo ukuze abandakanyeke kwizenzo ezingekho ngqiqweni. Umzekelo, iFUNIX Consumer Protection Act iquka amalungiselelo asebenza kumasebe karhulumente, kwaye inani elandayo lamazwe liye layitshintsha imithetho yawo yeUDAP ukuchaza u-"person" ukuquka imikhosi karhulumente.

Kumgangatho wesizwe, izicelo zenziwe ukulungisa i-FTCA ukususa umsebenzi wobuchule ochaseneyo norhwebo lwezitofu ezithile ezinxulumene netopithi, okanye ukwenza unobangela onikezelweyo wesenzo sabathengi obenziwe kakubi ngumbutho wasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, ezo nguqu zijongene nenkcaso kwabo baphikisayo ukuba ukwandisa ityala liya kubeka umthwalo ongaphezulu kakhulu kubahlawuleli-mali nokwenza izigqibo ezibandayo zikarhulumente.

[[NTLT:0] ISebe lobulungisa linika ukhokelo kwi-FTCA izibhengezo, ibonisa ukuntsonkotha kokuhamba kula manzi. Ukongeza, oovimba abangqamene nombuso, njenge ICalifornia's Intetho zoMgaqo woMgaqo-siseko [, ukunceda abathengi baqonde iimfuno zentsingiselo.

Isiphumo: Ukulungelelanisa ukuTyelela nokuphendula

Ukhuseleko lolawulo luhlala lusisixhobo esikhuselwe kabini kwimiba yoluntu ukwenzela ukwaphulwa kwabathengi. Lukhusela ubuncwane bukarhulumente kwaye luvumela abameli ukuba basebenze ngaphandle koloyiko olungapheliyo lokumangalelwa, kodwa lukwashiya abathengi besengozini xa urhulumente ngokwakhe ebandakanyeka kwizenzo zokukhohlisa okanye ezingekho sesikweni. Abahlaseli abakhoyo nababengekhoyo banikela isiqabu kuphela, kwaye imiqobo yemiqobo yemiqathango inokuba namandla kubantu abaninzi.

Njengoko ukuthengwa kwabathengi namaqumrhu karhulumente kuqhubeka kwandisa, ngokusebenzisa izinto ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente, iinkqubo zokubolekisa, izicwangciso ze-inshorensi, kunye neenkonzo zemfundo elungeleleneyo, kuyakhula. Ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho yemithetho, kunye nokudityaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zolawulo, kunganceda ekuvaleni umsantsa phakathi kwamalungelo abathengi kunye nokuziphendulela korhulumente. Okwangoku, amagqwetha nabathengi kufuneka bahambe beqengqeshe iindawo apho impendulo i "ndingalumela urhulumente"?

IKhomishini yeFederal Trade inika izibonelelo kumalungelo abathengi nendlela yokuxela ukwaphulwa, nangona inganiki lungelo labucala lesenzo. Kubo bafuna ukuqonda ukhuseleko lomgangatho karhulumente, iSiko soMxhasi soMthetho weSizwe inika izikhokelo ezibanzi kunye nezixhobo zokwaphula umthetho. Ezi zixhobo, ezidityaniswe nomelo lomthetho olunolwazi, zinganika abathengi amandla okuvavanya ihambo engekho mthethweni karhulumente phezu kwayo nje imfundiso eyoyikekayo yokhuselo.