Injini Efihlakeleyo Yobulungisa: Indlela Abagwebi Abalawula Ngayo Umthetho

Unyanzelo lwasemthethweni asingololololololo. Isenzo esifanayo ``i-FLT''' esisingisa impikiswano, ulwaphulo, ulwaphulo-mthetho olukhokelele kwiziphumo ezahlukileyo ngokugqibeleleyo kuxhomekeka ngokupheleleyo [[FLT: 0] apho kunye phambi kokuba kufikelelwe [ ityala]. Oko kumiselwa ngulawulo. Ukugqiba kwemeko kukulawula. Ukusuka ekubeni ngumatshini owomileyo, ulawulo lungumGcimbiso kunye nomkhosi wesango wendlela esemthethweni wonke. Iwahlula amagunya phakathi kwamakhulu eenkundla, ichaza ukufikelela komthetho, kwaye ekugqibeleni ilungele ukunikezelwa kwemithetho esesikweni. Kubantu abasemagqweqweni, nabemi abaqhelekileyo, ukulawulwa okungalungeleni okungalungeleni; ukukhusela nokukhusela amalungelo asemthethweni.

Yintoni Isohlwayo?

Kulawulo lwalo olulula, kugunyaziso olusemthethweni lwenkundla okanye iqumrhu lokwenza izigqibo kunye nokukhupha ummiselo phezu kwabantu, impahla, okanye umba wemibandela echazwe kakuhle. Eli gama livela kwelesiLatini juris (umthetho) kunye ne[FLT] idictio[ [umthetho] [umthetho] ongenanto, [umthetho] [umthetho] [umthetho] [umthetho] [umthetho] [umthetho] [umthetho]] [omnye [owe-FLT] [oct:3] [umthetho] [okanye umgaqo] [ok' obalulekileyo].

Intetho ibekwe phezu kweentsika ezintathu zodidi, emele yahluthiswe yimbingelelo, ukuba ive ityala ngokusesikweni;

Isiqinisekiso Sobuqu (Isigwebo Ngaphakathi)

Ulawulo lomntu ngamnye lugunya lenkundla ukuba kufuneke umntu othile okanye into ethile izikhusele. E-United States, eli gunya lilinganiselwe yi-Active Proces Claus of the Ineth Amendment. Inkundla yesizwe ingazimisela ngokwayo igunya lobuqu kuye nawuphi na ohlala kwilizwe, lisetyenziswa ngeli xesha likhoyo, okanye linalo "onxibelelwano oluphantsi" nemeko yokuba ukumangalelwa okungangqubani nokusesikweni okuqhelekileyo. Le ngcamango ibisaziwa kakhulu ngokuchaziwe kumntu wonke i-Shoote. v[FLT:]. [[FLT]] [1945] [1945]) kwaye iyaqhubeka nokuhamba, ngokukodwa nge-Internetic synformation. Umzekelo osebenzayo, i-webservet elungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-webhsayinwe, kodwa ingasebenzi kwi-webhsayithi elungele ukuthengisa imicimbi, kodwa imicimbi elungileyo.

Isiqu sesihloko- Esiphambili (Isigwebo phezu kohlobo lomzekelo)

Ulawulo lwezikhundla eziphambili lubhekiselele kwigunya lenkundla lokuva amatyala odidi oluthile. Iinkundla zomanyano, ngokomzekelo, zinolawulo olulinganiselweyo lolawulo lwabalawuli abaphezulu: zingava kuphela amatyala aphakamayo phantsi komthetho wesizwe (ulawulo lwetyala loburhulumente) okanye amatyala phakathi kwabemi bamazwe ahlukeneyo abandakanya isixa esingaphezulu kwama-$75 000 (ulawulo lobuhlanga). Iinkundla zelizwe, ngokwahlukileyo, ziinkundla zolawulo jikelele, kwaye zinokuva phantse naluphi na uhlobo lwetyala ngaphandle kwalawo agcinelweenkundla zesizwe (umz., ukuwa, ukurhoxakeka, ulwaphulo-mthetho olusemthethweni). Ulawulo lwetyala alunakungarhoxiswa; ukuba inkundla ayimele ingabi namali, ityala kufuneka ligxothwe kwanawo omabini amaqela.

Ulawulo lweziko loluntu

Ulawulo lwezomthetho luchaza imida ebonakalayo apho imida yenkundla isebenza khona. Inkundla yephondo ephakamileyo ingakhupha umgwebo ochaphazela umhlaba phakathi kwelo lizwe; inkundla yephondo inganyanzelisa imiyalelo yayo kulo lonke elo lizwe; inkundla yesithili yephondo esebenza kwisithili sayo. Amagosa omthetho nawo asebenza phantsi kwemiqathango engqongqo engqongqo: amapolisa kwisixeko esithile angenako ukubamba umlawuli okrokrelekileyo kwenye indawo ngaphandle kwemvume okanye isivumelwano soluntu. Ulawulo lwephondo luba luntsonkothile ngokukodwa kwiinkqubo zesizwe ezifana neUnited States, apho urhulumente wolawulo olungu 50 urhulumente ngamnye unommandla wakhe onegunya.

Isizathu Sokuba Ityala Liba Luxanduva Ngokunyanzelwa Okusemthethweni

I-Jurisdiction asiyongcamango engekho ngqiqweni ```Inkcazo''''' ekhoyo ngoko nangoko, ineziphumo ezisebenzayo. Imisela ukuba yiyiphi imithetho esebenzayo (ii-vs. noluphi ulwahlulelo lwenkundla olunokuva impikiswano, kwaye liliphi iqumrhu lomthetho elinegunya lokuphanda okanye lokubanjwa. Ukungaqondi igunya lolawulo kusenokukhokelela ekuchitheni ubuncwane, ukuphoswa kwemiqathango, okanye ukuphulukana ngokupheleleyo kwamalungelo asemthethweni.

Unyanzelo lwangaphakathi

Kwimiba yomthetho, imibuzo yabaphathi-mikhosi idla ngokuba yindawo yokuqala yedabi. I-atlantiff kufuneka ifake ifayile kwinkundla enegunya lobuqu kumlawuli wommangalelwa kunye nomlawuli ophantsi kwetyala. Ukuba ummangalelwa liqulunqwa liqulethwe liqumrhu elikhulu lequmrhu lenkundla ethile, igqwetha lombhiyozo kufuneka limisele ukuba umbutho unxibelelane ngokwaneleyo ne-forum. Oku kungoko izivumelwano ezininzi zezoshishino ziquka "i-forum" okanye "uvumela ukugunyaza" igalelo, lichaza ngaphambili ukuba naziphi na iimpikiswano ziya kubekwa enkundleni ethile. Ngaphandle komthetho onjalo, inkampani inganyanzelwa ukuba izikhusele kwilizwe elikude, iindleko ezandisiweyo.

Ukunyanzelwa Kwesaphuli - mthetho

Ulawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho luxhomekeke kakhulu kwimimandla. Umtshutshisi welizwana angasibeka ityala kuphela xa ityala elithelekelelwayo lenzeka kwimida yelo lizwe. Ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho ludlulisa amaphondo amaninzi, ngokomzekelo, umnxeba oqhathayo owenziwa eTexas kwixhoba eFlorida/obhotis zinokuba negunya, kodwa ngurhulumente kuphela apho isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho okanye iziphumo zinokubakhona. Urhulumente wesizwe angangena apho ungenelela khona xa ulwaphulo-mthetho lubandakanya ushishino lwezoshishino lwamazwe, impahla yorhulumente, okanye umthetho worhulumente. Le nkqubo ingunxantathu ingenza izithuba okanye imiqobo, ifuna umanyano phakathi kwabameli.

Umanyano lweshishini

Kushishino, ukuphaphela igunya kuyimfuneko. Inkampani evelisa iinqanawa kulo lonke ilizwe kufuneka yazi ukuba isenokumangalelwa nakuliphi na ilizwe apho imveliso yayo ibangela umonakalo. Ngokufanayo, umqeshi kunye nabasebenzi abakude kufuneka aqonde imithetho yemisebenzi yelizwe ngalinye apho abo basebenzi bahlala khona. Ukungazi kwabaphathi-mikhosi kungabhenela kwityala leshishini kwiminqamlezo engalindelekilenga.

Iintlobo Ezingundoqo Zomthetho waseUnited States

Ngaphandle kweentsika ezintathu, inkundla ihlela ulawulo ngezinye iindlela ezichaphazela ukugcinwa komthetho:

Type Definition Example
Original Jurisdiction The court that first hears a case. Trial courts (district courts, superior courts).
Appellate Jurisdiction The court that reviews decisions of lower courts. U.S. Courts of Appeals, state supreme courts.
Exclusive Jurisdiction Only one court system can hear the case. Federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over bankruptcy.
Concurrent Jurisdiction Two different court systems have authority. Diversity cases can be heard in either state or federal court.
Diversity Jurisdiction Federal jurisdiction over cases between citizens of different states. Suit between a California plaintiff and a New York defendant for $100,000.

Ukuqonda uhlobo lolawulo olusebenzayo kubalulekileyo ekukhetheni ifolom elungileyo. Ukuqhutyelwa kwinkundla engalunganga kungaphumela ekugxothweni, ukuchitha ixesha nemali.

Ucelomngeni Olunzima Kumandla Anzima Anamhlanje

Isithethe sokulawula sabangela ukuba kubekho imida emiselweyo kunye nobukho obubonakalayo. I-intanethi kunye norhwebo lwehlabathi luye lwaziphelisa ezo ngcamango, lubangela iingxaki ezizingisileyo.

I-Internet kunye noMqathango weCyberspace

Xa i-website kwilizwe ityhola umntu kwilizwe B, iphi na ityala? Iinkundla ziye zazama ukuvelisa imithetho engaguquguqukiyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ithetha ngale ndawo .Nicastro v. McIntre (2011], iphethe umenzi woburhulumente ongajongi ngqo kwinkundla yetyala ngesiseko semveliso enye ethengiswa ngumntu ozimeleyo. Kodwa umbuzo uhlala ungenaluplo: njengoko uthelekelelo oluphezulu kwi-intanethi, "uqhagamshelwano oluphezulu" luxhomekeke kwi-U.S.

Isalathisi soMsebenzi weNkqubo

Ulwaphulo-mthetho olunqumla imida yesizwe luphakamisa kwanemibandela enzima. I-Cybercrime, ubugrogrisi, kunye nokurhwebelana kwabantu kunqabile ukuhlonela imigaqo-siseko. Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe uvumela urhulumente ukuba abeke igunya ngokwemigaqo yengingqi (apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lusenzeka khona), umgaqo wesizwe (apho umenzi okanye ixhoba linguhlanga), okanye umgaqo wokukhusela (apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lusongela ukhuseleko lwaseburhulumenteni). Noko ke, ukunyanzeleka kuxhomekeke kwizivumelwano zolwahluleko kunye nentsebenziswano. Umzekelo, iUnited States, isoloko isebenzisa izivumelwano zoncedo olusemthethweni (MLMLAT) ukucela ubungqina kumazwe asemzini. Inkqubo inokuba yexeshana ecothayo kwaye ingaqinisekanga, ngokufuthi, uphando oludimazayo.

Iinguqu Ezingekho Nje Kwizinto Eziqhelekileyo

Kwanaxa kukho igunya, inkundla ingalandula ukuva ityala phantsi kwemfundiso ye iforum engangeni ngxaki ("incontension forum"). Oku kusebenza xa enye inkundla kwelinye ilizwe ifanelekile kakhulu ukusombulula impikiswano. Iinkampani zezizwe ngezizwe zisoloko zicela le mfundiso ukushenxisa iinkundla ukusuka ku-U.S. iinkundla ukuya kwilizwe lasekhaya le-petroff, apho ilahleko ingasezantsi kwaye ingafumani ndawo ibanzi kakhulu. Imfundiso ibiyindawo yokutshisa kwingquthela, njengokuba kuthethwa ngokuchasene neenkampani zamazwe angaphandle ukuze zenze iingozi eziqhubekayo kwamanye amazwe.

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wesigqeba

Kula mazwe aseUnited States, amagosa asekuhlaleni agunyazisa umthetho anemida yengingqi. Ukusukela urhanelwa obalekela kwiintambo zelizwe, umphathi akanako ukubopha kwelinye ilizwe ngaphandle kwemvume okanye igunya lomthetho. Uniform Criminal Orderdiction Act Act [, othatyathwe ngumazwe amaninzi, afuna inkqubo, kodwa afuna izicelo ezisemthethweni kunye nemvume esemthethweni. Olu khuphiswano-mthetho lungalibazisa ukubanjwa nokuvunywa kwetyala. Abameli besizwe abafana ne-FBIRCU banokunyathela xa ulwaphulo-mthetho olusemthethweni, kodwa oko akusoloko kusenziwa.

Uhlolisiso Lomzekelo: Isenzo Socinezeleko

IUnited States v. Lopez (1995) – Imilinganiselo Yokulawula Umkhosi

Kweli tyala libalulekileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha iMigaqo yeSikolo Esikhululekileyo, eyakwenza kwaba lulwaphulo-mthetho lwamarhulumente ukuba nempu ekwimitha eyi1,000 yesikolo. Inkundla yathi umthetho ungaphaya kwegunya leBhunga phantsi kweChwepheshe lika Claus ngenxa yokuba ukuphatha umpu kufuphi nesikolo kwakungachaphazeli ngokunzulu urhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo. Esi sigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba igunya likarhulumente kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho aliphelelingeneleli; amatyala agcina icala eliphambili lolwaphulo-mthetho ezitratweni. Isigqibo sagunya lokuphendula ukuba ngabameli bemithetho-mthetho babandakanya ngokwenene na ezorhwebo zezomthetho phambi kokuba bazise izityholo.

Umlinganiselo Wolawulo Lomkhosi (1866)

Ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, uLambdin Milligan ongowasemkhosini wabanjwa ngamagunya emikhosi eIndiana waza wagwetywa ukufa yinkundla yasemkhosini. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba imikhosi yayingenalo igunya ngenxa yokuba iinkundla zasekuhlaleni zazivulekile kwaye zisebenza. Ityala likaMilligan laseka umda onzima: ulawulo lwemikhosi alunakuthatyathelw' indawo yeenkundla zamapolisa ngenxa nje yokungalawuleki kwemfazwe. Lo mgaqo uyaqhubeka ubalulekile namhlanje kwiingxoxo zokusetyenziswa komkhosi kwiikomishini zobuphekulaphu.

Microsoft Corp. v. United States (2016) – Ugcino-lwazi lwamanani nofikelelo lweTertorial

Umzekelo wangoku oquka isiqinisekiso esisuka kurhulumente wase-U.S. ofuna ii-imeyili ezigcinwe kwiiseva zeMicrosoft eIreland. Urhulumente waphikisa ngelithi i-Umthetho Wonxibelelwano Logcino-lwazi wawunika ulawulo lwalo nangayiphi na idata phantsi kolawulo lweMicrosoft, kungakhathaliseki indawo. IMicrosoft yabuza ukuba isiqinisekiso sasingenayo isiphumo esingaphezulu. ICloud Court of Applicationss Iss, ibamba okokuba ifuna ugcino-lwazi olugcinwe kwamanye amazwe luzakwaphula iprojectal sy mentianti yomthetho. Lo mba, kamva uthathelwano lwe CLOUD ka-2018, lubonisa indlela ulawulo lwezintlukwano lwamanani luhlala ngayo kukhuphiswano, ngokukhawuleza ummandla we-U.S.

Iindlela Zokuthabatha Isigwebo

Enoba ungonguchwepheshe kwezomthetho, umnini weshishini, okanye umntu ojamelene nembambano engokwasemthethweni, nawa amanyathelo acacileyo okusingatha iingozi ezikhoyo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Funda ifocum- ukhetho lobuchule. Izivumelwano ezininzi zichaza ukuba iimpikiswano kufuneka zifakwe kwingingqi ethile okanye kwinkundla ethile. Ukuba usayina ngaphandle kokufunda, ungalisusa ilungelo lakho ukulibeka kwimo yekhaya lakho.
  • Cinga negunya lobuqu phambi kwefatyi. Uphando ukuba ummangalelwa unamaqhina aneleyo kwilizwe lakho. Ukuba akunjalo, kusenokufuneka ufakele enye indawo okanye uxhomekeke kwimimiselo yezandla ezinde.
  • Igqwetha elinamava kwimicimbi emininzi yelishwa. Ukuba imeko yakho ibandakanya amaqela okanye iziganeko kumazwe amaninzi, ubuchule bolawulo bungenza okanye buphule amathuba akho empumelelo.
  • Hlala usaziwe ngotshintsho lwamandla kwingqukuva yamanani. Imimiselo emitsha efana noMthetho weCLOUD kunye nomthetho ojikelezayo wemeko ungachaphazela amalungelo akho obuqu kunye nobuchule bakho bofumana ubungqina be-elektroniki.

Isiphelo: Isityholo njengeSikhuseli Solungelelwano Lomthetho

Ilishwa asingomthetho nje oqhelekileyo; lulwakhiwo lomgaqo-siseko olunika amandla phakathi kweenkundla, amapolisa, kunye noorhulumente. Iqinisekisa ukuba igunya elingokwasemthethweni lisetyenziswa kwimida egcina ubulungisa, ukuxelwa kwangaphambili, kunye nokuhlonela ulawulo. Kwangaxeshanye, ulawulo alumi ngamaxesha onke. Njengoko ubugcisa, urhwebo, nolwaphulo-mthetho lusiba ngaphaya komda, iinkundla kunye nabenzi bomthetho kufuneka baqhubeke beyitshintsha imithetho. Ukuqonda indlela igunya elichaphazela ngayo ukunyanzeleka komthetho kunika wonke umntu amandla okuqhuba inkqubo ngendlela ephumelelayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lungachasana nomnye, okanye ukuqonda nje ulawulo phantsi komthetho olusebenzayo.

Kwisifundo esibhekele phaya, bona [[FLT: 0] iCornell Incamery Information yemithetho yolawulo, igalelo lobulungisa kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni, kunye nokungena kwendlela yolawulo lobuqu .