Isiseko somGaqo-siseko seeMfuno zoMbutho woMkhosi

UHlaliso lwesine loMgaqo-siseko weUnited States lumisela umgaqo-siseko wesibhedlele ukuba wonke ummi unelungelo lokukhuselwa ngokuchasene nokuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Olu khuselo alupheleli, kodwa luvumela ukuphazamisa kukarhulumente xa kugunyaziswa ngokufanelekileyo ngesizathu esifanelekileyo, sixhaswe siso siso sifungo okanye isifungo, kwaye ingakumbi ichaza indawo yokuphehlwa kunye nabantu okanye izinto ezimele ziphathwe. Iinkundla zomkhosi zichaza ezi zimfuno zobuchule obulula, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imfuneko ayiyo nje imigaqo kodwa ikhuselekile kwisenzo sombuso esinetyala. Inkundla ephakamileyo igxininise ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba isebenza njengewongalo lomthetho phakathi komthetho kunye nenkululeko. Ukuqonda okunzulu kombhalo weSine kunye nembali, ukukhangela [FLDiceanselo lomthetho lweNtejinga]

Kuqheliselo lwamazwelonke, imiyalelo ikhutshwa yijaji okanye ijaji yesithili emva kokuhlola isicelo esinikwe ligosa lomthetho okanye umtshutshisi. Esi sicelo kufuneka simisele iziqinisekiso ```````''''')] asiso sigqibo nje esizisizathu esilindelekileyo. Ezi zinto zidla ngokunikelwa kwi-affidavit efungelweyo. Xa zikhutshwe, imvume kufuneka isetyenziswe ngexesha elifanelekileyo (okanye nabani na ofuna ukukhusela amalungelo awo phantsi koMthetho 41 we-Federal Marges of Criminal Procediture) aze abuyele kwinkundla ngemibalwanothi yezinto. Ukuqonda ezi mithetho ebekwe phantsi kwemiqatha ebekwe phantsi kwemiqatha i-proceddious.

Iimfuneko Zokufuna: Iimfuneko Ezifanelekileyo

Imithetho yokusebenza komthetho ivumela ukuba kungene kwizakhiwo ezimiselweyo kwaye kufuneke ubungqina obukhethekileyo. Ukufumana omnye, urhulumente kufuneka anelise iimfuno ezintathu ezinxulumene nomGaqo-siseko: mhlawumbi unobangela, isifungo okanye isivumo, kunye nento ethile. Ilungu ngalinye liqinisa ezinye ukukhusela imvume-eziqhelekileyo .

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo

Umba ofanelekileyo ukho xa kukho uvavanyo oluthe lwaphela, ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye umntu onokubanjwa uza kufunyanwa kwindawo yokukhangelwa. Lo mgangatho awufuni bungqina obungaphaya kobunyani kodwa ngaphezu kokukrokreleka nje. Iinkundla zesebe ziqikelela ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kusetyenziswe uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwe-cornstation, oluqale lwaziswe [[FLT: 0]] lungafunyanwa kwindawo ekubonelelwa kuyo. [iii Gates, ama-U.S. 213 (1983). i-afvitat). Ityala elikhoyo elivumela umgwebo ukuba ahlole ngokuzimeleyo ukufumaneka kobungqina. I-intelekelelo enyani ukuba ikho. I-Focensiggggna iyakwazi ukuxhasa ukuba unobangela olwazi olukhoyo nolutyhilayo lutyhila ulwazi olunetyala, kwaye lunokuchaza ityala elininzi.[2]

Isifuba okanye isigulo

Kuso sonke isicelo sogunyaziso kufuneka sifungwe phantsi kwesifungo okanye siqinisekiswe phambi kwegosa lejaji. Oku kufunekayo kuqinisekisa ukuba inkcazelo enikelweyo iyinyaniso kwaye iphantsi kwesohlwayo esinokwenzeka. Kwisenzo sikarhulumente, i-affidavit ithe yafukwa phambi komantyusi, enokuthi kwakhona ithandabuze isifungo sommangaliso. Imfuneko isebenza kuzo zombini isicelo sokuqala kunye naziphi na iinguquko ezilandelayo. Ukuba i-ffvidat iqulethe iingxelo zobuxoki ezikhoyo ngokwazi okanye ngokungazinzisi, isiqinisekiso singabhangiswa phantsi komthetho osungulwe [[FLT:]. UDeliverus' [FLD:1], 438. U.U.154) umbalelwa ngumqondiso wobugciso olungomnye wokwanelo-olwano olungoyiyo, u-onele kuboniswa ngomthetho ongafanelekanga okanye ongonelanga.

Okuziinkozo

ISine Amendment ifuna ukuba isiqinisekiso sichaze ngokungqalileyo indawo ezakuphengululwa kunye nezinto eziza kuthathwa. Oku kuyimfuneko kuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwemvume ezivulekileyo ezivumela abaphathi ukuba bathathe uphando. Le ndawo, imvume imele inikeze iinkcukacha ezaneleyo `njengedilesi yesitrato, inani leyunithi, okanye ingcaciso yempahla `ukuvumela abaphathi bemisebenzi ukuba baphawule indawo elungileyo ngomgudu ofanelekileyo. Ukusebenzisa izinto ezimele zibhaqwe, isiqinisekiso kufuneka sibachaze ngokuzinzisa ngokuzingela izinto ezingadibaniyo. Iinkcazelo ezingaqhelekanga ezifana nothi “eyenti yolwaphulo-mthetho” azinele; endaweni yoko, imvume ifanele ivumele idwelise “iprojected trans, ii-materterrs, effectivess cells cellals zisetyenziswe kwiNkurtumgane yolwaphulo-mthetho. [4] [4]

Ukuphumeza Nokubuya Kwempempelo

Umthetho womkhosi weCriminal Procedure 41 ulawula ukwenziwa kwemvume yokukhangela. Abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka basebenzise isiqinisekiso rhoqo ngexesha lasemini (6:00.m. ukuya ku 10:00 p.) ngaphandle kokuba inkundla igunyazise ukukhangela okusebusuku ngenxa yesizathu esihle esiboniswe. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sisetyenziswe ngumphathi ogama elibekwe kwisiqinisekiso okanye ngomnye umphathi onegunya. Phambi kokuba angene, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka bavakalise ubukho babo nenjongo yabo ngaphandle kokuba “kubezintsonko-kamkhelo-” ilungiselelo. Emva kokukhangela, umphathi-majoni kufuneka alungiselele ngokukhawuleza uluhlu lwezinto ezibanjiweyo kunye nefayile yokubuya nenkundla. Kwibhokisi ekwibhokisi egcina iposi iqula isiqinisekiso neluhlu lwempahla ebanjiweyo. Ijajingamele enze isiqinisekiso kunye noluhlu lwezinto ezikhoyo okanye axilongwe ngumntu ophangelweyo.

Ababanjwayo KwiNkundla Yomkhosi

Ukubanjwa kugunyazisa ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba umntu agcinwe entolongweni ngenxa yesizathu sokuba umntu uwenze ulwaphulo-mthetho lukarhulumente. Njengemvume yokufuna, ukubanjwa kufuna ukumiswa kwetyala elingoondilele, kodwa ukugxininiswa ukusuka kwindawo ethile kuxhomekeke kwityala lomntu.

Unobangela Wokubanjwa

Unobangela ofanelekileyo wokubanjwa ukho xa izibakala kunye neemeko ezaziwayo kwigosa zikhokelele umntu osisilumkiso esisengqiqweni ukuba akholelwe ukuba ukrokrele usenze into okanye wenza ulwaphulo-mthetho. Umba we-affidavit oxhasa isiqinisekiso sokubanjwa kufuneka amisele izibakala ezingqalileyo ezimisa ilungu ngalinye letyala. Iimpikiswano okanye isigqibo nje sokuba ukrokrelo “lujongiweyo lokurhwaphiliselwa kweziyobisi” aluzukwanga ngokwaneleyo. Ityala leNkumele likwazi ukubona isiseko senkolelo yegosa-ofisi. Umzekelo, ukuphanga ibhanki kumele ichaze uchazo lwamangqina, ukuchola inyawo olukrokreqwayo kwibalazo, kwaye kusoloko kusenziwa ubungqina obubonisa ukukrokreqwayo kwisaziso. Isigqibo seNkuNkundla ephakamileyo [FLT] [GSK] [10].[10], [12]

Ukuba Nolwalamano Olukhethekileyo Nababanjwayo

Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sazi umntu ukuba abanjwa ngegama okanye, ukuba igama alilazi, ngenkcazelo ebangela ukuba umphathi achaze umntu ngokuqiniseka okufanelekileyo. Oku kungaquka iimpawu zomzimba, amagama aziwayo, okanye olunye ulwazi oluchazayo njengephepha-mvume lomqhubi okanye inombolo yokhuseleko loluntu. Imfuneko ithintela ukubanjwa okuphosakeleyo kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba umntu ochazwe kwisiqinisekiso ungeniswe kwisiqinisekiso sokufumana imvume. Ngokungafaniyo neemvume zokuphendla, iimvume zokubophelela azifuni nkcazelo yendawo ezakufuneka ukuphengululwa, kodwa isiqinisekiso singaquka umyalelo wokuba igosa ukubamba umntu apho kufumaneka khona ulawulo, umele angene kwicandelo lesithathu.

Inkqubo Yesicelo Engummangaliso

Ukufumana imvume yokubanjwa komthetho karhulumente, ummeli womthetho okanye umtshutshisi ukhupha isikhalazo phantsi kwesifungo, esixhaswe ngummangali ocaphula izibakala ezibalulekileyo ezisingisa ityala. Isikhalazo kufuneka sifunyanwe phambi kwejaji, egqiba ukuba ngaba ityala likhona na. Ukuba imaji ifumana isizathu esilindelekileyo, imvume iyanikwa igosa ukuba libambe ummangalelwa aze alethe ummangalelwa phambi kwenkundla. Isiqinisekiso sihlala sisebenza de kufelwe okanye kukhunjulwe. Emva kokubanjwa, ummangalelwa kufuneka asiwe phambi kommatshini ngaphandle kolibaziseko lokubonakala okungadingekile, apho izityholo zifundwa khona, ibhethsi exelelwa amalungelo. [[FOLD:] ifomu yemfazwe e-OPlactive [12]

Ukubanjwa Ngaphandle Kwemvume: Iindawo Ezikhethekileyo Nemida

Umthetho womanyano awusoloko ufuna imvume yokubanjwa. Abaphathi-mikhosi bangabamba umntu ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba banosizathu esifanelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba umntu owenze ityala usenzeka phambi kwabo okanye ukuba umphathi umele akholelwe ukuba ityala lenziwe, nokuba lingagcinwanga. Noko ke, iSindululo sesine soMphengululo sifuna ukuzimisela okukhawulezileyo emva kokubanjwa okungenasiqinisekiso. Ngaphezu koko, ukungena kwikhaya ukwenzela ukuba enze ukubanjwa ngokuqhelekileyo kufuna isiqinisekiso, ngaphandle kokuba iimeko ezizinzileyo zikho okanye utshaba olusondeleyo lobungqina. Inkundla ephakamileyo kwi [FLT: 0] ifuna ukukhuselwa kwendlu yasekhaya. I-V2.[FLT] i-5:1 [5], u-U.[5], u-U.[5], u-Dembuyiselo lwesine luthiso oluthiyokungagunyazi ukuba i-Rhunyuswayo lwe-RCSD, ngaphandle kokwenza isiqinisekiso esingena-RGene, ukungena kobuphini ekhothothothothoba elithelelwa kwi-luvo oluqhelekileyo.

Ulawulo Lwezogwebo: Indima Yezakhono

Imvume isenokufuna ulwazi olongezelelekileyo, kwaye ingabuza imvume ephantsi kwesifungo. Imo ephindaphindwayo ye-rabha ayiyonkqubo yegosa lejaji elingondiswanga, hayi njengentsalela yomthetho. Imaji ihlola ukudityaniswa komsebenzi othe tyekileyo, kwaye ingafuna ulwazi olongezelelekileyo, kwaye ingabuza uluvo oluthe ngqo phantsi kwexesha lokubanjwa. Umlinganiselo wokuhlola kukuba, phantsi kweemeko, kukho ubuchule obulungileyo obubonisa ukuba ubungqina okanye umntu onokubanjwa uya kufunyanwa njengochazwe. Izakhono lokulungisa ityala lokulungisa ityala, ngokomzekelo, ngokokuba icandelo limele limiselwe ixesha lokuphunyezwa okanye ubekelwe izinto. Emva koko, i-matshini i-jaji, i-ajivi, i-ove ngokubuya nokugcinwa komjikelezo, kwaye ibonise ukuba i-odonga eliphakathi komthetho osetyenziswayo. [Flathe k'umbini i-Flathe kwi-Genec.]

Ukhuselo Oluqhelekileyo Nocelomngeni Kwabaxhaphazi

Xa imvume isekelwe ekubonakalisweni okunganelanga konobangela ofanelekileyo, eswele ingxengxezo ekhethekileyo, okanye enziwe ngendlela engafanelekanga, ummangalelwa angahamba ukuze athintele ubungqina okanye angabikho. Umthetho wokususa umthetho udla ngokuvala urhulumente ekusebenziseni ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngokuchasene noMphetho-Mdathiso wesine. Iingxaki eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukuhlasela ukuthembeka kwabanikezi, ukukhomba izinto eziphathekayo, ukuphikisa ukuba imvume iphelile (umzekelo, ngokusekelwe kulwazi oluphelelwe lixesha), okanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaphathi-majoni bagqithisele umlinganiselo wesiqinisekiso owenziwe ngokungenankathazo. [[FLT:]] u-Flavisss. [[Flarew:1], iNkundla ePhaka mandla ekubamba ibambe ukuba umShunyuswayo umelwe kukuvakala ukuba abonise ukuba umqondiso opheleleyo uqulethe iingxelo zentengo zenyaniso okanye ukwenziwa ngolwazi oluphosakeleyo, kwaye afumane uvavanyo olungeluthi olufanelekileyo.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Uhlaziyo lwesine alufuni siqinisekiso kuzo zonke iimeko. Iimeko ezininzi ezichanekileyo zivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuphengululwe okanye kugcinwe ngaphandle kwemvume, ukuba kukho unobangela ofanelekileyo okanye ukrokrela osengqiqweni. Ezi ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Isiganeko sokukhangela ukubanjwa: amagosa angakhangela ababanjwa kunye nendawo ephakathi kolawulo olukhawulezileyo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokukhusela ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina.
  • I- I-' Yimvume yokuzithandela nokukwazi ukuphendla, enikwa ngumntu onegunya phezu kwesakhiwo, iphelisa imfuneko yesiqinisekiso.
  • Iimeko eziqikelelweyo: Ingxamiseko efana nosukelo olushushu, isisongelo esikhawulezileyo ebomini, okanye utshaba olusemnyango lobungqina lungathethelela ukungena okungena okungenanga sizathu okanye ukuphendla.
  • Imfundiso yoluvo olucacileyo: amagosa angathatha ubungqina kwimboniselo ecacileyo ukuba akhona ngokusemthethweni kwaye uhlobo lwento echongiweyo lubonakala ngokukhawuleza.
  • Umahluko ozenzekelayo wenqwelo-moya: Ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba imoto inezizathu zolwaphulo-mthetho, abaphathi bangaphengulula imoto ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso, ngokusekelwe ekuhambeni kwemoto kwaye banciphise ukulindela ukuba ihlale yedwa.
  • Uphando lolawulo: Uhlolo oluthile lomgaqo, uhlolo lokhuseleko, kunye nokhangelo lomda lungaqhubekeka ngaphandle kwemvume edityanisiweyo phantsi kodweliso olukhethekileyo.

Ezi zinxaxhi asizomvume yokugqitha inkqubo yemvume xa inokwenzeka; kunoko, bathetha ngeemeko apho ukufumana isiqinisekiso kungalunganga okanye beya kuphazamisa amandla karhulumente okukhusela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Iinkundla zoManyano zihlolisisa ngenyameko uphando olungenatyala nokuxhuzula, ngokufuthi zifuna urhulumente ukuba angqine ukuba kusetyenziswa into eyahlukileyo.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zoogqirha Abasemthethweni

Kumagqwetha akhuselayo, ukuqonda iimfuno zoluvo lobungqina kubalulekile ekugqibeni iziphumo zokucinezelwa. Abatshutshisi, ngokuchaseneyo, kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba zonke iimfuno zomthetho zimiselwe kakuhle kwaye zixhaswe zixhaswa zizibakala ezithembekileyo. Amagosa omthetho ayangenelwa ekuqeqesheni ngokucacileyo kwinkqubo yokulungisa, ukubaluleka kokusetyenziswa kwemvume, nokuphunyezwa okufanelekileyo. Ukungahambelani nemfuneko efunekayo kungaphumela ekucinezeleni ubungqina obubalulekileyo, ukukhutshwa kwetyala, okanye ukukhutshwa kwetyala loluntu phantsi [[FLT:].[0]. AmaGamaGama amathandathu angaziwayo , ama-ants, ama-40.3.[71], u-U.71], ukusetyenziswa okukhula kobungqina obubalulekileyo, njengoko kugcinwa kumafu ee-spetro, nakwiingxelo zezentlalo-e-othe, ama-majekthe.[5] kunye neengxelo ezintsha ze-Promethi ze-F.G. kunye neeNt.Genec. Ezimeko ezisetyenziswayogropolupt

Isiphelo

Imiyalelo emiselwe yiSine soHlaziyo kunye neNkundla yezolawulo yephondo ephuculiweyo iqinisekisa ukulungelelana okucokisekileyo phakathi kokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ukuba ufuna isiqinisekiso sokufuna uphando lokuqokelela ubungqina okanye ukubotshwa kwemvume yokufumana uvavanyo lokufumana uvavanyo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka usebenzise isiseko esinenkcukacha ezifunekayo, isifungo okanye isiqinisekiso. Ulawulo lwejaji oluthe ngqo luqinisekisa ukuba imvume yejaji ayikhutshwanga lula kwaye amandla karhulumente ayakhangelwa. Kwangaxesha linye, i-alumkele iinyaniso zophando-lwazi lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nemfuneko yokuthatha inyathelo ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko ezicinezelayo. Abasebenzi, abameli abanorhulumente, kunye nabantu ngokufanayo, ukuqondwa ngokupheleleyo kwezi mfuneko zezo zinto kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba kusebenze ngaphandle kokukhusela kokhuseleko lwe-Cremist Effe. [FFrectiveRGenel]