Inkqubo yomthetho kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zibumba umqulu osisiseko wolawulo eUnited States, zinika inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokuyila, ukuqinisekisa, nokulungisa imithetho. Oku kusebenza okusebenzayo phakathi kwamaqumrhu owiso-mthetho, amasebe omthetho, kunye nejaji kuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ihlala ifanelekile, ilungile, kwaye isebenza. Ukuqonda indlela edalwe ngayo, isetyenziswe, kwaye iguqulwe yenza abemi baqonde umsebenzi karhulumente nomthetho. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindima ezingundoqo zeendlu zowiso-mthetho, iinkqubo zomthetho, kunye nendlela zokunyanzelisa, apho utshintsho olungomthetho luqhubeka ngayo, kunikeza ushwankathelo olucacileyo lwenkqubo yezomthetho kumgangatho wesizwe.

Indima Yemithetho KaRhulumente Ekwenza Umthetho

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zezomthetho zingundoqo wokwenza amaqumrhu omthetho kwiphondo ngalinye, linembopheleleko yokuququzelela, ukuphikisana, kunye nokudlulisela imithetho ethetha ngeemfuno ezizodwa zolawulo lwawo. Ingulo yabaphathi abanyuliweyo, le mibutho isebenza kwisakhiwo se-bidamaral okanye se-un - meyaral. Isixokelelwano se-bidale sikhomba-ndlu ephantsi, equkelwe zindlu ezimele zombini (ezibizwa ngokuba yindlu yabameli okanye iNdibano) kunye nendlu ephezulu (iCatheramean). I-Nebras ngurhulumente okuphela onendlu yowiso-mthetho, igumbi elinye. Inkqubo ye-bizaveral inika inkqubo yokuhlola kunye neemali kwisebe lomthetho, elifuna omabini amagumbi ukuvuma umthetho.

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho iqala xa ummisi-mthetho engenisa ityala. Ngoko ityala linikwa ikomiti ejongene nenkqubo enxulumene nezomthetho, njengemfundo, impilo, okanye ezothutho. Iikomiti zibamba ukuvalwa, ziqokelele ubungqina obuyingcaphephe, zize zithumele isindululo phambi kokuba ivote ukuba ingathunyelwa kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Le nkqubo yekomiti ibalulekile ekuhluzeni umthetho, ukuvumela ukuhlolwa nokucocwa okuziiiiiiiinkcukacha zomthetho. Xa imali idlula kuzo zombini iigumbi ngendlela efanayo, ithunyelwa kwirhuluneli yokwamkelwa. Irhuluneli ingasayina umthetho, ivetotototototototo, okanye iwuvumele ukuba ube ngumthetho. Ukuba i-accocle i-vote, i-protomationssss ezimbini eziqhelekileyo kwigumbi ngalinye.

Amandla Nemida Yomthetho Karhulumente

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zinegunya elibalulekileyo, kodwa amandla azo awanasiphelo. UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ugcine amagunya athile kurhulumente worhulumente, anjengendlela yokulawula urhwebo lwamazwe, ukudityaniswa kwemali, nokubhengeza imfazwe. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zisebenza phakathi kwesiseko somgaqo-siseko wesizwe, ochaza umgangatho wegunya lawo. Zingamisela imithetho kwimiba emininzi, kuquka ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke, imfundo, irhafuthelo, amalungelo empahla, umthetho wentsapho, kunye nomgaqo wemeko-bume. Ngaphezu koko, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zisebenza kwisiseko solawulo okanye imithetho ekhoyo, eqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo engomthetho ilungele ukutshintsha.

Amagosa akwalawula amasebe aphetheyo ajonge abameli besizwe kunye nesebe eliphetheyo. Aqinisekisa ukumiswa kwamaqumrhu, uqingqo-mali oluvunyiweyo, kunye nokuqhuba uphando kwimisebenzi karhulumente. Lo msebenzi wolawulo unika ityala kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwe ngokwenjongo. Noko ke, iindlu zowiso-mthetho ziphantsi kohlolo; iinkundla zingawisa imithetho echasene nomgaqo-siseko okanye umgaqo-siseko. Oku kubandakanya phakathi komthetho kunye namasebe ekomiti kuyimfuneko ekulondolozeni ulawulo lwemithetho-siseko.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Kwingcamango Ukuya Kumthetho

Uhambo lwemali esuka kwicebo ukuya kumthetho lubandakanya amaqondo amaninzi ahlukeneyo. Ingcamango yokuqala ingavela kummisi-mthetho, kumbutho, kwiqela, okanye kumbutho olawulayo. Ummisi-mthetho ulungisa ityala, ngokufuthi ngoncedo oluvela kwisiluleko esisemthethweni, kwaye ngokusesikweni uyalizisa. Iphepha linikwe inani kwaye lifundwe okokuqala. Ukuba lidluliselwe kwenye igumbi, apho umsebenzi wokwenene uqala khona. Iikomiti zivumela abagcini bemithi ukuba banikele iimbono zabo, kwaye ikomiti inokuba nentlanganiso yesehlolo lokunika uphawu lokuphelisa imvume. Ukuba ikhupho i-mthetho ithunyelwa kwikomiti. Isalathiso sisiya kumgangatho wegumbi lengxoxo kunye nevoti. Ukuba igqithise kwenye imo yokuhlola, apho inkqubo iphinda iphinda iphindwa khona. Nakuphi ukutshintsha kweentlobo ezimbini zeekomiti zentlanganiso zentlanganiso zebhungalo. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba i-odmigrobini ithe yaza kuqwane.

Ukunyanzeliswa koMthetho nokusetyenziswa

Xa umthetho uthe wamiselwa, imbopheleleko yokunyanzeliswa kwawo ifikela kumaqumrhu ahlukeneyo esizwe nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Amaqumrhu omthetho aqeqeshiweyo . "njengee-ofisi zikarhulumente, amapolisa aseluqikelelweni, amapolisa kamasipala, kunye namaziko alawulayo ) ukuthobela ngokuhlolwa, uphando, kunye nezenzo zokunyanzelisa. Anegunya lokukhupha intetho, ukubanjwa, intlawulo lwe-levy, nokufuna imiyalelo yenkundla yokunyanzela ukuthobela.

Ukhuseleko loluntu

Urhulumente kunye namasebe amapolisa asekuhlaleni angowona mbandela ubonakalayo wokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Asebenzisa imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, agcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke, asabela kwiimeko zongxamiseko. Amandla awo asuka kwimimiselo yorhulumente nakwizithintelo zomGaqo-siseko, njengemiqathango yeSine yoMgaqo-nkqubo ekuphengululeni nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni. Amagosa amapolisa asebenzisa ubuchule ekuqinisekiseni imithetho enzulu, asebenzise nezinto ngendlela elungileyo. Noko ke, eli cebo linokukhokelela ekususeni imicimbi ekunyanzeleni, nto eye yabangela ukuba kubekho utshintsho. Imilinganiselo yobuchule, uqeqesho, kunye noncedo lolawulo luqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ukwenziwa ngokufanelekileyo nangokusemthethweni.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo kunye nogunyaziso lolawulo

Imithetho emininzi ayinyanzeliswa ngamapolisa kodwa ngamaziko akhethekileyo olawulo. La masebe ajonge iindawo ezinjengokukhuselwa kwemekobume, ukhuseleko lomsebenzi, iinkonzo zemali, kunye nokukhutshwa kwemiqathango yezonyango. Umzekelo, umbutho wezobume bendalo ungahlola ifektri ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yokukhutshwa kwemiqathango, ngoxa isebe lezempilo linyanzelisa imilinganiselo yogutyulo kwiivenkile zokutyela. Amasebe alawulayo anamandla okukhupha imvume, ukuqhuba uludwe, nokubeka izigwebo-mthetho. Kwakhona anegunya lokuyila imithetho nemimiselo ekwanelisa iinkcukacha nemimiselo yomthetho.

Indima Yeenkundla Ekunyanzelweni Kwamandla

Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekunyanzeleni imithetho ngokuchaza intsingiselo yayo nokucombulula iingxabano. Xa kusithiwa umthetho waphulwa, urhulumente angazisa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye loburhulumente ngokuchasene nommangalelwa. Inkundla imisela ityala okanye ityala elisekelwe kubungqina nakwimigaqo esemthethweni. Ngaphandle kwamatyala, izigqibo zezomthetho zimisela imiqathango ebumba indlela imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo kwixesha elizayo. Iinkundla zikwahlola ukungqubana komgaqo-siseko kunye nezenzo zolawulo ngeligunya lokuhlola ityala. Eli gunya, elimiswe kwityala lento engqinela ukuba linetyala elingumqondiso . [18:0] [18]), zivumela ukuba imithetho echaphazanyiswayo i-yo.

Utoliko lwezeejaji lungaphembelela intsingiselo yemithetho. Umzekelo, isigqibo senkundla ngentsingiselo yomthetho singanyanzela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba icacise injongo yayo okanye iguqule umthetho ukuvumelana notoliko lwenkundla. Ulwalamano phakathi kweenkundla nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ngoko ke lunamandla, nesebe ngalinye liphendula kwizenzo zelinye.

Ukutshintsha Kwemithetho: Umatshini Nempembelelo

Imithetho ayimi ndawonye; iguqula ifezekise iinguqu zentlalo, inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa, kunye nemilinganiselo kawonke-wonke etshintshayo. Inkqubo yomthetho inika iinkqubo eziliqela zokutshintsha imithetho, kuquka inyathelo lowiso-mthetho, imigaqo yokugweba, kunye nedemokhrasi engqalileyo ngeenzame zokulwa nokuthumela i-arhente.

IziHlaliso zoMgaqo-siseko neeBhili ezintsha

Eyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokutshintsha umthetho yinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokwayo. Abameli basemthethweni bangadala amatyala okutshintsha imimiselo ekhoyo okanye ukwenza imithetho emitsha ngokupheleleyo. Le nkqubo iphenjelelwa luludwe lweemeko: uluvo lukawonke-wonke, amaqela olwaphulo-mthetho, amaqela obuchule, iingcebiso zeqela lezobupolitika, kunye nengxelo yamajelo eendaba. Umzekelo, inkxalabo kawonke-wonke ngokuqhutywa kwendlela yokuqhuba imoto ikhokelele amazwe amaninzi ukuba adlulise imithetho enqabela ukusetyenziswa kweminxeba ngexesha lokuqhuba. Ngokufanayo, ukuqondwa kwemiba yomthetho kubangele ukuba izindululo zomthetho zitshintshe izikhokelo kunye nezenzo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho. Inkqubo yomthetho ivumela utshintsho lolwandoqoko, njengokuba abenzi bomthetho bemithetho benokulungisa imigaqo-nkcazelo nedata entsha.

Imithetho ikwaqhuba uhlolo oluthe rhoqo lwemithetho ekhoyo. Amanye amaphondo afuna ukuqulunqwa kwakhona kwemithetho ethile ngamaxesha athile, enyanzela abakhi bomthetho ukuba baphinde baqwalasele imfuneko yabo. Amalungiselelo okucwangcisa aphuma kwelanga aphinde aphinde asebenzise umthetho ngokuzenzekelayo emva komhla obekiweyo ngaphandle kokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho iwuhlaziya ngokutsha. Ezi nkqubo zithintela imithetho ephelelwe lixesha okanye engasebenziyo ukuba ingaqhubeki ngokungenasiphelo.

Idemokhrasi Ethe ngqo: IiNkqutyana Zolawulo-siseko Neenkqubo Zokubuyisela

Kumaphondo amaninzi, abemi banamandla okutshintsha imithetho ngokuthe ngqo ngokuthabatha inyathelo lokuqala nangenkqubo yokuthumela i-arhentem. Inyathelo elilivumela abavoti ukuba bamisele imithetho emitsha okanye ukulungisa komgaqo-siseko ngokuqokelela inani elithile lotyikityo kwisicelo. Ukuba umlinganiselo uyafaneleka, ibekwa kwivoti ethandwayo. Imizekelo engaziwayo ibandakanya ukuvota okusemthethweni kwezonyango kunye nezokuzonwabisa iyakwazi ukuvumela abavoti ukuba bavumele okanye bawuyeke umthetho odluliswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Kodwa ke, ezi zixhobo zolawulo-melo zinokukwazi ukukhupha imigaqo engafanelekanga ekhoyo xa abameli babo bevakalelwa kukuba abasebenzi kwimiqatha yemiqathango yabo. Imizekelo engenakukhankani esemthethweni yokusebenza ngokusemthethweni kwezamayeza nezokuzonwabisa, eziqalisiweyo, eziqala kwiimeko ezifana ne-coloracrac. Kodwa, ukusungula ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ekhoyo kunye nokusetyenziswa komthetho wokugweba.

Impembelelo Yezogwebo Kutshintsho Olusemthethweni

Iinkundla zingayitshintsha indlela esemthethweni yokulawula, kwanaxa imithetho yowiso-mthetho ingasebenzi. Xa inkundla ichaza umthetho ngendlela eyandisayo okanye ethintela ukusebenza kwawo, iguqula ngokunempumelelo indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo. Umzekelo, isithi izigqibo eziphakamileyo zenkundla ezingoncedo lwezikolo zinyanzele iindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuba zihlaziye iinkqubo zemali zezemfundo yazo. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yenkundla yequmrhu elawulayo kumtshato ongokwasexeni, onje bergefell v. Hodges, imithetho ethobayo ethobayo, ingumthetho ekwalelayo, ekwalelayo imithetho yomthetho ekwalelwa ukuba inyukelwe imicimbi, iguqula umthetho wesizwe.

Izigqibo zomthetho zisenokuxhokonxa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Inkundla ingawisa umthetho njengongavumelaniyo nemithetho, ize indlu yowiso-mthetho idlulise umthetho omtsha othetha ngeengxaki zenkundla. Okanye, indlu yowiso-mthetho isenokucebisa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ukuze kuguqulelwe utoliko lwenkundla. Inkonzo esemva-futhe phakathi kwamasebe iluphawu lwenkqubo yomthetho wase-U.S., iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye linokuthetha oko kusekugqibele kokuchazelwa komthetho.

Ingcinezelo Kawonke-wonke Neziko Lentlalo

Utshintsho olusemthethweni ludla ngokuqhutywa yimibutho yasekuhlaleni ebanzi kunye nengcinezelo kawonke-wonke. Imibutho yamaqumrhu, amaqela olwaphulo-mthetho, kunye namaphulo olwaluko loburhulumente aphakamisa ukuphaphanyiswa kwemiba nokunyanzeliswa kwemithetho-mthetho. Umzekelo, umbutho wamalungelo oluntu woo-1960 wakhokelela kwimithetho elawulayo, kodwa kwakhona ukhuthaza utshintsho kwimithetho karhulumente emalunga namalungelo ovota, iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke wonke, kunye nomsebenzi. Ngokunjalo, imibutho ejolise ekuphuculweni kwezomthetho, inkqulukwano, ukuphembelela, nokukhuthaza zonke iimpembelelo zomthetho nxamnye nokukhetha. Ngale ndlela, inkqubo yomthetho ayikodwa kodwa isakhiwo esiphilayo kodwa ibonakalisa ukukhusela nokusabela kwabantu.

Umahluko Phakathi Korhulumente Nomthetho Womanyano

Ukuqonda izibonelelo zowiso-mthetho zesizwe kunye nokugcinwa komthetho kukwafuna ukuqaphela ulwalamano phakathi kwemigaqo-nkqubo yomthetho karhulumente neyorhulumente. UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela inkqubo karhulumente apho urhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente besizwe beneembutho ezizimeleyo zegunya. ISupremacy Clausle (uMphathi- VI, u-Claus 2) inika ukuba umthetho wesizwe ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, okuthetha ukuba imithetho yezomthetho engqubana nomthetho karhulumente itshatyala ikhutshwe. Noko ke, amaziko agcina igunya elibanzi kwiindawo ezinganikwanga gunya likarhulumente. Iindlu zolawulo-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko zingazama ngemigaqo eyahlukeneyo, ngokufuthi zisebenza njenge "i-democracyrivery of arence, ngokomzekelo, amathe anezicwangciso-mthetho zempilo, imilinganiselo yemeko-mo-momeagestlestive, kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ubeka umgangatho, kodwa uyakwazi ukudlula kwiindawo ezininzi.

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kumgangatho karhulumente nowesizwe kusoloko kuhambelana. Amasebe omanyano anjenge-FBI kunye ne-DEA anyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente, ngelinye ixesha, amapolisa agunyaziswa ngurhulumente kunye nasekuhlaleni. Kwezinye iimeko, amagunya orhulumente norhulumente asebenzisana ngemikhosi yemisebenzi kunye nophando oludibeneyo. Noko ke, iingxwabangxwaba zinokuvela xa imithetho karhulumente isuka kwimigaqo karhulumente, njengakwingingqi yomthetho we-FBI kunye nowe-DEAA. Nangona kuyimfuneko karhulumente, amaphondo amaninzi aye agunyazisa i-Cannabis ukwenzela ukusetyenziswa konyango okanye ukuthokolisa. ISebe lobulungisa lidla ngokwamkela inkqubo yokusebenza kwemithetho engekho ngqiqweqwele-mthetho, kodwa ikho imingeniselo esemthethweni.

Isiphumo: Inkqubo yoLawulo olunamandla

Inkqubo yomthetho kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho azingomaziko amileyo; zizakhiwo ezinamandla eziqhubeka zihambelana neemfuno zomthetho, iinguqu zobugcisa, kunye namaxabiso aguqukayo. Ngenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ukugcinwa komthetho, kunye nokucaciswa kwemithetho, imithetho iveliswa, iqaliswe, ilungiswe, ilungiswe kulawulo olulungelelanisa uzinzo ngokutshintsha. Iindlu zomthetho zisebenza njengeenkcubeko eziphambili zomthetho, ezilungisa iimigaqo-nkqubo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi. Amaziko omthetho agcina loo mithetho ingekho siseko, kwaye achaza ukuba umthetho umele uphathwe yimithetho. Ubuchule bokutshintsha imithetho ngesenzo somthetho, ulawulo-demokhrasi, kunye nemithetho yomthetho iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo esemthethweni ihlale isebenza kubantu.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga i USUSA.gov Imbumba yoRhulumente woRhulumente , i iNkcazelo yeNkcubeko yoLwazi yezeNkcubeko yezeMthethweno yeSizwe , kunye neNgqungquthela yesizwe yeLegislames[ yogcino-lwazi kwiinkqubo zemithetho yezemithetho kunye neenkqubo. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho enyanzeliswa ngayo nokutshintshwa kwemithetho enika abemi amandla okubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo norhulumente wabo nokuxhasa imithetho ebonakalisa amaxabiso abo.